Digital Signal Processing Assignment
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g47009678Digital Signal Processing Assignment
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Powered by AIFor the complex exponential signal \(x(n) = e^{j\omega n}\), the signal is periodic if \(\frac{\omega}{2\pi} = \frac{p}{q}\), where \(p\) and \(q\) are integers with no common factors (i.e., the fraction is in its lowest terms). For \(x(n) = e^{j7\pi n}\), \(\omega = 7\pi\). Thus, \(\frac{7\pi}{2\pi} = \frac{7}{2}\) is not rational because 7 and 2 have no common factors to make it an integer, so the signal is aperiodic and does not have a fundamental period .
The zero-state step response is found by applying a step function \( u(n) \) at the input which transforms to \( X(z) = \frac{1}{1-z^{-1}} \) in the z-domain. Compute \( Y(z) = H(z)X(z) = \frac{1}{1 - 0.7z^{-1} + 0.1z^{-2}} \cdot \frac{1}{1-z^{-1}} \), and perform partial fraction expansion to invert back into the time-domain sequence \( y(n) \). Solve recurrence formulas deduced from inverse transform, iteratively through n-values, generating sequence reflecting step's impact under system transfer dynamics .
Apply partial fraction expansion on \( X(z) = \frac{1}{z^2 - 0.3z - 0.04} \), factorize denominator recognizing quadratic decomposition or use root-finding. Re-express \( X(z) \) as unions of simple pole residues allowing direct inverse transform via tables or formula application, typically reflecting as power-series or finite-time recurrence relation. The poles using quadratic formula solutions deliver parts retained in individual inverse forms, subsequently calculated for returning discrete-time behavior .
For impulse input \(x(n) = \delta(n)\), solve the homogeneous part of the difference equation \( y_h(n) - 0.7y_h(n-1) + 0.1y_h(n-2) = 0 \) for characteristic roots, determining \(y_h(n)\) form, then substitute impulse input in the particular solution of the difference equation. The complete solution \(y(n)\) at \(n=0\) starts at the impulse magnitude adjusted by initial conditions. Follow iterative stepping through \(n=1, n=2, \ldots\) using the difference equation to maintain impulse alteration through formulae .
The system \(y(n) = 4x(n^2)\) is non-causal, as the output at time \(n\) depends on future values of the input unless \(n\) is an integer with a finite past value. Linearity fails since input scaling does not produce proportionately scaled output due to the squaring operation \((n^2)\). Time invariance is violated because shifting the input in time \(x(n-k)\) does not result in an equivalent time shift in the output \(4x((n-k)^2)\), altering the functional relationship due to the squared term, confirming it is not time-invariant .
The eight-point DFT of \(x(n) = 1\) for \(0 \leq n \leq 7\), zero elsewhere, uses the decimation-in-frequency FFT method by decomposing the sequence into even and odd indexed samples, computing intermediary DFT stages. Iteratively combine stages of FFT twiddle factors adjusting phase angles per subdivided-length matrices, demanding reduced arithmetic operations exponentially descending through bit-reversal table stages. Finally, produce full frequency-resolution bins \(X(k)\) reflecting amplitudes given original sequences’ symmetry and setting towards final full-spectrum synthesis .
Stability of a linear system depends on the bounded input bounded output (BIBO) criterion. A system is stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output. Here, \(y(n) = 0.5x(n) + 100x(n-2) - 20x(n-10)\) implies a finite sum of weighted, delayed inputs. The system's stability depends on whether these coefficients and delays maintain output bounds when input is bounded. Despite potentially large coefficients such as 100 and -20, as these are static responses, each component remains finite, thus the system can remain stable if the input \(x(n)\) itself remains bounded over all time .
The system is described by a first-order difference equation. To solve for \(y(n)\) when \(x(n) = u(n)\), consider initial conditions and apply the method of solving difference equations by homogeneous and particular solutions. The homogeneous solution \(y_h(n)\) is found considering \(y(n) - 0.5y(n-1) = 0\), with solution form \(y_h(n) = C(0.5)^n\). For particular solution with the step input \(x(n) = u(n)\), let \(y_p(n) = A\), and solve: Substitute \(y_p(n) = A\) to find \(A\). Using initial condition \(y(-1) = 1\), solve for the constant \(C\). Combine homogeneous and particular solutions for the complete response \(y(n)\).
Evaluate the DFT of \(x(n) = \{1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0\}\) via decimation-in-time FFT by dividing the sequence into segments executing FFT recursively merged through smaller-sample DFT computation stages. The symmetry inherent produces real data segment cuts into radix-two rectangles facilitating post-reconstruction depth of frequency versus periodicity conversion in spectrum domain, reflecting dominant frequency components linking back to inherent cyclic time domains, offering periodic insights. This FFT analysis yields insight about harmonic sets representing main spectral peaks informed contextually .
To compute the digital convolution \(y(n) = \sum x(k)h(n-k)\) using the graphical method, first graph the sequence \(x(k)\) and \(h(k)\). Reverse \(h(k)\) to get \(h(-k)\), shift it by \(n\) to get \(h(n-k)\), and slide it across \(x(k)\). At each integer \(n\), compute the sum \(y(n) = \sum_k x(k)h(n-k)\) by overlapping and multiplying corresponding samples of the sequences and summing their products. For example, using \(x(k) = \{2, 1, 0\}\) and \(h(k) = \{2, 1, 1, 0\}\), calculate \(y(n)\) at each \(n\) starting by reversing and shifting \(h\) and evaluating overlaps .