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So far: constant dunstly = small Mech numbers
smooth sobutons, = con be compuled with WN, TOM or Ten
Here: variable clensiby ~ inclucles high Mach numbars
shocks/cliscontinuities > cannat be compulect with TOM or TEM
Wastrave 1Deempte (=
a\~ dansity
dopenctont bles |
NOrebOs | UTKET~ momantum per unit volume:
total enargy per unit volume
conservation law + ano aus mass flux
fix vector ¥-(Bi-5. momentum [bux
Riles bare, for-nrfbsily, doacdaSGls (BENE eater ee
pressure. dakerminad
instead. of compressible NS is cnsidarest epeqehclai,
sobluhon with sino e.g prly-AVE-$u)
iS possible Mathematical diffculdies
~ discontinuous. sobsbions > spatial darivabives om nol ctobinad.
> search for weak solutions (integral form of equations)
- somakimes A unique. weak solution
> odditionol criterion. is required
Numerical olificuDbies |
- maothods developed for continucus solutions are inocla quote.
> FVM with “special” [lux opproximations orservation law . \
v
in nlayat fens [Bay «PB ay =o — >? fuav +] Tn aa
Jat Jp Ox rtd, sa
2
~ [wav + Flub,.t)- Flul,,.t) = 0
rea
Note: If Jo conknucus solution uM" of the cliferentiol form, than
the solution uM, Wu, as xy tx, and x, ox
But: Whit spotiol donvatives of u are not dafirah at discontinsties,
the inkegral form allows for discontinuous sobstions lingor scalar conservation Law
du du
S+at-
a Ye
Aas
Oo
Couchy prbtim: be. ab x2 Po—~
ond Ul, 0) = Uolx) SS
> Ub, b 0) = ujbeal) —
space Lime | diagram *
t
’ Ee
ockeristie Lina: ulx,(t),t) + constant
a
dulxlt) 2 > ‘dx
7 xO) x chock, SESE, Be, Ba] Se
dt WML ab dee
oO Nedlinar scolar conservation tain
woo (ut .
B42 (F)-0 (muscid Ducer’s eq)
role that for smooth solulins. S+u -0
Reman btom- ul tof feo advection speocl depends on u
a prok ae
dined by soloing B+ (iE) oH
Ue u xr nls
=i ue wth 90 (vanishing viscosity sot.)
ep weed
i woe “hn. possible, ts
Geak sclukion, —(shddk sped: S+
at entropy vielabing
>,
spoce Lime diogram: —\, }
U —tienle: Ries
t Wig we oh weak
uk bO-TE ft ulex charocleristic velo a= Sg = 1-28 >
(es pa
= # = (s-8)* 0 t
2b auf ) sconasio: gran trafhe Gignt turns red at t+O
Ce> CB> CHCECECECECE ——
xv sconario: rec tralhe Light turns gran at t*O
CBCeCECEeCE> CB= Ch —
2 matnx coith constant
Sy koe Fe Tu) ond a =
u
ceefficients ;
diogonizobla
real eigenvoluas \i.6),
> ARAR
\
PJ
+) 0) ; 5;
iL "x } system of “decoupled
Gnaar scalar conservation las
dQ», Vn
~*~ sy St -0
L x
=> SoD Tor NN
thon Ulx,t}R vl, L) eli ith
ile: thal u- u * ee
wsconkeuity tas
clisconbew
pea
‘censtrck’ uw" in tha phase spo Syelems o} nonlinear hyperbolic. conservation lows
du, oF
ee
remamber: for compressible Euler
nonlingar function of u
example isothermal Exar equations
wl) oa
exuation f stale: p» aS
ve(}-) erica mnt
(Ss) (ee, + au)
exprvoluns: >,
WT Ura O
hot are the volluas of u, ond Usak bel for Stexc St?
Ly conskructicn in phase space.
Kw
Fuh)-TW = S(ui-ut)
ee
poral Remonn peblim wih u-(“)
| an: ‘shock solukion
Tao ae liarthesly laid
* ashok NAN?
right shock X™*YQ"* 2
integral curvel
poral “AG J
to cigenvect.(
flux across x 62 Numerical Methods
Additional dliffculbins
~ stobitily (non binear problems)
- comegence bo wrong Leak sclution (entropy condition)
- chock speect / location (conservative?)
woreatathes tue,
(Z)-0 > B+ uh -o
Bo 2h +Raey 0 SO
fe
wud -o
example. () 24
+2
Se
2
or aay 2
as long as ub) is smodh > the 2 equations lad lo the same ~solulion
bul: shock speeds are. cbifferent
LE ad S* (a8) t ble
a aap Corserative: voriable youl
> Ga): YW 4234) <0 non-conservative. discrckizabion:
phe ut - ut (uh-ut,) “
wp Uo ay Ur Cum upg) = 4 Ze
Tee
—
Ser bad =
a
.e goa
lox- Friedrichs method
uy Huheud) CT) = Enbopy cenchibicn,
° , 1¢ TH), if wwe e
Www
by Tlu,)
role. iF upu,) = Tu, pa >
a
at feed zo [Foeud,
(uy ju.)
Gu) + (AAV (acu)
— example: isoth. Euler chamcleristc solver: illustration for Euler cle? Ava , atu, Ayr ULa
Subsonuc
with U>O
@
Xe x
assume that »; ancl v, censt. along chor. i
> assume thot
asdu-dp =O along char 1
dds -dp =0 along chor 2
asdut dp =O along chor 3
for subsonic with u>G
48, (u-uy) - (pepe) =
B84) - (ppd “0
O,3.(ue-u.) + (pe-pal = 0 how acemrate
A ordler
thw
fe
Banos Nonlinear stabuliky, ancl high resolution methods
motivation: Geeunov methool is onby ‘sk order accurate! sloble extension?
wut L tobat varighion diminish
telat ariabion ms . : rahe tO) ns
a ooo
Td) = Zug wal
2
Wo. Wit") € Tie ul
Co
is
\ :
ee =
} huf
SS oscillations“ moncloniciky preserving methods
Wjnenincreasiny or nandwereasing > UW, nenincrensing or nondecreasing
No moncloniciky - preserving,
monotone. methods
Vout Vr > VS ult
monotone => ‘To
al most 4k onler ocumte = => ralher smeared “disconhrusties”
converges to enbicay sclubion.
Gedune's methed for scolors is monotone
{rrenctene} < {Tv} < { monotonicity preserving}
Opproach Io increase order of accuracy of Godunov's method
- eller representation eg. pircewise Linger, instead of pitcemise constant
~ avoid oscillations
- ‘conection’ of Godunov's method re-inlerpetaticn of Godunov'’s methed : reconstruct solve average. (RSA)
cach time. shep Euler. reconstrusk $,u ond p
= reconstruct G(x) ulx,t") from call averaged. volluss u,
~ use Tk) be compute the numerical flee Tr, = TEb,,28, dlyse)
~ updote call overages —> Vr uy
const.
1 x
cramp: 20 (Gotuinov's method reduces fo simple upsind)
us ul - Blaut-au”,)
a Klee)
mts 25 7
moe accucate Ut ul - Slatlyyce) - atly.,¢e)) ——
hue: precanise. Linear rain
bree: Tete gd Geox) Zax
{° ifab Oalabtol
) cath minmod (a,b) = orclee soluhon with Boundary conditions
eg subsonic in- ancl outflow
chor of linear prblem; Roe , chor. sclver
— __ Lr,
pm
’ ME Nino "Pats
§ 2 scolors 77 salar
Cie teks DP Wes
e
? specified | y oe Speafiad |
feqg Sanlu fo eg. p
t
employ qest lls” whare you set the specified quanlibee ond extmpolabe Lhe others 2D and 3D Ra aRe
Ww Aw, = .
consider the tage 2 pli, “ th Be -0
ake
SA ARE + RERSASRE aero
-R!
aren general nok
diagonal. => nok decoupled
spliling matheds jeg. dimansicnal splilting, uhich is simple ond works uetl
G be avoid grcl direction dapendence probloms, passibly
odlopt the gid
solve AD Riemann problem at fh,
».[®4\ Sere eee
wth uot) ont T Baus.)
ul is advected. with ut
rote: “LfE ond. “right” stokes
may ke reconstructed.
remember: do ik for 3u ond p Further Topics,
~ grilling
~ source. berms
~movig grds and frent broking
Lagwngan ruthods (gro frex)
* vortex methods (incompressiblu)
» smoothed particle hydredynamics (SPH )
orbibory Lagrngan methods (gnc basecl)
* ged ponts move Uke material poinks
+ front Lrocking
* move grid points with shock or front (Hugonict cenchition)
» byel -sek
x \oF
~ adaptive mesh refinement
+ refine calls , e.g quod- or cok tree
reline polches > rusted grids (simpler) immersed boundary methods
~ oversel grids
= becal oncl sub- bime-sleps
~[Latiice-Beltamann methods!
~ stochastic methods
+ direct simulation Monte Carlo (DsHey}) ( sieaigs
+ Reker meth jsortest ps
prbobilty density function (POF) methods (turbulent. combustion)