MODULE 2 BODY MOVEMENT

Movement is a medium of communication, the way in which a person moves

reveals much about the individual. It is a non-verbal communication. A person’s
look/posture and the way which he moves gives an impression of general outlook, of
emotional reaction made to situations of physical stress, and his interest in life.

What Influences How We Move?

How we move while performing any physical activity, whether that activity is
something we need or want to do, is influenced by many factors — for example, our
motivation, our abilities, and the environment. Movement is influenced by our
characteristics as individuals and by everything around us. In other words, how we
move depends on the context in which we are performing an activity. The factors that
influence our movement patterns can be broadly categorized into three types:

Personal factors
Think about how and why you move as an individual while throwing a baseball.
How you throw the ball will be influenced by many unique personal characteristics,
including your physical attributes, fitness level, coordination, confidence, attitude,
emotions, motivation, and awareness of both your body and your surroundings. For
instance, factors such as limited shoulder range of motion, feeling exhausted after a
late night, or playing baseball every summer for the past six years could all influence
how you throw a ball.

Environmental factors
How you throw a baseball is also influenced by the environment you are in. For
instance, the surface on which you are standing (e.g., grass versus pavement), the
temperature (e.g., hot versus cold), weather conditions (e.g., rainy versus sunny),
background sounds or music, verbal instructions from a coach, and the presence of
social groups such as friends or peers could all influence how you throw the ball.

The task or activity

Lastly, features of the specific task or activity that you are performing will
influence your movement. When you throw a baseball, task-related factors such as
the size and weight of the ball or the type of pitch being thrown will influence how you
move. Suppose you were throwing a boomerang instead of a baseball. This difference
could clearly influence your throwing action.

Two Kinds of Body Movements

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 Locomotor Movement are movements in which body changes location from one
place to another.

Locomotor Movement
Walking The basic means of locomotion. In
walking, the arms swing in the
opposition to the feet
Running The stride is longer, more rapid
and with a greater arm swing
Jumping Is a spring into the air from one foot
or both feet landing on both feet
Hopping It is the spring in the air from one
foot and landing on the same foot
Leaping It is the spring in the air from one
foot and landing on the opposite
foot. It can be done forward and
sideward
Skipping Is made of two fundamental
movements, the step and hop.
Sliding A slide consist of a step on one foot
and a draw on the other foot up to
the first with a shift of weight.
Galloping It consists of stepping or sliding
movement and a quick cut. One foot
is always ahead of the other.

Non-locomotor or Axial Movement are movements done in place.

Non-locomotor Movements
Flexion Bending or shortening of a body
part occurring at a joint.
Extension Stretching or straightening of a
body part occurring at a joint
Rotation Turning, twisting or revolving on its
axis
Pendular Swinging and swaying movements
Percussive Striking and hitting, pushing or
pulling
Vibratory Shaking and vibrating
Sustained A slow flowing movement with a
balance of movement throughout
Suspended A sharp movement followed by
series of slow prolonged

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 movements until a peak is reached

Types of Movement at Joints

The other two movement principles you will learn about involve joint
movements. Movements at joints can be described in terms of the types of actions
involved. Some of these terms — for example, flexion and extension — have become
part of our normal English vocabulary. Some of the more common terms used when
describing movement at joints are explained below.

Flexion / Extension
• Flexion is the action of bending at a joint such that
the joint angle decreases. An example of flexion is
when you bend your elbow to bring your palm up
toward your face.
• Extension is the opposite of flexion. It occurs when
you increase the joint angle. When you straighten
your arm from the flexed position, you are
extending your arm.

uction
• Abduction occurs when you move a body
segment to the side and away from your
body. An example of abduction is when you
move your arm out to the side and bring it
level with your shoulder.
• Adduction is the opposite of abduction and
occurs when you move a body segment
toward your body. You adduct your arm
when you bring it back down to your side.

Supination / Pronation
• Supination is rotating the wrist such that the
palm of your hand is facing forward. When you
catch a softball underhanded with one hand,
you must supinate your wrist.
• Pronation occurs in the opposite direction of
supination. When you dribble a basketball, you
first have to pronate your wrist.

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antar Flexion
• Plantar flexion is also
specific to the ankle joint. It
occurs when you point your
toes.
• Dorsiflexion occurs
when you bend at the ankle
to bring the top of your foot
closer to your shin. It is essential when walking or jumping.

Inversion / Eversion
• Inversion is a result of standing
on the outer edge of your foot. It
is normally what happens when
you twist your ankle.
• Eversion also is associated with
the ankle joint. Eversion is a
result of standing on the inner

edge of your foot.

Internal
Rotation /
External Rotation
• External rotation
results when you twist or turn a body part outward from the
midline, for example when you turn your toes outward. • Internal
rotation results when you twist or turn a body part inward toward
the midline, for example, when you turn your toes inward.

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 Circumduction
• Circumduction is a combination of
flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction all wrapped up into one
movement. An example of this occurs
in softball, when a pitcher throws the
ball with a windmill action.

Fundamental Gymnastic Positions

(Hands and Arms Positions)

 1. HANDS ON HIPS- place the hands firmly just above the hips with palms on the
crest of the hip bones, the four fingers forward and together and the thumbs
behind.
 2. HANDS ON WAIST- place hands firmly at the smallest part of the trunk.
 3. HANDS ON NECK- hands are placed at the back at the lower part of the head.
Tips of the third fingers of the hands touching each other.. Elbows apart in line
with the shoulders. Head erect.

4. HANDS ON SHOULDERS- placed hands on shoulders with fingers straight,

with elbows in line with the shoulders.
 5. SHOULDER FIRM- forearms are raised upward, elbows flexed and kept close
to the sides as much as possible.
 6. HANDS ON FOREHEAD- place the hands on forehead with palms facing
inward, fingers close together third fingers touching each other.
 7. HANDS ON HEAD-place the hands are on the head with palms facing
downward, fingers closed together, third fingers touching each other.
 8. ARMS FORWARD- both arms are raised horizontally forward and keep them in
a straight line from shoulder to tips of fingers parallel with each other, palms of
hands facing each other.
 9. ARMS SIDEWARD-raise both arms are raised sideways, with arms in line with
shoulders. Fingers closed together, palms turned downward, and elbows and
wrist extended.
 10. ARMS UPWARD- raise the arms are raised upward in a perpendicular
position above the head in a straight line from shoulders to tips of fingers. The
palms of the hands are turned toward each other. Arms closed to the ears.
11. ARMS OBLIQUELY UPWARD- arms are raised halfway between sideward and
upward position, with fingers closed together, palms of the hands facing front or
facing in.

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 12. ARMS OBLIQUELY DOWNWARD- arms are raised halfway between sideward
and downward position, with fingers closed together, palms facing inward.

(ARMS BENDING)

 13. ARMS BENDING UPWARD- with closed fist or open palms the forearms are
raised upward to bend at the elbow-joint as much as possible. Hands at
shoulder level and palms turned inward. Elbows close to the body.
 14. HANDS ON CHEST- the upper arms are raised horizontally sideways with the
forearms sharply bent upon them in front. Hands, fingers, wrist and forearms in
one line, and on the same height with the upper arm and shoulder. Palms of
hands turned downward. This is also called Arms Bending Forward.
 15. ARMS BENDING HALF FORWARD- the upper arms are raised horizontally
sideways elbows joints. Hands, fingers, wrist and forearms in one line straight
forward, and in line with the upper arms and shoulders. Palms turned toward
each other.
 16. ARMS IN T-POSITION- arms are placed at side horizontal, elbows bent at
right angle, forearms parallel to body, palms facing backward, thumbs toward
body or palms facing in, thumbs toward front.
 17. ARMS IN REVERSE T POSITION- arms are placed at side horizontal, elbows
bent at right angles, forearms parallel to head, palms forward, thumbs toward
head or palms facing in.
 18. ARMS THRUSTING- raise forearms in front and flex the elbows, fists closed
with knuckles turned down and elbows close to the body (waistline)
 19. ARMS FORWARD THRUST- From arm to thrust position, stretched arms
forward, knuckles turned upward. Arms parallel to each other, elbows and wrist
parallel to each other with knuckles turned upward.
 20. ARMS SIDEWARD THRUST- with the similar starting position as arms forward
thrust, stretch the arms sideways with arms in level with shoulders, knuckles
turned upward, elbows and wrist extended.
 21. ARMS UPWARD THRUST- stretch arms upward to a perpendicular position,
elbows and wrist extended, knuckle turned outward or in rear. Arms close to
ears.

(FOOT POSITIONS)

 22. STRIDE SIDEWARD- the foot is lifted, move 2 ft. length to the side and
placed on the floor, with the line of the foot in the same angle as before, and
the weight equally distributed on both feet.
 23. STRIDE FORWARD- the foot is lifted, move 2 ft. length to the front.
 24. STRIDE BACKWARD- the foot is placed backward in the same manner as
stride forward.

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 25. JUMP TO STRIDE FORWARD- spring on both feet, lifting the whole body and
land with feet apart.
 26. FOOT TOUCHING FORWARD - lift the right foot and touch the floor lightly in
front with the toe. The heel is raised and turned inward. Knees straight.
 27. FOOT TOUCHING SIDEWARD- lift the right foot and touch the floor sideward
lightly with the toe. The heel is raised and turned inward. Knees straight.
 28. FOOT TOUCHING BACKWARD - lift the right foot backward and touch the
floor in rear lightly with the toe.
 29. HEEL RAISING- rise high on tiptoes. Keep the knee straight and heels
together.
 30. LEG RAISING- the leg is raised in front until the leg is at with the body. The
knee and the ankle are extended and the trunk erect. Toes pointed forward.
 31. KNEE RAISING- the knee is raised in front to the level of the hip, hip and
knee joints being flexed to a right angle, trunk erect, ankle or free foot
extended, toe pointed downward.
 32. FULL KNEES BENDING- the knee are flexed until the thigh and foreleg touch
each other. The knees are separated as they bend, moving diagonally forward,
the heels are lifted during the movement because of the limited movement
possible in the ankle joint.
 33. HALF KNEE BENDING- the knees are flexed until a right angle is formed at
the knee, the knees separated as they bend, moving diagonally forward, the
heels are lifted a little during the movement.
 34. FULL- KNEE REST POSITION- with similar position of full knee bending, the
hands are between the legs resting lightly on the floor. The weight of the body
rests mainly on the feet.
 35. FORWARD LUNGE- place the right foot forward as far as possible. Bend the
right knee with left leg in rear straight, head and trunk erect. Both feet flat on
the ground.
 36. CHARGE- performed with similar position to lunge with the distance of two
feet from heel to feet.
37. FORWARD FALL OUT- the foot is placed forward similar in lunge position.
The trunk is inclined forward, so that there is a straight line from the head to
the heel of the rear foot.

(TRUNK POSITION)
38. FORWARD BENDING- the trunk is bent horizontally forward.
 39. SIDEWARD BENDING- the trunk bends directly to the side, as far as possible.
Keep head in correct alignment with the trunk.
 40. TRUNK TWISTING- twist trunk on vertical axis without twisting the head or
hips.

(HEAD POSITION)

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 41. HEAD BEDNING FORWARD- let head fall forward as far as possible chin
drawn downward.
 42. HEAD BENDING SIDEWARD- let the head fall sideward as far as possible.
 43. HEAD BENDING BACKWARD- move the head strongly backward with chin up.
 44. HEAD TWISTING- twist the head sideward to the left/right and attempt to
bring the chin in line with the shoulder.

(LYING, SITTING, and KNEELING POSITIONS)

 45. PRONE- lie down with the stomach flat on the floor, face down, keep the
body straight from head to foot, hands at the sides close to the body. Look
straight forward. This is also called Forward Lying Position
 46. SUPINE- lie down with the back flat on the floor, body straight from the foot,
hands at the sides close to the body. The head, shoulders, back, buttocks, legs,
and heels must touch the floor. Also called as Back Lying Position.
 47. PRONE LEANING REST
a. from deep knee bend rest position stretch the legs backward. Trunk and
legs straight weight of body on hands and toes, legs together, eyes front.
b. From prone lying position raise the trunk up, hands supporting the weight
of the body straight under the shoulders, finger tips pointing forward.
 48. BACK OR SUPINE LEANING REST- from supine lying position, raise the trunk
up, hands supporting the weight of the body straight under the shoulder, finger
tips pointing backward.
 49. PRONE ELBOW SUPPORT- from prone-lying position, the body is raised and is
supported in the forearms and toes. The trunk, legs and head are held in a
straight line. Hands and forearms are pointed forward. Eyes front.
 50. SUPINE ELBOW SUPPORT- from supine-lying position raise the trunk upward
until it is inclined at an angle about 30 degrees from the ground. Elbows,
forearms and hands are resting on the floor. Forearms and hands are pointing
forward.
 51. SIDE LEANING REST- from prone-leaning rest position, turn right/ left
supporting the body with right/left hand. Keep elbow of the supporting arm
straight, with the other arm at the side close to the body and the legs straight
and together.
 52. LONG SITTING- sit on the floor with legs together out in front, knees
stretched and back straight.
 53. LONG SITTING REST- as a relief from the above position, the hands are
placed on either side and the knees slightly bent.
 54. HOOK SITTING- from the long-sitting position, the knees are bent and
slightly parted, the heel kept together with the feet flat on the floor. The knees
maybe clasped, the hands passing around the outside of the legs.

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 55. CROSS SITTING- from long sitting position, cross the legs in front in a tailor-
like fashion. The knees should be kept close to the floor as much as possible
and the back held straight.
 56. KNEELING- kneel on both knees, body at right angle to the floor, back erect,
knees together, heels together, toes under or stretched as preferred. are on a
kneeling position with body at the right angel to the floor, back erect, and knees
and heels together.
 57. STRIDE KNEELING- from kneeling position, open the knees a little to make
the balance steadier, feel together, toes under or stretched as preferred.
 58. STRIDE KNEEL SITTING- from stride-kneeling position, sit down on the heels,
keeping the back straight.
 59. HALF KNEE STANDING POSITION- from kneeling position, place the other
foot and knee in front with the thigh at right angle to the foreleg. Keep the sole
of the foot in front flat on the floor.
 60. CROOK LYING POSTION- flex the knees upward, keeping the knees and heels
together and both feet flat on the floor.
 61. SHOULDER STAND POSITION- from supine-lying position, raise legs and hips,
elbows placed on the floor and hands supporting the hips, legs vertical.
 62. FOREARM STAND POSITON- from prone elbow support position, raise the
legs and hips upward.
63. FOUR BASE or DOG STAND - lower the trunk forward, place the hands on the
floor so that the weight of the body is equally distributed on both knees and
hands. Trunk and head in correct alignment.
64. BRIDGE STAND- reverse the position of the trunk in four base with feet and
hands bearing the weight of the body.
 65. HALF KNEEL STRIDE STANDING - kneel on left knee with the right leg
stretched sideways.
 66. FOLDED POSITION- from kneeling position, bend trunk forward until head is
closed to the knees.
 67. STRIDE LONG SITTING- from long-sitting position, open legs apart to about
two or three-foot length at ankles.
 68. WIDE or OPEN CROOK SITTING- from crook sitting position, open and lower
the knees outward soles of the feet touching, hands on the knees, back
straight.
 69. CLOSE CROOK SITTING- from wide-crook sitting, close the legs until the
knees and feet are touching, the feet flat on the ground hands grasping front of
knees, back straight.
 70. SIDE SITTING- from long-sitting position, bend both legs to right side, weight
of the body resting mostly on the “sitting bone” or thigh. The bent legs are on
the opposite direction of the sitting side.
 71. HURDLE SITTING- from long sitting position, bend one leg until the knee is
bent to about forty five degrees, the thigh is stretched sideward, the inner-edge
of the foot resting on the floor.

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  72. KNEEL SITTING – from kneeling position, sit down on back of heels, ankles
well stretched, back straight.
 73. LEG FORWARD KNEEL SITTING – from kneel sitting position stretch right leg
forward. Remain seated on the left heel.
 74. LEG SIDEWAYS KNEEL SITTING – from kneel sitting position, stretch right leg
sideward. Remain seated on the left heel.

Activity No. 4 LOCOMOTOR AND NON-LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS

Perform and combine all the Locomotor and non-locomotor movements (group).

Activity No. 5 FUNDAMENTAL GYMNASTIC POSITION

Perform the different Gymnastic Positions.

References

Corbin & Lindsey, (1994), Concepts of Fitness and Wellness with Laboratories. Brown and
Benchmark Publishers.
Jonathan Howard, (2018), “Healthy Behaviors and Wellness”. Galileo, University System of
Georgia. Galileo Open Learning Materials.
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. Guidelines for Fitness Assessment in
ManitobaSchools: A Resource for Physical Education/Health Education. Winnipeg, MB:
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2004. 9. Available online at
[Link]/k12/cur/physhlth/[Link]
Scott Flynn, (2018), “Fitness Principles”. Galileo, University System of Georgia. Galileo Open
Learning Materials.
Topend sports latest. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27,2022 from [Link]

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