MET230: Hydraulics and Pneumatics

Week 1 Review Assignment

Sebastian Zuluaga

Problem 1
A hydraulic fluid has a specific weight of 60 lb/ft3. What is its specific gravity SG? What
is its density ρ?

ρ = 60 lb/ft³ / 32.2 ft/s² = 1.86 lb-s²/ft⁴

SG = 1.86 lb-s²/ft⁴ / 62.4 lb/ft³ = 0.03

Problem 2
Eleven liters of SAE 30 oil weighs 92 N. Calculate the oil’s
a. Specific weight
b. Density
c. Specific gravity

Given:
Volume (V) = 11 liters = 11 * 0.001 m³ = 0.011 m³
Weight (W) = 92 N ≈ 92 * 0.10197 kgf ≈ 9.38 kgf

a. Specific weight (γ):

γ = W/V = 9.38 kgf / 0.011 m³ = 852.73 kgf/m³

b. Density (ρ):
ρ = γ/g = 852.73 kgf/m³ / 9.81 m/s² = 86.9 kg/m³

c. Specific gravity (SG):

SG = ρ_fluid / ρ_water = 86.9 kg/m³ / 1000 kg/m³ = 0.0869

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Problem 3
Convert a -6 kPa (negative 6 kiloPascal) pressure to an absolute pressure in kPa.

Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure

Absolute pressure = -6 kPa + 101.325 kPa = 95.325 kPa

Problem 4
A hydraulic cylinder has a 275 mm diameter. How much oil pressure P (kPa) is required
to produce 12500 N force at its piston?

Radius (r) = d/2 = 275 mm / 2 = 137.5 mm

Convert the radius to meters: r = 137.5 mm * (1 m / 1000 mm) = 0.1375 m

Area (A) = π r² = π * (0.1375 m)² = 0.0594 m²

Pressure (P) = 12500 N / 0.0594 m² = 210,453 Pa

1 Pa = 0.001 kPa

Pressure (P) ≈ 210,453 Pa * (0.001 kPa / 1 Pa) = 210.45 kPa

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Problem 5
An oil (SG = 0.87) has a viscosity of 187 SUS at 120 oF. Find the corresponding
viscosity in units of cS (centiStokes) and cP (centiPoise).

cS = (187 - 50) / 4 cS = 137 / 4 cS = 34.25

cP = (187 - 50) / 4.62 cP = 137 / 4.62 cP = 29.66

Problem 6
In the hydraulic jack shown, a force of 100 N is exerted on the
small piston. Determine the upward force on the large piston.
The area of the small piston is 65 cm2, and the area of the large
piston is 950 cm2. If the small piston moves 12 cm, how far will
the large move? Assume the oil to be incompressible.

Force_small / Area_small = Force_large / Area_large

100 N / 65 cm² = Force_large / 950 cm²

Force_large = (100 N * 950 cm²) / 65 cm² = 1461.54 N

Area_small * Distance_small = Area_large * Distance_large

65 cm² * 12 cm = 950 cm² * Distance_large

Distance_large = (65 cm² * 12 cm) / 950 cm² = 0.82 cm

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Problem 7
The pneumatic/hydraulic system shown is use to lift a
load. If the inlet air pressure is 450 kPa, determine the
maximum load that can be lifted.

Area of air piston = π * (0.05 m)² = 0.00785 m²

Force_air = 450,000 Pa * 0.00785 m² = 3532.5 N

Problem 8
What is the theoretical flow rate from a fixed displacement axial piston pump with an
eight-bore cylinder operating at 1750 rpm? Each bore has a 1.25-in diameter and the
stroke of 0.75 in.

Area (A) = π * r² = π * (0.625 in)² = 1.227 in²

Q = (8 * 1750 rpm * 1.227 in² * 0.75 in) / 60 = 1451.38 in³/min

1 gallon ≈ 231 in³

Q = 1451.38 in³/min * (1 gal / 231 in³) = 6.28 G/min

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Problem 9
A vane pump is to have a volumetric displacement of 10 in3. It has a rotor diameter of
2in, a cam ring diameter of 4in, and a vane width of 2.5 in. what must be the
eccentricity?

Vd = 2 w e (Dc − Dr)

10 = 2 x 2 x 5 x e (4 − 2)

10 = 5 xe x 2

10 = 10 e

e = 10 / 10 = 1in

Problem 10
Find the offset angle for an axial pump that delivers 50 gpm at 1750 rpm. The
volumetric efficiency is 95%. The pump has a nine 0.75 inch diameter pistons arranged
on a 6-in piston circle diameter.

Q = Vd N ηv / 231

Ap = 4 π dp^2 = 4 π (0.75) 2 = 0.4418 in^2

Qth = (9 x 0.4418 x S x 1750) / 231 = (6932.175 S) / 231 = 30.02S gpm

Qth = Qactual / ηv = 0.9550 = 52.63 gpm

30.02S = 52.63 S = 52.63 / 30.02 = 1.754in

S = 2 Rc sin(θ) Rc = 6 / 2 = 3in

1.754 = 2 x 3 sin(θ) 1.754 = 6 sin(θ) sin(θ) = 1.754 / 6 = 0.2923

θ = arcsin(0.2923) = 17.0 degrees

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Problem 11
A gear pump has a 75-mm outside diameter, a 55-mm inside diameter, and a 30-mm
width. If the actual pump flow rate at 2700 rpm and rated pressure is 0.0025 m 3/s. What
is the volumetric efficiency?

Qtheoretical = 2 A w n

A = π / 4 (Do^2 − Di^2) = π / 4 (0.0752 − 0.0552) = π / 4 × 0.0026 = 0.002045m2

n=2700rpm =2700 / 60 = 45 rps

Qtheoretical=2⋅0.002045⋅0.03⋅45 = 0.005511m^3/s

ηv = Qactual / Qtheoretical

ηv = 0.0025 / 0.005511 = 0.4536

ηv = 0.4536 × 100 = 45.36%

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Problem 12
A pump has a displacement volume of 122 cm3. It delivers 0.0027 m3/s of oil at 1720
rpm and 85 bars. If the prime mover input torque is 175 N∙m
a. What is the overall efficiency of the pump?
b. What is the theoretical torque required to operate the pump?

ηoverall= P_out / P_in P_out = p Q

P_out = 8.5 × 106Pa × 0.0027m^3/s = 22,950 W = 22.95 kW

Pin=Tin⋅ω ω = 2 π n / 60 = (2 π x 1720) / 60 = 180.1 rad/s

Pin = 175 N m (180.1 rad/s) = 31517.5 W = 31.52 kW

ηoverall = 22.95 kW / 31.52 kW = 0.728 = 72.8 %

T_theoretical = (p Vd) / (2 π) = 8.5 x 10^6 PA x 0.000122 m^3 / (2 π)

= 1037 N m / 6.2832 = 165.1 N m

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Problem 13

1
A pump supplies oil at 25 gpm to a 1 in diameter double acting hydraulic cylinder. If
4
3
the load is 1800 lb (extending and retracting) and the rod diameter in, find the
4
a. Hydraulic pressure during the extending stroke
b. Piston velocity during the extending stroke
c. Cylinder horsepower during the extending stroke
d. Hydraulic pressure during the retracting stroke
e. Piston velocity during the retracting stroke
f. Cylinder horsepower during the retracting stroke

1. Flow Rate (Q): Q = (π/4) * d^2 * V

Q = Flow rate (gpm) d = Cylinder diameter (in) V = Piston velocity (in/min)

2. Force (F): F=P*A

F = Force (lb) P = Hydraulic pressure (psi) A = Area (in^2)

3. Power (P): P = (F * V) / (12 * 42.4)

P = Power (hp) F = Force (lb) V = Piston velocity (in/min)

Extending Stroke:

A_piston = (π/4) * (1.25 in)^2 = 1.227 in^2 A_rod = (π/4) * (0.75 in)^2 = 0.442 in^2

1. Calculate Hydraulic Pressure:

Force = 1800 lb Area = 1.227 in^2

P = F / A = 1800 lb / 1.227 in^2 = 1464 psi

2. Calculate Piston Velocity:

Flow rate = 25 gpm Area = 1.227 in^2

V = (4 * Q) / (π * d^2) = (4 * 25 gpm) / (π * (1.25 in)^2) = 64.0 in/min

3. Calculate Cylinder Horsepower:

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Force = 1800 lb Velocity = 64.0 in/min

P = (F * V) / (12 * 42.4) = (1800 lb * 64.0 in/min) / (12 * 42.4) = 22.6 hp

Retracting Stroke:

Area = Area of piston - Area of rod = 1.227 in^2 - 0.442 in^2 = 0.785 in^2

1. Calculate Hydraulic Pressure:

Force = 1800 lb Area = 0.785 in^2

P = F / A = 1800 lb / 0.785 in^2 = 2295 psi

2. Calculate Piston Velocity:

Flow rate = 25 gpm Area = 0.785 in^2

V = (4 * Q) / (π * d^2) = (4 * 25 gpm) / (π * (1.25 in)^2) = 64.0 in/min

3. Calculate Cylinder Horsepower:

Force = 1800 lb Velocity = 64.0 in/min

P = (F * V) / (12 * 42.4) = (1800 lb * 64.0 in/min) / (12 * 42.4) = 22.6 hp

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