The Moder i Nn Age in Europe (A) Renaissa : u nce he SYLLABUS to shif ' heir manuscriptelfr | the Modern Age in Europe of Greek culturs Are nee definition, causes thine liberal outioc Constantinople, dect thinking. Where trade routesmencell new spirit and idea tion of th ‘S: Spirit of the interest of c nventio al the Printing press) a cat of the peo, arr, literature and spin’) Philosophy, science, art and liter William Shakespeare Tevival of the learning of Greek classics the way for the Renaissance 2. Decune oF Feupatism Feudalism was a system according ¢ : the medieval European society was org lex transitional movement Gewiedieanc Ge te m medieval and modem times people, from the King dawn to the lowes \4th century in Italy and 4p eee nce me ‘ans rebirth or revival, re bound together by obligation t h century. It marked the MEERGed to give estates to freedom to think and act without SeiDikes and Ea g controlled any external agency. It was the study of the ancient Greek During this period, many s took place in Europe, which on the history of the world: {them was the disintegration of the feudal stem in Europe which ushered in a new social conomic order. This marked the beg the modern era. part of their land amon S, who provided ther: the Dukes and Earls their impact CAUSES OF RENAISSANCE 1 Capture of ConsTANTINOPLE Scanned with CamScannerFeudal Structu wed allegiance directly to the King, whereas the owed allegiance to the Dukes and Earls, The knights formed the lower category of feudal lords. ‘The feudal lords did not cultivate their lands and gave it to the peasants for cultivation The society had a graded organisation) in. which there was hardly any chance for soci mobility and progress. (It was freedom and equality of right) of feudalism in. the, 13th, and provided an impetus to free think and freedom that prevailed after th feudalism favoured the growth of It led to the new developments of art, literature, philosophy contributed to the rise of R 3. New Trape Roures ‘The navigators of Portuy important part in the geoy and discovering new trade and | of the Turks in 14 tae etaeep the West and the East trade outes betveECd puropean trader aa sy, the Navigator of Por routes rine Mevonie to Alea Bartalg Diaz was successful-in reaching” the Cape ¢ Geet Hope at main Columbus discovered America ir Vasco da Gama Magellan made a voyage : which he called the Pacify iiled as far as India\Ferdinang round the world reached a vast ocear Ocean) Due to these discoveries, contact betwee the East and the West began to develop anj there was a fusion of ideas.(The opening of ney trade routes not only encouraged trade but alsy created the spirit of adventure and broadenej the mental horizon) 4, Spirit or Enquiry In the Medieval Age, all human activities, bot mental and physical, were controlled and guided yy the authority of the Pope and the Church b mind was virtually not allowed to dent thinking. But(a number of d the ideas of medieval pericd da spirit of enquiry and a sense mong the people ito know the Why and How of regard anything as correc theologies jof the Church correct. They questioned Church, They wanted fo reason, observation and ollowing were the factors ¢ for the development of : During the ed original to put faith in original thinking long time and criticised to develo? Scanned with CamScannerii) Crusades: xpeditionary he Ch Jerusalem, The Crusades were the religious wars with the goal of restoring Recess to holy places in and near hey brought the people of Eurppe with the people of Asia.(The ght to Western Europe ideas from widened their outlook on life. People on rather than on blind faith, ) Development of Science: In the age of ence had little scope for development, medieval scholars showed a itude and asked their students to hings in nature, This brought in many new inventions and discoveries. Development of science created the spirit of enquiry and into direct contact sades bro scientific a 3acon contemplated the se of horseless cai nd flying machine Copernicus proved that the earth moves round he sun. Galileo invented the telescope>)These nventions broadened the mental outlook of the 5. Invention or THe Pruntinc Press The first printing press wa 1p in Germ y Gutenberg in the middle of t centur ‘axton introduced it in England The invention of printing pressin the midd of the 15th century in Europe \(The Bible and many other religious and classical books were printed and made available all over Burope) The printing press spread knowledge far and “wide (Scholars found it easier to read printed books than hand-written manuscripts) In the Middle Ages, books were few and they were beyond the reach of the ordinary people.(The Printing Press enabled Europe to multiply books and put produce books in large numb them within the reach of people)(Printing and distribution of books influenced people’s attitude to life and brought about a new awakening in (SSANCE sudden or spontaneous Scanned with CamScannerwhat is right or wrong. It had cer which touched different aspects of life. The common people, the aristocrats, the kings and even the Popes were affected by it ¢ Humanism: Humanism was re as the most remarkable phenomena of Renaissance. It was a product of the spread of education and learning. The word humanism’ was derived from the Latin words ‘Studia humanitatis’ or ‘the studic of mankind’. Basically, it meant a dec shift in concern for human as distinct from divine matters. Humanism extolled ty. It f flesh and blood sential dign sorrows. It It defended faction gious asceticism re and t and requirements. looked deep into the for ideas on humanism Plato, Virgil, Aristotle, Cicero cation of Human Form: The nce scholars and artists glorified © Glori earthly beaut © Spirit of Enquiry ima relic potentialities of man ot forget the pa ded from scier uture, exploratior srobe into sroved to be th Beginning of Renaissance The Renaissance there it spread to other part was because of the followin, (i) Italy was the seat of Empire and all the relics of the Roma These attracted an artists. (ii) As a result of the Fal in 1453, a large rv scholars and thinker along with their orig and art treasures. T only instilled a spir it of inthusiasm among the peopl fists and men of letter Bencouraged a large number o! Scanned with CamScannerMG Leonardo Da Vine Mona Lisa i) The enormous wealth which Ital . - Tee pact alco cae 2 result oftradewith — ghidled human anatomy to fin ¢ _ the East also contri underlying gestures and expressio ibuted to the tise ef rlying gestures and expr italy patronised the artists and lites figures and used their wealth for the ati revival of classical culture and literature, paintings of the time. They were able to show iy AS a result of the crusades and their talent without being restricted by the rigid geographical explorations the Italians ules af the church. They had a huma: came into contact with the Bast. This gequlse approach and produced highly artistic greatly broadened their vision and life like paintings. provided an impetus to Renaissance, nt painters of the the following: do Da Vinci was a sician and a scienti: » li » Philosoj Sdence, religion, etc. It was due to the Renaissance that significant traits ‘he realm of art, thought and liter to the noted Verrocchio, of The Renaissance did not "birth of learning but a. During the medieva ‘nd sculptures ser Scanned with CamScannerhis painting and sculpting techniques and trained in mechanical arts. Da Vinci's interests ranged far beyond fine arts. (He studied nature mechanics, anatomy, physics, architecture and weaponry He science and art as complementary) rather than distinct disciplines, and thought that ideas formulated in one realm could inform the other. He spent a gre immersing himself in nature, te saw and should (deal of time ing scientific laws, dissecting bodies (human and animal) and thinking and writing about his observations. At some point in the early 1490s, Da Vinci began filling notebooks related to four broad themes— painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy—creating thousands of pages of neatly drawn illustrations. (His paintings of the Virgin of the Rocks’, ‘The Last Supper’ and ‘Mona Lisa’ are great masterpieces of art New techniques were adopted in his paintings to give a fine feeling of reality!) elo: Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, architect and poet. He concentrated o1 painting the human figure. He is famous for his paintings in the Sistine Chapel in ‘They depict incidents and Old Testament. His Last jt of Man are among art in the world. phael: Rap! Florentine school; J 519 YY ba St. Peter's Church, Rome was ‘Sistine Madonna’. He lived several years in Rome in the service of the Pope, decorating the Vatican and designing the St. Peter’s Church The revival of the study of antiquity left 2 great impact in the field of sculpture. Some of the Renaissance artists copied the great masterpieces of the Greeks and Romans, while the others produced outstanding pieces which could rival the Greek creations. Some of the outstanding sculptors of the Renaissance period were’ The first great sculptor of Renaissance was é atello, who made the bronze statue of Wid, triumphant over the body of the Scanned with CamScanner¢ The famous culptor in Italy wa Ghiberti. He worked for 20 years LO"eN20. two pairs of bronze doors for the 5° MaKe at Florence. 8 for the Baptis aly w, Other famous English writers in this period Were Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson and Marlowe. Francis Bacon was a angelo made a statue MoUs essay writer. Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Pieta’ showing Mother wc" Rome called Marlowe were well-known dramatists. ‘Paradise See ny ina seated Lost’ is an immortal work of Milton. Edmund her chest. The huge statues [Link] Spencer wrote the poem, ‘Faer Florence and the statue of Mego was an English also made by Michelangetg, WO%S Mere post, igntjand actor be) Smee Initaly many scuipt ee regarded as the greatest writer in the English for rich merchant, rs worked for the Popes _languageJand the world’s pre-eminent dramatist. or laces With their val, {erate churches Hes often called England's national poet and the oats Were iat Sculptures. Later on the ‘Bard of Avon'(He wrote 38 plays, 154 sobs: sculptors were invited to England two long narrative poems and a few other SP a Meeeeread the Renaissance art to _Yerses) With the exception of Romeo and Juliet the rest of Western Europe ‘© Ghakespeare’s fi plays were mostly LITERATURE historical dramas like Richard I, Henry VI Renaissance ae uuse of local languages, “nd Henry V. He instead of Latin as in the Middle Ages. Besides, 2/8° Wrote several there was a change of themes in the literary ¢0™edies during = work. Earlier writers dwelt on spiritual themes 8, ©@#ly period: A the authors wrote on man and his problems, yea» Much Ado n emphasis "mS. About Nothing, As You Such emphasis on man gave birth toa new Like dt and Toelhh ovement known a movement sown as Humanism Night) It was only after 1600, that he wrote ibitaracnte Wea: teehee tragedies like Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth (arpa SONG Wt Pte io a tery e Michel France or The most significant impact of on literature was the William Shakespeare Machiavelli was a great political writer of Italy. He expressed his political ideas in his work ‘The Prince’. Dante’s ‘Divine si fare's work transcends culture and Comedy’ is an epic poem on the state of the soul. history, ae isto emotions and thoughts It reveals the religious and social life of the day, of eternal human nature and Petrarch, a great scholar and writer, has been e a universal appeal) called ‘the father of humanism’. His sonnets and i lyrics were popular throughout Europe. Other Italian writers were Aristo, Boccaccio. Boccaccio wrote in prose. His Decameron is a collection of 100 famous : stories, 4 Literature in England: England a number of writers, poets and d eked the beginning of ‘it was held that all to be supported iptures. However, eriod believed that as the ‘Father of English Poetry.’ “ Tales’, is his outstanding work, wrote Utopia describing an imagit America where the rich did not exp There, the society had no blind f not believe in useless Wars. — eee Scanned with CamScannerry y : Nicolaus Copernicus of this model in his book De revolutionibus orbium celestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial spheres) just before his death in 1543 's regarded as a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution. Copernicus based his Heliocentric theory on the following?) There is no one centre of all celestial circles or spheres. (The centre of the earth is not the centre of the lunar sphere} (All the spheres revolve their midpoint and theref the centre of the univer The earth has more turning on its axis spherical orbit aro orbits. Italian Scientist, telescope. Sir Isaac Ne of Gravitation. Great discoveries medical sciences. Ve anatomy. William Hat Arabs gave Algebra and numerals to , West, Modern Geometry was made systematic'** Desargues. Stevin advocated decimal system”? coins, weights and measures. at Renaissance paved the wy," for Reformation in England ang ;) Europe. People started viewing everything by questioning, observation ang experimentation. They became critical o¢ the rituals practised by the Church ang insisted on the reform of the Church, Thi, led to the division of the Church into ty, sects—Catholics and the Protestants, — In the Middle Ages the only study undertaken was that of spirituality and theolo They were more interested in the future life. Renaissance widened the outlook of people and created an interest in man, his interests, his nature and his life in this world. It developed humanism ang encouraged the study of humanities, le to accept the things only if d to reason. This scientific ve a setback to blind faith fMon ded et impetus to the monarchical system of th and the feudal the desire of the curity and political readily provided Scanned with CamScannerThey held a greater part of the territory © Consequences of Geographical of their country in their + hands and Explorations: Scientific inventions the comforts and luxuries of life But the , mai h new movement gave them a setback waa ta their place, the traders, soldiers lawn Pesan ne belonged to the Middle Class, f raladiona brought Meiebedt began to make rapid progress. commercial relations broug! y ise an Europe. They also paved the way for the * Rise and Growth of Nation States process of colonisation of Asia and Africa Renaissance led process of colon! i E eans countries began to export the nationality and the progress of national Europea tr - literature. This in tun ial te tee resources of their colonies in Ameria, growth of nation soe Asia and Africa to increase their po and distant lands. These geographical discoveries led to the establishment of trade between Europe and the East, These to to the feelings of Short Answer Questions 1, What is meant by the term ‘Rer ssance’? Mention any two causes of the Renaissance. S. What role did the victory of the Turks over Constantinople play in the rise of Renaissance? The decline of feudalism led to the rise of Renaissance. Give two reasons. Mention any two factors that led to the growth of the spirit of enq How did the invention of the printing press bring in a new awakening in Europe? y among the people of Europe. 7. Mention any two consequences of geographical explorations. 8. Explain briefly the term ‘Humanism’, i 9. Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? Give two reasons. Renaissance artists tried to depict life on canvas and stone. With reference to this statement, 1, Many factors contrib consequences for the enti (a) Invention of the pi (c) Capture of Consta 2, Renaissance brought in :. In this context, answer the following Scanned with CamScanner3. 1 Renaissance or rebirth brought about drastic changes in art, literature and seience, In 4h, context, write short notes on the following (a) Leonardo Da Vinci (b) William Shakespeare () Copernicu: Study the given picture and answer the following question’ (a) Identify the painting and name the artist who made it, Name the same artist (b) Write a short note on the artist who made this painting: () What ch 1 result of the Renaissance another famous painting ty pirit in Europe? es occurred in art ai P Imagine that you went to the Renaissance movement was at its peak. Di it ig the artists, scientists. authors and the m How, according to a growth and d mples to support your answer. Do you think Renaissance? Give reasons to si Scanned with CamScanner