Industrial Electrical Knowledge Sharing

SAW YAN NAING KO(BE-EP)

Electrical Grade-1
RSE
MES
09-402579672
skype:sawyannaingko
sawyannaingko@[Link]
 Content
Main Incoming ( Medium Voltage )

Switchgear

Transformer

Earthings System

Main switch Board(MSB) & DB

Distribution System in Industrial

Renewable Energy & Energy in Industrial

Protection of Surge

Industrial 4.0

Communication Protocol in Industrial

Safety
 1. Main Incoming ( Medium Voltage )
• What is the Medium Voltage?
Medium Voltage is ≥1.1kV to ≤36kV
• What type of materials use in MV system?

Medium Voltage Cable , Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker ,Medium Voltage Drive,
Medium Voltage Motor & Medium Voltage Accessories
Medium voltage cable characteristics and composition
1. CONDUCTOR
2. INTERNAL SEMICONDUCTOR SCREEN
3. INSULATION
4. EXTERNAL SEMICONDUCTOR
5. METAL SCREEN
6. PROTECTION AGAINST WATER (ONLY -OL AND -2OL TYPE CABLES)
7. INNER SHEATH (ONLY FOR ARMOURED CABLES)
8. ARMOUR (ONLY FOR ARMOURED CABLES)
9. OUTER SHEATH

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

1. Main Incoming ( Medium Voltage )

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Medium Voltage Drive

Medium Voltage Motor

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]
Circuit breaker types

Oil Gas(SF6)

Air Vacuum

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]
There are two types of transformer.

Oil Type Transformer Dry Type Transformer

Dry Type Transformer (With On Load Tap Changer)

Oil Type Transformer (With On/Off Load Tap Changer) Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
Power Status of Myanmar

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]

Introduction & Basic Principle

• Transformer is a static piece of apparatus which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another, which
are electrically disconnected by means of mutual induction.
• A Transformer consists of two or more stationary electric circuits where the source supplies the power to the
primary winding and the coil delivers power to the Load through Secondary winding.
• The two electrical circuits are electrically disconnected but interlinked by a common magnetic circuit to
transfer electrical energy from the Primary winding to the Secondary Winding without a change in frequency.

Transformer Connection Star (Y) connection

• Star Connection ( Y )
• Line current is same as phase current .
• Delta Connection (  ) • Line-Line voltage is 3 phase-neutral voltage.

• Zigzag Connection ( Z ) • Power is given by 3 VL-LI Lcos or 3VphIphcos.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]

Delta () connection Interconnected Star or Zigzag (Z) connection

• Line-Line voltage is same as phase voltage. • The zigzag winding provides an easy path for in-phase
• Line current is 3 phase current. currents but does not allow the flow of currents that are
120° out of phase with each other.
• Power is given by 3 VL-LI Lcos or 3VphIphcos.
• A zigzag transformer is more effective for grounding
purposes because it has less internal winding impedance
going to the ground than when using a wye-type
transformer.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]

Three phase transformer Connection Combinations:

• Y - Y ( Star - Star) Different Transformer Vector Groups

• Y -  ( Star - Delta)

•  - Y ( Delta - Star)

•  -  ( Delta - Delta)

• Y – Z ( Star - Zigzag)

•  - Z ( Delta - Zigzag)

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]
Advantages of Star Connection :-
•The primary side is star connected. Hence fewer numbers of turns are required. This makes the connection economical for large high
voltage step down power transformers.
•The neutral available on the primary can be earthed to avoid distortion.
•The neutral point allows both types of loads (single phase or three phases) to be met.
•Required Few Turns for winding
Due to star connection, phase voltages is (1/√3) times the line voltage. Hence less number of turns is required. Also the stress on
insulation is less. This makes the connection economical for small high voltage purposes.
•Required Less Insulation Level
If the neutral end of a Y-connected winding is grounded, then there is an opportunity to use reduced levels of insulation at the neutral
end of the winding. A winding that is connected across the phases requires full insulation throughout the winding.
•Handle Heavy Load
Due to star connection, phase current is same as line current. Hence windings have to carry high currents. This makes cross section of
the windings high. Thus the windings are mechanically strong and windings can bear heavy loads and short circuit current.
•Eliminate Distortion in Secondary Phase Voltage
The connection of primary neutral to the neutral of generator eliminates distortion in the secondary phase voltages by giving path to
triple frequency currents toward to generator.
•Sinusoidal voltage on secondary side
Neutral give path to flow Triple frequency current to flow Generator side thus sinusoidal voltage on primary will give sinusoidal
voltage on secondary side.
•Used as Auto Transformer
A Y-Y transformer may be constructed as an autotransformer, with the possibility of great cost savings compared to the two-winding
transformer construction
•Use for Three phases Four Wires System
As neutral is available, suitable for three phases four wire system.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]
Advantages of Delta Connections :-
A delta system is a good short-distance distribution system. It is used for neighborhood and small commercial loads
close to the supplying substation. Only one voltage is available between any two wires in a delta system. The delta
system can be illustrated by a simple triangle. A wire from each point of the triangle would represent a three-phase,
three-wire delta system. The voltage would be the same between any two wires.
Advantages of Zigzag Transformer connection :-
•Less Costly for grounding Purpose
It is typically the least costly than Y-D and Scott Transformer. The ability to provide a path for in-phase currents
enables us to use the zigzag connection as a grounding bank, which is one of the main applications for this connection.
•Third harmonic suppression
The zigzag connection in power systems to trap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.) currents. Here, We install zigzag
units near loads that produce large triple harmonic currents. The windings trap the harmonic Currents and prevent
them from traveling upstream, where they can produce undesirable effects.
•Ground current isolation
If we need a neutral for grounding or for supplying single-phase line to neutral loads when working with a
3-wire, ungrounded power system, a zigzag connection may be the better solution. Due to its composition,
a zigzag transformer is more effective for grounding purposes because it has less internal winding
impedance going to the ground than when using a Star type transformer.
•No Phase Displacement
There is no phase angle displacement between the primary and the secondary circuits with this
connection;
therefore, the ∆-zigzag connection can be used in the same manner as Y-Y and ∆- ∆ transformers without
introducing any phase shifts in the circuits. Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
 [Link] System
There are three types of Earthing System.
System earthing
System earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety throughout the system that is not caused by an electrical fault. Its main purpose is
to prevent static buildup and to protect against power surges caused by nearby lightning strikes or switching. Static buildup, as induced
by friction for example, such as when wind blows onto a radio mast, is dissipated to the Earth. In the event of a surge, a lightning
arrester, a surge arrester or a SPD will divert the excess current to the Earth before it reaches an appliance.
System earthing also allows for equipotential bonding to all metalworks to prevent potential differences between them. Having Earth
as a common reference point also keeps the electrical system's potential difference limited to the supply voltage.

Equipment earthing
Equipment earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety in an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent equipment damage and the
risk of an electric shock. This type of earthing is not an earth connection, technically speaking. When current flows from a line
conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an
automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device such as a circuit breaker or a RCD will automatically open the circuit to clear the
fault.

Functional earthing
Functional earthing serves a purpose other than electrical [Link] purposes include electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtering
in an EMI filter, and the use of the Earth as a return path in a single-wire earth return distribution system.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] System
There are three types of Earthing terminology.
TN, TT, and IT
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or transformer):
"T" — Direct connection of a point with earth
"I" — No point is connected with earth except perhaps via a high impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between earth or network and the electrical device being supplied:
"T" — Earth connection is by a local direct connection to earth usually via a ground rod.
"N" — the earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply network, either separately to the neutral conductor
(TN-S), combined with the neutral conductor (TN-C), or both (TN-C-S).
TN
TN−S
PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only near the power source.
TN−C
A combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor. (on 230/400 V systems normally
only used for distribution networks)
TN−C−S
Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The
combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and earth
and neutral are separated in the service head. In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing
(PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral-and-earth conductor via the shortest
practicable route to local earth rods at the source and at intervals along the distribution networks to each
premises, to provide both system earthing and equipment earthing at each of these [Link] systems in
Australia and New Zealand are designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN) and, in North America, as multi-
grounded neutral (MGN).
 [Link] System
TT IT TN-S

TN-C TN-C-S
 [Link] System
TT IT TN-S TN-C TN-C-S
Earth fault loop impedance High Highest Low Low Low
RCD preferred? Yes Yes Optional No Optional
Need earth electrode at site? Yes Yes No No Optional
PE conductor cost Low Low Highest Least High
Risk of broken PEN-conductor No No High Highest High
Safety Safe Less Safe Safest Least Safe Safe
Electromagnetic interference Least Least Low High Low
Safety risks High loop impedance (step voltages) Double fault, overvoltage Broken PEN Broken PEN
Advantages Safe and reliable Continuity of operation, cost Safest Cost Safety and cost

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] System

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] switch Board(MSB),MCC,DDC, PLC & DB
[Link]

[Link]
Breaker

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
Lamp

[Link]

[Link]
Light

[Link]
Module

[Link]
Compartment

[Link]
Clearance

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Panel

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Panel

A Form 1 Panel has no internal separation among busbar, switchgear and outgoing Cable Terminations.
All functional units are installed in one central section to provide protection against contact with any internal live parts.
Busbar and Switchgear: Bus bars are not separated from the Switchgear units,
Busbar and Termination: Bus bars are not separated from any incoming or outgoing terminations.
Switchgear and Switchgear units: Switchgear units are not separated from each other.
Switchgear and Termination: Switchgear units are not separated from any incoming or outgoing termination.
Termination and Termination: Incoming and outgoing terminals are not separated from each other

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Panel Form 2a is the simplest for protecting against
accidental contact with any internal live parts or
components like the busbars, which are considered to
be the most dangerous components.
In FORM-2, Busbar is Separate from the Switchgear
units but may or may not be separate from Cable
terminal.
Busbar and Switchgear: Bus bars are separated from
the Switchgear units,
Busbar and Termination: Bus bars may or may not
separate from any incoming or outgoing terminations.
Switchgear and Switchgear units: Switchgear units are
not separated from each other.
Switchgear and Termination: Switchgear units are not
separated from any incoming or outgoing termination.
Termination and Termination: Incoming and outgoing
terminals are not separated from each other
FORM 2A This is further classified into 2 categories.
Terminals are not separated from the busbars or each other.
FORM 2B
Terminals are separated from the busbars
FORM 2B TYPE 1
As form 2 but Busbar separation is achieved by insulated coverings, e.g. PVC sleeving, wrapping or coating.
Terminals are the therefore separated from the busbars, but not from functional units or each other.
FORM 2B TYPE 2
As from 2 but Busbar separation is achieved by metallic or non-metallic rigid barriers or partitions
Terminals are therefore separated from the busbars, but not from functional units or each other
Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
Panel [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
FORM 3A
External cabling terminals are not segregated
from busbars.
FORM 3B
External cabling terminals are separated from
busbars
FORM 3B TYPE 1

As from 3 but: Busbar separation is achieved by

insulated coverings, e.g. PVC sleeving,
wrapping or coating.

Terminals are therefore separated from the

busbars, but not from each other.
FORM 3B TYPE 2

As form 3 but: Busbar separations is achieved

This is more complicated but safer than Form 2.
by metallic or non-metallic rigid barriers or
In form 3a, each device is isolated in a compartment that protects it from the effects of any incidents
that may occur on another Part / Switchgear. partitions.
Busbars and functional units are segregated. Functional units are also separated from each other in
cubicles, and terminals are then separated from functional units, but they are not segregated from Terminals are therefore separated from the
other functional units’ terminals. busbars, but not from each other.
Busbar and Switchgear: Bus bars are separated from the Switchgear units,
Busbar and Termination: Bus bars are not separated from any incoming or outgoing terminations.
Switchgear and Switchgear units: Switchgear units are separated from each other.
Switchgear and Termination: Switchgear units are separated from any incoming or outgoing
termination.
Termination and Termination: Incoming and outgoing terminals are not separated from each other
This is further classified into 2 categories.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Panel [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB

This is the highest form rating, as specified by AS/NZS / IEC 61439.1.

Busbars are separated from functional units
Functional units are separated from each other
Terminations to functional units are separated from each other
Busbar and Switchgear: Bus bars are separated from the Switchgear units,
Busbar and Termination: Bus bars are separated from any incoming or outgoing terminations.
Switchgear and Switchgear units: Switchgear units are separated from each other.
Switchgear and Termination: Switchgear units are separated from any incoming or outgoing termination.
Termination and Termination: Incoming and outgoing terminals are separated from each other
This is further classified into 2 categories.
This is further classified into 2 categories.
FORM 4A
External cabling terminals are within the same cubicle as the corresponding functional unit.
FORM 4B
The external cabling terminals are not in the same cubicle as the corresponding functional unit, and they are separated from the terminals of other functional units.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Panel

CLASSIFICATION OF FORM 4B
TYPE Busbar Separation Termination Location Cable Gland
FORM 4B PVC sleeving, wrapping Common Gland
Termination is within the same compartment as the functional unit.
TYPE-1 or coating. Plate
FORM 4B Common Gland
Rigid Barriers Termination is within the same compartment as the functional unit.
TYPE-2 Plate
FORM 4B Individual Gland
Rigid Barriers Termination is within the same compartment as the functional unit.
TYPE-3 Plate
FORM 4B PVC sleeving, wrapping Common Gland
Terminals are external to the functional unit and separated by insulated coverings, e.g. PVC Boots
TYPE-4 or coating. Plate
FORM 4B Common Gland
Rigid Barriers Terminals are external to the functional unit and separated by insulated coverings, e.g. PVC Boots
TYPE-5 Plate
FORM 4B Terminals are external to the functional unit compartment and enclosed in their own compartment by means of rigid barriers or Common Gland
Rigid Barriers
TYPE-6 partitions Plate
FORM 4B Terminals are external to the functional unit compartment and enclosed in their own compartment by means of rigid barriers or Individual Gland
Rigid Barriers
TYPE-7 partitions complete with integral glanding facility Plate
Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
Panel [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Des: Advantage:
Simple Design and Less Space Required.
Electrical Safety:
Less due to No separation between live parts.
This form construction is rarely used.
Form 1 Cost:
Less Cost
Application:
For small, low power switchboards.
There are several advantages to segregating functional units and busbars.
This model allows circuit breakers to be reset when the switchboard is live because the operator is not exposed to a live busbar.
Electrical Safety:
More than Form-1 due to separation between live parts (Busbar and Switchgear).
Form 2 Cost:
More Costly than Form-1
Application:
For small, low power switchboards.

The advantages include safety, ease of maintenance and reliability because it’s possible to isolate and perform maintenance on each starter without having to power down the whole
switchboard.
Serious faults within a starter are also more likely to be contained within a cubicle meaning adjacent starters are unaffected and can operate normally.
Electrical Safety:
More reliable and safer than Form-2 due to separation between live parts (Busbar and Switchgear, Switchgear and Switchgear).
Cost:
Form 3
All these advantages come at a cost as a Form 3 board is significantly bigger and more expensive than a Form 1 or 2 board.
Application:
Form 3 segregation is typically used for Big projects and larger operations that have a greater number of loads, motors and critical processes.
They are utilised when safety, reliability and limited downtime are crucial

The main advantage of this model is the ability to safely connect and disconnect outgoing cables while the rest of the switchboard remains in operation.
In Large Panel access is required for inspection, to reset an auxiliary function. If the point of isolation and termination are each in their own individual box this can be deemed safer than if
all the devices and connections are behind a single door
Electrical Safety:
More reliable and safer than Form-4 due to separation between live parts (Busbar and Switchgear, Switchgear and Switchgear, Termination and Termination).
Due to internal segregation is to limit the effects on adjacent circuits if something goes wrong. An external fault should cause a device to trip but this must not have any effect on any other
Form 4
circuits.
Cost:
Form 4 board is significantly bigger and more expensive than a Form 3 board.
Applications:
used in hospitals or for critical industrial processes.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Panel

SUMAMRY OF FORM OF SEPERATION OF PANEL

SEPERATION BETWEEN FORM-1 FORM-2 FORM-3 FORM-4

BUSBAR–SWITCHGEAR NO YES YES YES

BUSBAR–TERMIATION NO NO / YES YES YES

SWITCHGEAR—SWITCHGEAR. NO NO YES YES

SWITCHGEAR–TERMIANTION NO NO NO YES

TERMIANATION–TERMIANTION NO NO NO YES

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
• Miniature circuit breakers (MCB) are primarily designed to protect cables and lines against
Circuit Breaker overload(thermal) and short-circuit (electromagnetic).
• Miniature circuit breakers are used in distribution networks in homes and in industrial
[Link] applications.
[Link] • For the various applications three trip characteristics B, C and D are defined in IEC 60898.
[Link]
• The tripping characteristics B, C and D under IEC 60898 are distinguished by the trip level
[Link] of the short-circuit trigger.
o MCB(1A to 125A)
o Miniature Circuit Breaker
o Type of Protections
o Circuit protection against short-circuit currents
o Circuit protection against overload currents

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Circuit Breaker
 MCCB
 Molded Case Circuit Breaker(16A to 1600A)

Type of Protections

Long Time Delay Short Time Pick Up and Delay Continuous Amps

Instantaneous Pick-up Ground Fault Pick-up and Delay

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Circuit Breaker RCD

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Circuit Breaker RCD

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Circuit Breaker ACB

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Cable Busbar Pilot Light

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] switch Board(MSB) & DB
Meter & Accessories

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] System in Industrial

The distribution system is the part of an electric system after the transmission system that is dedicated to
delivering electric energy to an end-user.

Distribution System Types

1. Centralised Distribution Systems

2. Decentralised Distribution Systems
3. Combined Distribution Systems

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] System in Industrial

Centralised Distribution Decentralised Distribution Systems Combined Distribution Systems

Systems ■ For manufacturing industries: Where the advantages of both
■ For all continuous •mechanical, centralised and decentralised
processes: •textiles, distribution are required.
•cement plants, •lumber, ■ Commercial and service buildings:
•oil and gas, •injection moulding, •offices,
•petrochemicals, •electronics, •stores,
•steel, •pharmaceuticals, •hospitals,
•paper, etc. •livestock, etc. •exhibition halls, etc.
■ Centralised distribution ■ Decentralised distribution system lets ■ Infrastructures:
system offers: you: •airports,
•continuity of service, •design installations without layout details, •telecommunications,
•combined distribution of •upgrade without shutting down production, •data centres,
power, control and monitoring •get systems up and running sooner thanks to •tunnels, etc.
circuits, faster installation, ■ Industrial facilities:
•supervision, etc •generate savings depending on the number •pharmaceuticals,
of load •food processing, etc

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Main Components of Distribution System
[Link] Busbar Trunking Cables
I Features:
Finishing is very good, hence adds to aesthetics of building Improper laying of the cables may spoils the aesthetics of building
Multiple floor building power feeding has to be done with multiple cable sets. This make the complete
Multiple floor building power feeding can be done with single Bustrunking system
system cumbersome.

Power tap off can be done from the single system installed.. Incase the load changes we have to just replace the
Not possible. Additional cables to be laid till the particular floor.
Tap off boxes of higher rating.
II Voltage Drop :
The voltage drop of bustrunking is less as compared to cables. The voltage drop is more in cables.
III Structure :

Example for 3200A(Cu) dimensions : 151(w)x340(h) and light in weight Cables and its structure 700mm wide i.e., cable tray etc. is very heavy and occupies more space.

Total run is made up of multiple element which are joint together. Thus making the complete system maintenance
As single length of multiple cables are installed, making it maintenance nonfriendly.
friendly.

Easy retrofitting of the element is possible in case the location and consumer load Easy retrofitting of the element is not possible in case the location and consumer load

Totally enclosed, cannot be tampered. Fit and forget system2 Insulation can wear off with time. Can get damaged by rodents. Has to maintained on regular basis.

IV Degree of Protection :
IP-54 for plug in type, IP55, 65 for feeder No protection as such
Special protection is to be taken for installation in OUTDOOR area. Special protection is to be taken for installation in OUTDOOR area.
V Enclosure :

It consists of busbars in a protective enclosure, including straight lengths, fittings, devices and accessories. Cables are simply insulated with multiple layers of PVC.

High Short circuit strength & high fire protection Low Short circuit strength & low fire protection
VI Termination :
Direct termination through busbars The method for cable termination is very cumbersome.
Termination is simple and easy. Additional supports are required to hold the cables inside the panel.

Have a highly compact structure and can be bent up to 90 degree. Cables are generally installed in bundles & with such a cross section that they can not be bent tightly.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] Busbar Trunking Cables
VII Time & cost consumption :

It is necessary to protect each cable individually with a fuse and when laying the cables in bundles
When sizing busbars the designer only needs to make calculations on a single riser which
it is necessary to anchor them properly so that they can withstand the electrodynamic forces
reduces design time and costs.
generated in the event of a short ckt. So, the designers have to spend more time on calculations.

VIII Use of additional items :

No additional supports are required. Heavy labor is required to lay the cables
No extra holes/cutouts are required. Holes to be made in the gland plate for fixing cable glands
No cable tray is required, supported on ceiling / wall. Cable tray or the digging of the trench is required to lay the cables
No special tools are required. Special tool are required for crimping the cable lugs
Limits depend on the laying method and cable accumulation. The derating factor must be
Design verified switchgear assembly, limits from manufacturer’s catalogue
determined / calculated
IX Halogen Free :
Principally free from halogen. PVC cables are not free from halogen. Halogen-free cables are very expensive.
X Damage by rodents :
Busbar systems cannot be damaged by various rodents, which prevents the steel casing. Cables can be damaged by various rodents.
 [Link] Energy & Energy in Industrial

Electricity Fossil Renewable

Country Nuclear
(TWh) Coal Natural gas Oil Sub-total Hydro Other Sub-total
World 22,158.50 41.50% 22.10% 3.90% 67.50% 16.10% 4.20% 20.30% 12.20%

China 4,715.70 79.00% 1.80% 0.20% 81.20% 14.80% 2.20% 17.00% 1.80%

United States 4,326.60 43.30% 24.20% 0.90% 68.60% 7.40% 4.80% 12.20% 19.20%

India 1,598 51.70% 6.30% 1.80% 59.80% 13.10% 25.40% 38.50% 1.70%

Russia 1,053.00 15.50% 49.30% 2.60% 67.40% 15.70% 0.10% 15.80% 16.40%

Japan 1,042.70 27.00% 35.90% 10.10% 73.00% 8.00% 4.20% 12.20% 9.80%

Canada 636.9 12.00% 9.80% 1.00% 22.80% 59.00% 3.30% 62.30% 14.70%

Germany 602.4 45.10% 13.90% 1.10% 60.10% 2.90% 17.60% 20.50% 17.90%

Brazil 588 4.70% 13.70% 5.00% 23.40% 61.80% 14.80% 76.40% 2.60%

France 556.9 3.10% 4.80% 0.60% 8.50% 8.00% 3.60% 11.60% 79.40%

South Korea 520.1 43.20% 22.30% 3.20% 68.70% 0.90% 0.60% 1.50% 29.80%

United Kingdom 364.9 0% 38% 1.00% 39.00% 1.60% 40.30% 41.90% 19.10%

Italy 300.6 16.70% 48.10% 6.60% 71.40% 15.20% 12.40% 27.60% 0.00%

Mexico 295.8 11.50% 52.80% 16.40% 80.70% 12.30% 3.60% 15.90% 3.40%

Spain 289 15.50% 29.20% 5.10% 50.20% 10.60% 19.20% 29.80% 20.00%

South Africa 259.6 93.80% 0.00% 0.10% 93.80% 0.80% 0.20% 1.00% 5.20%

Australia 252.6 68.60% 19.70% 1.60% 89.90% 6.60% 3.50% 10.10% 0.00%

Turkey 252 30.20% 47.90% 0.90% 79.00% 16.10% 4.90% 21.00% 0.00%

Saudi Arabia 250.1 0.00% 52.80% 47.20% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Iran 239.7 0.20% 66.80% 27.80% 94.80% 5.00% 0.10% 5.10% 0.10%

Ukraine 194.9 38.20% 9.50% 0.30% 48.00% 5.60% 0.10% 5.70% 46.30%

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] Energy & Energy in Industrial

Energy in Industrial
1-Utility Energy is Government power
2-Generator
3-Sugar cane Turbine
4-Rice Mill Turbine

Main Brand of Generator

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Other Brand in Myanmar

Aska
Perkin
Doosan
Paramac

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] Energy & Energy in Industrial

Kohler

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] Energy & Energy in Industrial

Bioenergy

• Solar energy B100 Biodiesel RME and HVO100 Renewable diesel are
• Wind power both fossil free alternatives to conventional diesel, but are
produced by two different methods and follow two
• Hydropower different fuel standards:
• Bioenergy
• Geothermal energy Biodiesel RME is based on plants (typically rapeseed), is a
1st generation biodiesel and meets the standard EN14214
for biodiesel.

HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) is based on advanced

Hydropower raw materials such as residues and waste.
HVO is a 2nd generation biodiesel and meets the standard
EN15940 for paraffin fuels.
Global electricity power generation capacity 1,230.0 GW (2021)
Global electricity power generation capacity annual growth rate 2.5% (2012-2021)
Share of global electricity generation 16% (2018)
Levelized cost per megawatt hour USD 65.581 (2019)
Primary technology Dam
Other energy applications Pumped storage, mechanical power
Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
Wind power

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Geothermal energy

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Solar energy

Type of the Solar System

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Solar energy
PV Modules

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Solar energy

 Require Land Size due to separation distance

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Solar energy

 Require Land Size & Roof Area

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Solar energy

Solar path

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Solar energy

Saving Cost

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Solar energy

The installation of the PV Module

 Installation Environment

 Ambient temperatures : -20℃ ~ 50 ℃

 Relative Humidity: 45% ~ 95%
 Place without direct contact with salt water.
 Place without an external load in excess of 130km/h winds.
 Place without the risk of an earthquake or tsunami

 Module Angle : Receives the maximum sunlight throughout the year in place of the installation.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 Solar energy

Emergency Storage System

Gel Type Battery Tubular Battery lifePo4 Battery

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
 [Link] Energy & Energy in Industrial
Energy Storage System

Batteries – a range of electrochemical storage solutions, Thermal – capturing heat and cold to create energy
including advanced chemistry batteries, flow batteries, and on demand or offset energy needs
capacitors Pumped Heat Electrical Storage (PHES)
Executive Summary
 Type In Pumped Heat Electrical Storage (PHES), electricity is used to
 Voltage drive a storage engine connected to two large thermal stores. To
 Discharge curve store electricity, the electrical energy drives a heat pump, which
 Capacity pumps heat from the “cold store” to the “hot store” (similar to the
 Temperature dependence operation of a refrigerator). To recover the energy, the heat pump
 Service life is reversed to become a heat engine. The engine takes heat from
 Charge/discharge cycle the hot store, delivers waste heat to the cold store, and produces
 Application requirements mechanical work. When recovering electricity the heat engine
drives a generator.
Lead Batteries

Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] Energy & Energy in Industrial

Mechanical Storage – other innovative technologies to Hydrogen – excess electricity generation can be converted into
harness kinetic or gravitational energy to store hydrogen via electrolysis and stored
electricity
• Spring
• Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
• Fireless locomotive
• Flywheel energy storage
• Solid mass gravitational
• Hydraulic accumulator
• Thermal Expansion

Pumped Hydropower – creating large-scale reservoirs of energy with water

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] of Surge

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
[Link] of Surge

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] of Surge

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] of Surge

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
[Link] of Surge

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link] 4.0

The First Industrial Revolution began around 1760 in the

textile industry in Great Britain. Over the next decade
manufacturing will move from hand production in the home
onto machine production in the factories.

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the

Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific
discovery.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

The Third Industrial Revolution; Transforming Energy, the
Economy, and the World. Powerful of automation.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, 4IR, or Industry 4.0

IT + OT = IOT

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
[Link] Protocol in Industrial

Network topology

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

Process automation protocols
[Link] Protocol in Industrial
AS-i – Actuator-sensor interface, a low level 2-wire bus establishing power and communications to basic digital and analog devices
BSAP – Bristol Standard Asynchronous Protocol, developed by Bristol Babcock Inc.
CC-Link Industrial Networks – Supported by the CLPA
CIP (Common Industrial Protocol) – can be treated as application layer common to DeviceNet, CompoNet, ControlNet and EtherNet/IP
ControlNet – an implementation of CIP, originally by Allen-Bradley
DeviceNet – an implementation of CIP, originally by Allen-Bradley
DF-1 - used by Allen-Bradley ControlLogix, CompactLogix, PLC-5, SLC-500, and MicroLogix class devices
DNP3 - a protocol used to communicate by industrial control and utility SCADA systems
DirectNet – Koyo / Automation Direct proprietary, yet documented PLC interface
EtherCAT
Ethernet Global Data (EGD) – GE Fanuc PLCs (see also SRTP)
EtherNet/IP – IP stands for "Industrial Protocol". An implementation of CIP, originally created by Rockwell Automation
Ethernet Powerlink – an open protocol managed by the Ethernet POWERLINK Standardization Group (EPSG).
FINS, Omron's protocol for communication over several networks, including ethernet.
FOUNDATION fieldbus – H1 & HSE
HART Protocol
HostLink Protocol, Omron's protocol for communication over serial links.
Interbus, Phoenix Contact's protocol for communication over serial links, now part of PROFINET IO
MECHATROLINK – open protocol originally developed by Yaskawa, supported by the MMA
MelsecNet, and MelsecNet II, /B, and /H, supported by Mitsubishi Electric.
Modbus PEMEX
Modbus Plus
Modbus RTU or ASCII or TCP
OSGP – The Open Smart Grid Protocol, a widely use protocol for smart grid devices built on ISO/IEC 14908.1
OpenADR – Open Automated Demand Response; protocol to manage electricity consuming/controlling devices
Optomux – Serial (RS-422/485) network protocol originally developed by Opto 22 in 1982. The protocol was openly documented[1] and over time used for industrial
automation applications.
PieP – An Open Fieldbus Protocol
Profibus – by PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI)
PROFINET - by PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI)
RAPIEnet – Real-time Automation Protocols for Industrial Ethernet
Honeywell SDS – Smart Distributed System – Originally developed by Honeywell. Currently supported by Holjeron.
SERCOS III, Ethernet-based version of SERCOS real-time interface standard
SERCOS interface, Open Protocol for hard real-time control of motion and I/O
GE SRTP – GE Fanuc PLCs
Sinec H1 – Siemens
SynqNet – Danaher
TTEthernet – TTTech
MPI – Multi Point Interface Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
 [Link] Protocol in Industrial

Technical characteristics of Modbus:

Up to 247 devices in one network

Up to 1km network range
Broadcast messaging supported
Standard cabling

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] Protocol in Industrial
Building automation protocols
Main article: Building automation
1-Wire – from Dallas/Maxim
BACnet – for Building Automation and Control networks, maintained by ASHRAE Committee SSPC 135.
BatiBUS - merged to KNX
C-Bus Clipsal Integrated Systems Main Proprietary Protocol
CC-Link Industrial Networks, supported by Mitsubishi Electric
DALI - Digital Addressable Lighting Interface specified in IEC 62386.
DSI - Digital Serial Interface for the controlling of lighting in building, precursor to DALI.
Dynet - lighting and automation control protocol developed in Sydney, Australia by the company Dynalite
EnOcean – Low Power Wireless protocol for energy harvesting and very lower power devices.
European Home Systems Protocol (EHS) - merged to KNX
European Installation Bus (EIB) named also Instabus - merged to KNX
INSTEON - SmartHome Labs Pro New 2-way Protocol based on Power-BUS.
KNX – Standard for building control. Previously Batibus/EHS/EIB
LonTalk – protocol for LonWorks technology by Echelon Corporation
Modbus RTU or ASCII or TCP
oBIX - Open Building Information Exchange is a standard for RESTful Web Services-based interfaces to
building control systems developed by OASIS.
UPB - 2-way Peer to Peer Protocol
VSCP - Very Simple Control Protocol is a free protocol with main focus on building- or home-automation
xAP – Open protocol
X10 – Open standard for communication among electronic devices used for home automation (domotics)
Z-Wave - Wireless RF Protocol
ZigBee – Open protocol for Mesh Networks
Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
 [Link] Protocol in Industrial

Automatic meter reading protocols

Main article: Automatic meter reading
ANSI C12.18
DLMS/IEC 62056
IEC 61107
M-Bus
OMS
ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0
Modbus
ANSI C12.21
ANSI C12.22
Automobile / Vehicle protocol buses
Controller Area Network (CAN) – an inexpensive low-speed serial bus for interconnecting automotive components
FlexRay – a general purpose high-speed protocol with safety-critical features
IDB-1394
IEBus
J1708 – RS-485 based SAE specification used in commercial vehicles, agriculture, and heavy equipment.
J1939 and ISO11783 – an adaptation of CAN for agricultural and commercial vehicles
Keyword Protocol 2000 (KWP2000) – a protocol for automotive diagnostic devices (runs either on a serial line or over CAN)
Local Interconnect Network (LIN) – a very low cost in-vehicle sub-network
Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST) – a high-speed multimedia interface
Vehicle Area Network (VAN)
UAVCAN - a lightweight protocol for in-vehicle communication over CAN or Ethernet

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] Protocol in Industrial

Bus network Star network Ring network

Mesh networking Partially connected network

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link] Protocol in Industrial

Wireless Network

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]

Electrical Safety
Electricity is a necessary part of our daily life. It is an essential energy
source in our workplaces for purposes from lighting to powering
electrical equipment. While useful in many applications, working with
electricity can cause significant danger or harm if mishandled. Electrical
incidents can occur to anyone and can cause serious or even fatal
injuries.
Types of electrical incidents include:
Electric shock;
Electrocution;
Electrical burns;
Loss of muscle control;
Fire and/or explosion; and
Damage to machineries.
There are numerous potential electrical hazards present in the
workplace. These hazards can include:
Damaged electrical cords;
Overloaded plugs or circuits;
Exposed wires;
Defective equipment; and
Wet or damp conditions.
It is important that workers understand the importance of electrical
safety and take the necessary precautions when working with or near
electrical equipment.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]

Numerous potential electrical hazards

Damaged electrical cords; Overloaded plugs or circuits; Exposed wires;

Defective equipment Wet or damp conditions

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko
 [Link]

Working Safely with Electrical Equipment

• Ensure proper grounding of electrical equipment;

• Check the suitability of the connection of the electrical equipment voltage rating to the electrical supply;
• Conduct visual inspections on electrical equipment before starting work;
• Keep the electrical equipment area dry and free of dust; and
• Use the PPE provided in the correct manner. Such PPE includes insulating gloves, safety footwear and non-
conducting clothes.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]

Use the PPE provided in the correct manner. Such PPE includes insulating gloves, safety footwear and non-conducting clothes

Safety Glove
Measuring Tape
Electric Drill
Safety Belt
Multi Meter
Stair
Cutter
Plier
Long Nose
Safety Shoe

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

 [Link]
Equipment Maintenance and Repair
Safe work procedures must be followed when performing maintenance and repair works on electrical equipment.

The Lock-Out Tag-Out (LOTO) system must be implemented. The system should cover the following actions
minimally:

De-energising the machine before commencing any maintenance or repair;

Turning off the machine;
Deactivating energy isolating devices e.g. circuit breaker, disconnect switch;
Setting lockout and/or tag-out control switches to an “off” or “safe” position;
Releasing or blocking stored energy;
Testing operating controls by pressing/turning the “on” position to ensure the machine does not start up, then
returning operating controls to the “off” position;
Performing the necessary maintenance or repair;
Removing tools and other items, and reinstalling machine guards when work is completed;
Removing locks and tags; and
Turning on energy and testing to make sure machine is working properly.

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko

[Link]

Presented by Saw Yan Naing Ko