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A
INTRODUCTION
0 Reproduction is the ability of living beings to
reproduce.
0 It ensures the preservation of the individual and
the species.
0 Is a fundamental moment in the life of plants.
0 The methods of reproduction are very diverse. Each
species has its own mode of reproduction.
Plant reproduction
There are two modes of reproduction
Asexual Sexual
0 A single living being 0 2 parents (♂ and ♀ )
0 Gametes
0 No genetic mixing, no
0 Genetic mixing
fertilization.
0 Fertilization
0 The individuals obtained are 0 Alternation of generations
identical to the parents (clone). 0 variation of organisms.
0 Can be natural or artificial
Asexual reproduction
Natural vegetative multiplication:
by the underground organs
Tuber
Bulb
Rhizome
Stolon
Asexual reproduction
Artificial vegetative multiplication:
0 The cutting (Le bouturage):
0 A plant fragment, taken and planted in the ground, takes
root and produces a new individual.
Geranium cuttings
Asexual reproduction
Artificial vegetative multiplication:
Artificial layering (le marcottage):
o burying of an aerial stem…>appearence of adventitious
roots and buds. It can be then separated from the mother
plant.
o Exp. Fig, strawberry, tomato trees
Asexual reproduction
Artificial vegetative multiplication:
Grafting (le greffage):
A fragment of a plant is placed in contact
with another plant, on which it will continue
its development.
Asexual reproduction
Artificial vegetative multiplication:
In vitro culture:
0 Allows to clone a plant from a piece of meristem (tissue)
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Haploid Diploid
The chromosomes existing chromosomes are
only in one single copy in present by pair
the nucleus
n chromosomes 2n chromosomes
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Organism -Adult individual capable of reproducing
-It is the set of systems that constitute the living
being
Gamete male or female Sperm
reproductive cell (n
chromosome),
which must unite
by fertilization to
produce an egg
(zygote) that will
develop into an
adult individual
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Spore Unicellular or multicellular reproductive cell
capable on its own of germinating to give an
adult individual (n chromosome or 2n
chromosome).
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Gametophyte Adult individual with n chromosomes, which has
a vegetative system and a reproductive system
which produces gametes.
The production of gametes takes place in
reproductive organs which may be, depending on
the case:
Gametocyst: gametes are protected by a single
wall which is that of the parent cell (the cell which
gave birth to them). found in Thallophytes.
Gametangia:gametes are protected by a layer of
cells in addition to the parent cell wall. found in
Cormophytes.
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
0 NB:
0 The male gametocyst contains a large number of males
gametes while the female gametocyst has a very limited
number of female gametes, sometimes obly one female
gamete.
0 The male gametangia contain a large number of male
gametes while the female gametangia contain only one
female gamete known as oosphere.
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Adult individual with 2n chromosomes, which has
Sporophyte
a vegetative system, and a reproductive system
which produces spores.
Spore production takes place in the reproductive
organs which may be, depending on the case:
Sporocyst:the spores are protected by a single
wall which is that of the parent cell. found in
Thallophytes.
Sporangium:spores are protected by a layer of
cells in addition to the parent cell wall. found in
Cormophytes.
The reproductive organs
Produces
SPORES
A parent cell Produces
GAMETES
Produces
GAMETES
Produces
SPORES
sporocyst
Female gametangium:
Archegonium ANTHEROZOIDS
Male gametangium:
antheridium
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Two fundamental phenomena characterize sexual reproduction:
Fertilization The fusion between 2 gametes (n chr) to form a
zygote (2n chr) .
0 Plasmogamy:It is the union of the cytoplasms of the two
gametes.
0 Karyogamy: It is the union of the nuclei of the two gametes.
Fertlilization
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Two fundamental phenomena characterize sexual reproduction:
Fertilization
Meiosis Cell division that reduces the
number of chromosomes in
the parent cell (2n) by half
and produces 4 daughter
cells (n).
-Role: reproduction
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Mitosis
The most common type of cell division in Eukaryotes.
A parent cell divides into half to produce 2 daughter cells that
are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Role: Growth + regeneration.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Biological Birth (germination) ...> Growth ...>
cycle Reproduction...> Death.
üSet of steps through which a species goes from the egg stage
(zygote 2n) until the appearance of new eggs.
üIt’s defined and named by the number of generations And of
phases.
üAlternation of generations and phases
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Phase=stage
-Maintenance of a
chromosomal state n or 2n
-a phase (stage) is delimited
between meiosis and
fertilization Fertilization Meiosis
Haploid
-The phase at n chromosome Diploid
Gametes
(haploid)is called haplophase.
-The phase at 2n chromosome
(diploid) is called diplophase. Gametophyte
-It is the duration of the
phases that differs in a cycle.
Biological cycles
haplontic life Cycle diplontic Cycle
haplo-
diplontic Cycle
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Generation
ü Each generation begins with the formation of reproductive cells and
ends with the formation of new reproductive cells.
ü The generation that produces spores is called sporophyte.
ü The generation that produces gametes is called gametophyte.
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Generation
• Monogenetic cycle==> presence of a single generation
• Digenetics cycle===> presence of two generations
• Trigenetics cycle===> presence of three generations
s
p
o Meiosis
r
Fertilization o
p Fertilization
Meiosis h
y
t
e
Monogenetic haplontic life cycle
Monogenetic diplontic life cycle
Meiosis Fertilization Meiosis Fertilization
Digenetics haplodiplontic life cycle Trigenetics diplohaplontic life cycle
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Generation
Diplohaplontic cycle
According to the morphology of the two
generations (gametophyte and sporophyte):
If they are If they are not
similar similar
Isomorphic Heteromorphic
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Methods of fertilization
Hologamy
Cystogamy
Merogamy
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Methods of fertilization
Hologamy
üConcerne the unicellular organisms
üTwo individuals (thallus) fuse together to form a new
organism.
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Methods of fertilization
Cystogamy
üFusion between 2 cytoplasmic contents of
2 cells (gametocysts) belonging either to the
same thallus or to two different thalli.
üIt is done through the intermediary of a
conjugation tube
Sexual reproduction
General characteristics
Methods of fertilization
Merogamy
Planogamy
Appearance of true gametes
Aplanogamy
Methods of fertilization Merogamy
Planogamy At least one gamete is flaggeled and motile
Isogamy Anisogamy Oogamy
Gametes are similar Gametes are different üFemale gamete: large
(size+form) and and motile. and non-motile
motile. üMale gamete: small
and motile.
Methods of fertilization
Merogamy
Aplanogamy:
üGametes: large, non-motile.
üFemale gamete remains in the
gametophyte
üMale gamete without flagellum =
spermatia.
üNo chemotaxis: random fertilization.
There is a papilla on the female gamete to
facilitate fertilization
Methods of fertilization
Merogamy
Aplanogamy:
•Trichogamy :
üThe female gamete remains in the
gametophyte, emits a hair-like
structure: the trichogyne
üThe non-motile male gamete
(spermatia) sticks to the trichogyne
Methods of fertilization
Merogamy
Aplanogamy:
•Siphonogamy:
ü The male gametes are transfered and conducted to the
female gamete via a tube.