ASSIGNMENT

Course Title: Administrate network preperials

Answer and define the following questions accordingly

1. What are peripheral devices?

A Peripheral Device is defined as a device that

provides input/output functions for a computer and serves as an
auxiliary computer device without computing-intensive functionality.
A peripheral device is also called a peripheral, computer peripheral,
input-output device, or I/O device.

2. What are the types of peripheral devices? Give five (5) examples for each
type

Classification of Peripheral devices

It is generally classified into 3 basic categories which are given below:
1. Input Devices:
The input device is defined as it converts incoming data and
instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are
comprehensible to a digital computer. Example:
Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone etc.

Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device that allows users to

enter text and commands into a computer system.

Mouse: A mouse is an input device that allows users to control

the cursor on a computer screen.

Scanner: A scanner is an input device that allows users to

convert physical documents and images into digital files.
Microphone: A microphone is an input device that allows users
to record audio.

2. Output Devices:
An output device is generally the reverse of the input process and
generally translates the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the
user. The output device is also performed for sending data from one
computer system to another. For some time punched card and paper
tape readers were extensively used for input, but these have now
been supplanted by more efficient devices.
Example:
Monitors, headphones, printers etc.

Monitor: A monitor is an output device that displays visual

information from a computer system.

Printer: A printer is an output device that produces physical

copies of documents or images.

Speaker: A speaker is an output device that produces audio.

3. Storage Devices:
Storage devices are used to store data in the system which is
required for performing any operation in the system. The storage
device is one of the most required devices and also provides better
compatibility. Example:
Hard disk, magnetic tape, Flash memory etc.

Hard Drive: A hard drive is a storage device that stores data

and files on a computer system.

USB Drive: A USB drive is a small, portable storage device that

connects to a computer system to provide additional storage
space.

Memory Card: A memory card is a small, portable storage device

that is commonly used in digital cameras and smartphones.

External Hard Drive: An external hard drive is a storage device

that connects to a computer system to provide additional
storage space.
 4. Communication Devices:
Communication devices are used to connect a computer system to
other devices or networks. Examples of communication devices
include:

Modem: A modem is a communication device that allows a computer

system to connect to the internet.
Network Card: A network card is a communication device that
allows a computer system to connect to a network.
Router: A router is a communication device that allows multiple
devices to connect to a network.

3. What are included in the organizational standards?

Organizational Standards means a standard, including adequacy

requirements, outside the authority of NERC that has been duly approved by
the board of directors of the Corporation. Organizational Standards do not
include Reliability Standards approved by NERC. Such Organizational Standards
may be filed with the appropriate regulatory authorities.

4. What is Networking Hardware? List of them

Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer

networking devices, are electronic devices that are required for communication
and interaction between devices on a computer network.

 Gateway: an interface providing a compatibility between networks by

converting transmission speeds, protocols, codes, or security measures.
 Router: a networking device that forwards data packets between computer
networks. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A
data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the
networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination
node. It works on OSI layer 3.
 Switch: a multi-port device that connects devices together at the same or
different speeds on a computer network, by using packet switching to
receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike less
advanced network hubs, a network switch forwards data only to one or
multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same
data out of each of its ports. It works on OSI layer 2.
 Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments. It works on OSI
layers 1 and 2.
 Repeater: an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a
higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that
the signal can cover longer distances.
 Repeater hub: for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together at the same
speed, making them act as a single network segment. It has
multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a signal introduced at the input of
any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming. A
hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. and all devices
form a single collision domain. Repeater hubs also participate in collision
detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if they detect a collision. Hubs
are now largely obsolete, having been replaced by network switches except
in very old installations or specialized applications.
 Firewall: a piece of hardware or software put on the network to prevent some
communications forbidden by the network policy. A firewall typically
establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another
outside network, such as the Internet, that is assumed to not be secure or
trusted.
 Network address translator (NAT): network service (provided as hardware or
as software) that converts internal to external network addresses and vice
versa.
 Terminal server: connects devices with a serial port to a local area network.
 Modem: device that modulates an analog "carrier" signal (such as sound) to
encode digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to
decode the transmitted information. Used (for example) when a computer
communicates with another computer over a telephone network.
 Network interface controller (NIC): a device connecting a computer to a
computer network.

5. What is computer network?

What is a computer network?
A computer network is a group of interconnected nodes or computing devices that
exchange data and resources with each other. A network connection between these
devices can be established using cable or wireless media. Once a connection is
established, communication protocols -- such as TCP/IP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and
Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- are used to exchange data between the networked devices.

6. Write the Advantage of Networking?

Advantages of using a computer network

The following are benefits of using a computer network:

 Resource sharing. Enterprises of all sizes can use a computer network to share
resources and critical assets.
 Flexibility. Enable people to use flexible communication and resource-sharing
methods based on their needs and preferences.
 Higher connectivity. People can stay connected regardless of their location.
 Data security and management. Data is centralized on shared servers.
 Storage capacity. Most organizations scale over time and have an abundance
of data that needs storage.
 Entertainment. Especially the internet, offer various sources of entertainment,
ranging from computer games to streaming music and videos.
 It is easy to back up all the data as it is stored on the file server.
 Communication becomes easy with the help of an email and instant messenger.
 Sharing of the files is easy.

7. What is the difference between Peer-to-Peer and Clint PC Networking ?

The following are the two most common computer network architectures:

1. Client-server. This model consists of many clients -- or nodes -- where at least

one network node acts as the central server. The clients in this model don't share
resources, but request the central server, as all the resources are installed on it.
2. Peer-to-peer (P2P). Each connected device on this network behaves as the
client, as well as the server, and enjoys similar privileges. The resources of each
peer are shared among the entire network, including memory, processing power
and printing. Many companies use the P2P architecture to host memory-
intensive applications, such as three-dimensional rendering, across multiple
network devices.
Difference between Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer Network:
S.N
O Client-Server Network Peer-to-Peer Network

In Client-Server Network, Clients and

In Peer-to-Peer Network, Clients and
1. server are differentiated, Specific server
server are not differentiated.
and clients are present.

Client-Server Network focuses on While Peer-to-Peer Network focuses on

2.
information sharing. connectivity.

In Client-Server Network, Centralized While in Peer-to-Peer Network, Each

3.
server is used to store the data. peer has its own data.

In Client-Server Network, Server While in Peer-to-Peer Network, Each

4. respond the services which is request by and every node can do both request and
Client. respond for the services.

Client-Server Network are costlier than While Peer-to-Peer Network are less
5.
Peer-to-Peer Network. costlier than Client-Server Network.
 S.N
O Client-Server Network Peer-to-Peer Network

Client-Server Network are more stable While Peer-to-Peer Network are less
6.
than Peer-to-Peer Network. stable if number of peer is increase.

While Peer-to-Peer Network is generally

Client-Server Network is used for both
7. suited for small networks with fewer
small and large networks.
than 10 computers.

8. Write down the Types of Server?

9. List down the Categorizing network by Network Topology?

Network topologies include the following types:

 Star network. A star network topology connects all nodes to a common central
computer.
 Ring network. Network devices are connected to two other devices on either
side through a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 cable.
 Full mesh network. All nodes in a full mesh network are connected directly to
other nodes.
 Partial mesh network. Only some nodes connect directly to one another, while
others are only connected to one or two other nodes in the network.
 Point-to-point network. This network provides a dedicated connection between
two endpoints.
 Bus network. A bus network follows the LAN topology, where devices in a single
LAN are attached directly to a transmission line known as a bus. All signals pass
through all devices, and the recipient device recognizes the signals intended for
it.
 Tree network. This is a hybrid network topology where two or more star
networks are connected.
 [Link] the basic categories of Transmission Media?




In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a
physical path between the transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the
channel through which data is sent from one place to another.
Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:

1. Guided Media: It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded

transmission media. Signals being transmitted are directed and
confined in a narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:
 High Speed
 Secure
 Used for comparatively shorter distances
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:
(i) Twisted Pair Cable –
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each
other. Generally, several such pairs are bundled together in a
protective sheath. They are the most widely used Transmission Media.
Twisted Pair is of two types:
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one
another. This type of cable has the ability to block interference
and does not depend on a physical shield for this purpose. It is
used for telephonic applications.

Applications:
Used in telephone connections and LAN networks
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):
This type of cable consists of a special jacket (a copper braid
covering or a foil shield) to block external interference. It is
used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels
of telephone lines.
Applications:
The shielded twisted pair type of cable is most frequently used in
extremely cold climates, where the additional layer of outer covering
makes it perfect for withstanding such temperatures or for shielding
the interior components.
(ii) Coaxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of
PVC or Teflon and 2 parallel conductors each having a separate
insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable transmits information in
two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and
Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable
TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.

Applications:
Radio frequency signals are sent over coaxial wire. It can be used for
cable television signal distribution, digital audio (S/PDIF), computer
network connections (like Ethernet), and feedlines that connect radio
transmitters and receivers to their antennas.
(iii) Optical Fiber Cable –
It uses the concept of refraction of light through a core made up of
glass or plastic. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic
covering called the cladding. It is used for the transmission of large
volumes of data.
The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional and
bidirectional mode.

Applications:
 Medical Purpose: Used in several types of medical instruments.
 Defence Purpose: Used in transmission of data in aerospace.
 For Communication: This is largely used in formation of
internet cables.
 Industrial Purpose: Used for lighting purposes and safety
measures in designing the interior and exterior of automobiles.
(iv) Stripline
Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line
medium invented by Robert M. Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge
Research Centre in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of the
planar transmission line. It uses a conducting material to transmit high-
frequency waves it is also called a waveguide. This conducting material
is sandwiched between two layers of the ground plane which are
usually shorted to provide EMI immunity.
(v) Microstripline
In this, the conducting material is separated from the ground plane by
a layer of dielectric.
2. Unguided Media:
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media. No
physical medium is required for the transmission of electromagnetic
signals.
Features:
 The signal is broadcasted through air
 Less Secure
 Used for larger distances
There are 3 types of Signals transmitted through unguided media:
(i) Radio waves –
These are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The
sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency
Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio
waves for transmission.

Further Categorized as (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite.

(ii) Microwaves –
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas
need to be properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by
the signal is directly proportional to the height of the antenna.
Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile
phone communication and television distribution.

(iii) Infrared –
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They
cannot penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference
between systems. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV
remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.