Testing and Commissioning

Current Transformer

Ibrahem Ahmed EL amir 01118713137 Ibrahem.elamir1@[Link]

‫اللهم لك الحمد كله ‪ ،‬ولك الملك كله ‪ ،‬وبيدك الخير كله ‪ ،‬وإليك يرجع األمر‬
‫كله ‪ ،‬اللهم صل على محمد خاتم أنبيائك ورسلك‪ .‬اللهم إني أبرا ً من الثقة إال‬
‫بك‪ .‬ومن األمل إال فيك ‪ ،‬ومن التسليم إال لك ‪ ،‬ومن التفويض إال إليك ‪ ،‬ومن‬
‫التوكل إال عليك ‪ ،‬ومن الرضا إال عنك ‪ ،‬ومن الطلب إال منك ‪ ،‬ومن الرجاء‬
‫ت‬‫إال فيك ‪ ،‬اللهم تتابع على برك ‪ ،‬واتصل خيرك ‪ ،‬و َك ُمل عطاؤك ‪ ،‬وع َّم ْ‬
‫فواضلك ‪ ،‬وتمت نوافلك ‪ ،‬فاللهم أحسن‬
‫‪.‬ختامنا يا أرحم الراحمين‬

‫‪1‬‬
Contents
Current Transformer...................................................................................................................................... 3
Types of Current Transformers: .................................................................................................................. 3
how to select a CT....................................................................................................................................... 5
the components of a current transformer (CT)............................................................................................ 5
What is the function of a current transformer? ........................................................................................... 6
The representation of a current transformer (CT) ....................................................................................... 7
Current Transformer Specifications ............................................................................................................ 8
Burden in Current Transformers: .............................................................................................................. 10
Tests on current transformers .................................................................................................................... 11
A. Current Transformer - Insulation testing..................................................................................... 11
B. Current Transformer - Ratio Test ................................................................................................ 13
F. Current Transformer - Winding Resistance Test ......................................................................... 15
G. Current Transformer - Voltage Withstand Test ........................................................................... 17
H. Current Transformer - Polarity Check ......................................................................................... 18

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Current Transformer
Current transformers serve several important purposes in electrical power systems:
1. Current measurement: They reduce high currents to lower values that can be measured by instruments.
2. Equipment protection: CTs isolate measurement and control devices from high currents in main
circuits.
3. Electrical isolation: They separate high voltage circuits from low voltage circuits.
4. Protection system input: CTs provide signals to protective relays for power system protection.
5. Monitoring and control: They assist in monitoring power consumption and controlling electrical
systems.

Types of Current Transformers:

1. Toroidal or Ring-type CTs:
o Consist of a closed loop of magnetic material.
o Suitable for high currents and high accuracy applications.
2. Split-core CTs:
o Can be opened and installed around a conductor without disconnecting the circuit.
o Useful for retrofit installations or maintenance.
3. Bar-type CTs:
o Use a straight bar as the primary conductor.
o Suitable for very high currents.
4. Wound-type CTs:
o Have primary and secondary windings wound around a magnetic core.
o Provide high accuracy and are suitable for relatively lower currents.
5. Window-type CTs:
o Have a central opening through which the primary conductor passes.
o Easy to install and common in distribution panels.

Each type has its advantages and specific applications. The choice depends on the specific
requirements of the application, such as the current level, required measurement accuracy, and
installation conditions

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.

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how to select a CT
Choosing the right current transformer (CT) is crucial for accurate measurements and system
performance. Here's a guide on how to select a CT:

1. Current Rating:
o Determine the maximum primary current you need to measure.
o Choose a CT with a primary rating slightly higher than this maximum.

2. Secondary Current:
o Common secondary ratings are 1A or 5A. 5A is more common for new
installations.
o 1A is preferred for long cable runs to reduce burden.
3. Accuracy Class:
o Define the required accuracy (e.g., 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%).
o Higher accuracy classes are more expensive but necessary for revenue metering.
4. Burden:
o Calculate the total burden (impedance) of the connected devices and wiring.
o Ensure the CT can handle this burden while maintaining its accuracy.
5. Physical Size and Installation Method:
o Consider space constraints and installation requirements.
o Choose between solid-core, split-core, or clamp-on types based on accessibility.
6. Environmental Factors:
o Consider temperature range, humidity, and potential exposure to elements.
o Select CTs rated for your operating environment.
7. Frequency:
o Ensure the CT is rated for your system frequency (e.g., 50Hz, 60Hz).
8. Voltage Insulation Level:
o Match the CT's insulation level to your system voltage.
9. Knee-point Voltage (for protection applications):
o Ensure the knee-point voltage is high enough for your protection scheme.
10. Standards Compliance:
o Check if the CT meets relevant industry standards (e.g., IEEE, IEC).
11. Application-Specific Requirements:
o For metering, focus on accuracy at normal loads.
o For protection, consider performance during fault conditions.
12. Cost and Availability:
o Balance performance requirements with budget constraints.
o Consider lead times and long-term availability for maintenance.

the components of a current transformer (CT)

the components of a current transformer (CT) :

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1. Diaphragm Bellows: This component allows for pressure equalization within the transformer housing,
preventing damage from pressure differences.
2. CT Cores: These are the magnetic cores of the current transformer, responsible for transforming the
primary current into a lower, proportional secondary current for measurement or protection purposes.
3. HV Primary Terminal: The high-voltage (HV) primary terminal is where the primary conductor
connects, carrying the main current that needs to be measured.
4. Primary Conductor Assembly: This part carries the high voltage current from the electrical system
through the CT.
5. Head Housing: This enclosure houses the critical components of the CT, providing protection from
environmental elements.
6. Core Housing: This contains the CT cores and provides structural support while protecting the internal
parts.
7. Porcelain Insulator: The porcelain insulator isolates the high-voltage components of the CT,
preventing electrical arcing and ensuring safety.
8. Bushing Tube: The bushing tube supports and insulates the conductor as it passes through the
grounded part of the transformer housing.
9. Capacitive Grading Layer: This layer helps distribute the electric field uniformly, ensuring the
proper operation of the CT under high-voltage conditions.
10. Secondary Terminal Blocks: These are the terminals where the transformed, low-level secondary
current is outputted for connection to protection or measuring equipment.
11. Fault Current Carrying Conductor to Ground: A conductor designed to carry fault currents safely
to the ground, ensuring system protection in case of failures.
12. Ground Pod: This component provides a reliable grounding point for the CT, ensuring electrical
safety.
13. Secondary Terminal Box: This box encloses and protects the secondary terminal blocks and
connections, keeping them secure from environmental conditions.
14. Base Assembly: The base provides structural support for the CT, ensuring it remains stable and secure
in its mounting position.
15. Sealing Plate: The sealing plate ensures that the internal components are sealed from environmental
factors, such as moisture or dust, which could affect performance

What is the function of a current transformer?

The function of a current transformer is to supply measuring/protective devices with a small current that is
proportionate to the original current passing through the circuit. Ideally, the secondary current should be
less than 5 amps under normal conditions. This is achieved by selecting a specific turns ratio, which has
standard values such as: 300:5, 200:5, 100:5, up to a maximum practical value of 3000:1. The current
transformer is connected in series with the circuit whose current is to be measured.

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The representation of a current transformer (CT)
The representation of a current transformer (CT) is primarily through an equivalent electrical circuit that
shows its fundamental components such as:
• Primary Transformer: Represented by a coil and a voltage source connected to it.
• Magnetic Core: Represented by a magnetic path with parameters like resistance and inductance.
• Secondary Transformer: Represented by another coil connected to the measurement system or th
e required load.

that one of the secondary windings has an output power of 15 VA and an accuracy class of 0.5, designed
for measurement devices. The other winding has an output power of 30 VA and an accuracy class of 5P20,
used for protection devices. Each secondary winding serves a different purpose to ensure accurate measure
ments and robust protection.

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Current Transformer Specifications

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Burden in Current Transformers:
This term refers to the load of measurement and protection circuits connected to the secondary winding of
the current transformer. The burden is measured in Volt-
Ampere (VA), not in ohms, but they are equivalent, and one can be deduced from the other. For example, a
current transformer with a 12.5VA burden and a secondary current of 5A can handle a burden resistance of
0.5Ω (calculated as R=S/I^2, where S=VA, I=current).
The lower the burden represented by the protection device on the current transformer, the better, as it mean
s we won't need a transformer with high capacity. This is one of the many advantages of digital protection
devices, as they represent a low burden compared to traditional devices like electromagnetic or static relays
.
The following diagram illustrates the effect of the resistance of the protection/measurement device on the li
kelihood of current transformer saturation. As the device's resistance increases, the voltage across its termi
nals also increases, approaching the saturation point, indicating that the current transformer is about to satu
rate.

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Tests on current transformers
A. Current Transformer - Insulation testing
• Purpose: To measure the insulation resistance between the primary winding and the ground.
• Test Setup:

• The primary terminal (H1 or H2) is connected to the test instrument’s positive terminal.

• The ground is connected to the test instrument’s negative terminal.

• Test Voltage: 1000 V DC.

• Test Time: 1 minute.

• Objective: To ensure that the insulation between the high-voltage primary winding and ground is
adequate to avoid electrical breakdown.
2. CT Insulation Test (Primary to Secondary)
• Purpose: To measure the insulation resistance between the primary winding and the secondary
winding.
• Test Setup:

• The primary terminal (H1 or H2) is connected to the test instrument’s positive terminal.

• The secondary terminal is connected to the test instrument’s negative terminal.

• Test Voltage: 500 V DC.

• Test Time: 1 minute.

• Objective: To check if the insulation between the high-voltage primary circuit and the low-voltage
secondary circuit is intact, preventing leakage currents between the windings.
3. CT Insulation Test (Secondary to Ground)
• Purpose: To measure the insulation resistance between the secondary winding and the ground.
• Test Setup:
o The secondary terminal is connected to the test instrument’s positive terminal.
o The ground is connected to the test instrument’s negative terminal.
o Test Voltage: 500 V DC.
o Test Time: 1 minute.
• Objective: To verify that the insulation between the secondary winding and ground is sufficient to
prevent any short-circuit or leakage issues.

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 Steps to Follow:
1. Setup the Test Instrument: Ensure the test instrument is calibrated and placed on a firm, dry, and
level base.
2. Identify Test Parameters: Properly connect the instrument terminals for the specific test
(primary-ground, primary-secondary, or secondary-ground).
3. Perform Testing: Follow the provided connection diagrams and apply the specified test voltage
for the given duration.
4. Stabilize Readings: Wait until the measured values stabilize before recording the results.
5. Evaluate Results: Compare the measured insulation resistance values to standard limits to
determine if the transformer passes the insulation test.
The insulation resistance for the secondary windings to the ground should not be less than 10 mega-ohms,
while the insulation resistance for the primary windings to the ground should not be less than 20 mega-
ohms.

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 B. Current Transformer - Ratio Test
The image depicts the procedure for conducting a CT Ratio Test, which checks the accuracy of the current
transformation ratio between the primary and secondary windings. This test ensures that the CT is
performing according to its design specifications and providing accurate current readings for protection
and measurement devices.
C. Steps for Conducting a CT Ratio Test:
1. Setup the Test Instrument
o Place the calibrated test instrument on a firm, level, and dry surface.
o Identify the test parameters and confirm the terminal connections (Primary and Secondary).
2. De-Energize the CT
o The CT must be isolated and de-energized from any live circuits to ensure safe testing.
o For system-installed units, isolate the burden (connected load) before testing.
3. Ground and Supply the Test Instrument
o Properly ground the test instrument and supply the necessary voltage (110 V AC or 230 V
AC).
o Use the provided connection diagram to ensure all connections are secure:
▪ Connect terminals H1 and H2 (primary side) to the test equipment.
▪ Connect the secondary terminals (X1, X2) for the ratio measurement.
4. Power On the Instrument and Select CT Ratio Test
o Once connections are made, power on the test instrument.
o Choose the CT Ratio Test Card function to prepare for testing.
5. Fill in the Test Settings
o Enter the actual nameplate ratio of the CT (e.g., 1000:5).
o For the primary current injection:
▪ Use a current up to 800 A for standard tests.
▪ If the required current exceeds 800 A, use a booster for higher current (up to 2000
A).
6. Press Start to Begin the Test
o Initiate the test by pressing the start/stop button on the instrument.
o The instrument will inject the set primary current and measure the corresponding secondary
current.

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7. Record the Test Results
o Once the test is complete, save the test card and results for printing.
o For multi-tap CTs, repeat the test for each tap and save separate cards for each tap position.
8. Note and Record Parameters
o Document the test parameters, such as the injected current, measured current, and the CT’s
performance.
9. Evaluate the Results
o Compare the recorded results with the CT’s rated specifications and accuracy class.
o Determine whether the CT meets the required standards for accuracy and reliability.
D. Objective:
The CT Ratio Test verifies whether the CT is stepping down the primary current to the correct secondary
current according to its designed ratio. Accurate performance ensures proper functioning of devices relying
on these measurements, such as protection relays and meters.
E. Important Notes:
• Ensure the CT is properly de-energized and isolated from other circuits before testing.
• Use the correct current injection level for the test, and adjust for higher currents using a booster if
necessary.
• Record the results carefully and compare them to the CT’s standard accuracy classes to ensure it
meets performance requirements.

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 F. Current Transformer - Winding Resistance Test

purpose: The Winding Resistance Test measures the DC resistance of the CT's secondary
winding. This test helps detect issues like short-circuited turns, poor connections, or winding
damage.

Setup and Procedure:

1. Test Environment:
o Set up the calibrated test instrument on a firm, level, and dry surface.
2. Connections:
o Identify the test parameters and terminals for proper connections.
o Connect the test instrument to the CT's secondary terminals (H1 and H2).
3. Power Supply:
o The test instrument is supplied with either 110VAC or 230VAC.
4. Test Instrument Setup:
o Power on the test instrument and select the "Winding Test Card".
o Input the proper test settings.
5. Test Execution:
o Press the I/O (test start/stop) button to initiate the test.
6. Multi-tap Testing:
o For CTs with multiple taps, create and save a test card for each tap.
7. Data Recording:
o Note and record all necessary test parameters.
o Save the test card for printing and future reference.
8. Safety Precautions:
o The image emphasizes an important safety caution: Never open the secondary
circuit of an energized CT, as this can produce dangerously high voltages.
o Always use the "OFF" switch before disconnecting any device.
9. Results Interpretation:
o Evaluate the test results against general standard ratings and accuracy classes for
current transformers.

The objective of this Current Transformer - Winding Resistance Test is to:

1. Measure the DC resistance of the Current Transformer's secondary winding.

2. Detect potential issues in the CT's winding, such as:
o Short-circuited turns
o Poor connections
o Winding damage or degradation
3. Verify the integrity and condition of the CT's secondary winding.
4. Ensure the CT is functioning properly and accurately for its intended use in electrical
power systems.
5. Establish baseline measurements for future comparison and preventive maintenance.
6. Confirm that the CT meets the specified accuracy class and performance standards.

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 7. Identify any deviations from expected resistance values that might indicate a problem with
the transformer.
8. Provide data for quality assurance and compliance with industry standards and regulations.

Important Notes:

1. Safety Warning: Never open the secondary circuit of an energized CT. This can produce
dangerously high voltages.
2. Test Environment: Set up the calibrated test instrument on a firm, level, and dry surface.
3. Power Supply: Ensure the test instrument is supplied with the correct voltage (110VAc or
230VAc).
4. Test Procedure:
o Power ON the Test Instrument and select RWinding Test Card
o Properly fill-up test settings
o Press I/O (test start/stop) push-button to start the test
o Save test card for printing
5. Multi-tap Testing: For multi-tap CTs, create and save a test card for each tap tested.
6. Data Recording: Note and record all necessary test parameters.
7. Result Evaluation: Evaluate test results as per general standard ratings and accuracy
classes for current transformers.
8. Disconnection Procedure: Always use the "OFF" switch before disconnecting any
device.
9. Temperature Considerations: The test records various temperature readings, including
ambient temperature and temperatures for result calculation.

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 G. Current Transformer - Voltage Withstand Test
Purpose: The Voltage Withstand Test is performed to verify the insulation integrity of the CT's secondary
winding. It ensures that the insulation can withstand specified voltage levels without breakdown.
Setup and Procedure:
1. Set up the calibrated test instrument on a firm, level, and dry surface.
2. Identify and connect the test parameters and terminals correctly.
3. Ground the test instrument effectively. Supply voltage of 110Vac or 230Vac.
4. Connect the test instrument to the CT's secondary terminals (H1 and H2).
5. Power ON the test instrument and select "Withstand Test Card".
6. Input proper test settings.
7. Press the I/O (test start/stop) button to initiate the test.
8. For multi-tap CTs, create and save a test card for each tap tested.
9. Record all necessary test parameters.
10. Save test results for printing and future reference.
Objective:
1. To verify the insulation strength of the CT's secondary winding.
2. To detect any insulation weaknesses or defects.
3. To ensure the CT can safely operate at its rated voltage.
4. To prevent potential insulation failures during operation.
5. To comply with safety standards and regulations.
Important Notes:
1. Safety Warning: Never open the secondary circuit of an energized CT. This can produce
dangerously high voltages.
2. Test Environment: Ensure a dry, level setup area for accurate results.
3. Grounding: Properly ground the test instrument for safety and accuracy.
4. Voltage Supply: Use the correct supply voltage (110Vac or 230Vac) for the test instrument.
5. Test Parameters: Carefully set and record all test parameters.
6. Multi-tap Testing: For CTs with multiple taps, test each tap separately.
7. Result Evaluation: Assess results against standard ratings and CT specifications.
8. Disconnection: Always use the "OFF" switch before disconnecting any device.
9. Documentation: Save and print test results for record-keeping and analysis.

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 H. Current Transformer - Polarity Check
Purpose:
The purpose of this test is to verify the polarity of a current transformer (CT). Correct polarity is crucial to
ensure that the CT operates properly in protective relay systems and metering circuits, which rely on the
correct phase relationships of currents for accurate operation.
Setup and Procedure:
1. Setup:
o Place the calibrated test instrument on a stable, level surface in a dry area.
o Ensure that the test parameters and terminals are correctly identified.
o Connect the test equipment according to the diagram. Supply power to the test instrument
(110V or 230V AC).
o Use a polarity checker (CPOL) and connect the test instrument as shown:
▪ Connect the primary terminals (H1 and H2) of the CT.
▪ Connect the secondary terminals to the instrument.
▪ A burden may be connected to simulate load conditions.

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 2. Procedure:
o Power on the test instrument and select the PolCheck Test Card.
o Follow the steps below:
▪ Press the "IO" button (for test start/stop) to begin the test.
▪ The polarity of the CT will be indicated by the LED signals on the CPOL device:
▪ Green LED indicates correct polarity.
▪ Red LED indicates reversed polarity.
o Save the test results for later review and print if necessary.
o For multi-tap cores, repeat the procedure for each tap tested.
Objective:
The objective of this test is to confirm that the current transformer is wired correctly with respect to its
polarity. Proper polarity ensures that the current direction and phase relationships are preserved, which is
essential for accurate performance in protective and metering systems.
Important Notes:
• Caution:
o If the test instrument indicates an issue with polarity, turn off the equipment immediately
and verify connections.
o Avoid reversing primary and secondary terminals, as this may cause incorrect test results
and operational failures.
o Ensure all personnel working near the equipment are aware of potential hazards and follow
safety procedures, particularly when dealing with high-voltage systems.
• After confirming the polarity, proceed with further testing of CT parameters according to standard
test ratings and guidelines.

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