Abvm© 1g el© ● ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`‡qi BwZnvm ● Aa¨vqwfwËK cÖ‡kœi DËi

Aa¨vq 3 : cvwK¯Ívb: ivóªxq KvVv‡gv I ˆelg¨

KÑwefvM: AwZmswÿß cÖ‡kœi DËi 13. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil` †f‡O †`Iqv nq KLb?
1. cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRavbx cª_g †Kv_vq ¯’vwcZ nq? DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil` †f‡O †`Iqv nq
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRavbx cª_g KivwP‡Z ¯’vwcZ 1954 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei|
nq| 14. c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ KZ gvBj `~iZ¡ wQj?
2. cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡`k KqwU? DËi : c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ cªvq 1,200
DËi : cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡`k 4wU| gvBj `~iZ¡ wQj|
3. cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡`k Kx Kx? 15. cvwK¯Ív‡bi gš¿Yvjq KZwU wQj?
DËi : cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡`k n‡jv cvÄve, wmÜy, DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡b gš¿Yvjq 8wU wQj|
†ejywP¯Ívb, DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cª‡`k| 16. cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvi bvg Kx?
4. KZ mv‡j me¸‡jv cª‡`k GK K‡i cwðg cvwK¯Ívb DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvi bvg RvZxq
†NvlYv Kiv nq? cwil`|
DËi : 1955 mv‡j me¸‡jv cª‡`k GK K‡i cwðg 17. cvwK¯Ív‡b msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vi K_v ejv nq KZ
cvwK¯Ívb †NvlYv Kiv nq| mv‡ji msweav‡b?
5. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g †K›`ªxq miKvi cªavb †K? DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡b msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vi K_v ejv
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g †K›`ªxq miKvi cªavb nq 1956 nq 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b|
n‡jb gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn| 18. cvwK¯Ív‡bi msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v evwZj Kiv nq
6. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil` MwVZ nq KZ mv‡j? KZ mv‡j?
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil` MwVZ nq 1947 DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v evwZj
mv‡j Kiv nq 1958 mv‡j|
7. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v KZ? 19. cwðg cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKK cªv‡`wkK cªkvm‡bi
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v AvIZvq Avbv nq †Kvb Pyw³ Abymv‡i?
cª_‡g 69 Rb Ges c‡i DcRvZxq AÂjmn 79 DËi : cwðg cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKK cªv‡`wkK
Rb| cªkvm‡bi AvIZvq Avbv nq 1955 mv‡ji gvwi
8. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil‡` cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi KZ Pyw³ Abymv‡i|
Rb m`m¨ wQj? 20. cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvBb cwil` KZ K¶wewkó?
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil‡` cwðg DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvBb cwil` wØK¶wewkó|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi 35 Rb m`m¨ wQj| 21. †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvq ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kvj KZ eQi?
9. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil‡` c~e©evsjvi KZ Rb DËi : †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvq ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kvj cvuP
m`m¨ wQj? eQi|
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g MYcwil‡` c~e©evsjvi 44 22. 1956 mv‡ji msweavb †Kgb wQj?
Rb m`m¨ wQj| DËi : 1956 mv‡ji msweavb wQj wjwLZ|
10. cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v KZ? 23. 1956 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx cvwK¯Ív‡bi Kq
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v K¶wewkó RvZxq msm` MVb Kiv nq?
60 Rb| DËi : 1956 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx cvwK¯Ív‡bi
11. cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil‡` cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKK¶wewkó RvZxq msm` MVb Kiv nq|
KZ Rb m`m¨ wQj? 24. c~e©evsjvi bvg c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Kiv nq †Kvb Pyw³
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil‡` cwðg Abyhvqx?
cvwK¯Ív‡bi 30 Rb m`m¨ wQj| DËi : c~e©evsjvi bvg c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Kiv nq 1955
12. cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil‡` c~e©evsjvi KZ Rb mv‡ji gvwi Pyw³ Abyhvqx
m`m¨ wQj? 25. gvwi Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z nq KZ mv‡j?
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil‡` c~e© evsjvi DËi : gvwi Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z nq 1955 mv‡j|
30 Rb m`m¨ wQj|
26. c~e©evsjvi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Kiv nq DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g msweavb iwPZ nq 1956
KZ mv‡j? mv‡ji 23 gvP©|
DËi : c~e©evsjvi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ívb 39. cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i m~Pbv K‡ib †K?
Kiv nq 1956 mv‡j| DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i m~Pbv K‡ib
27. †K cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb? mvgwiK kvmK †Rbv‡ij B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v|
DËi : gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g Mfb©i 40. †K B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vi cªavb mvgwiK Avgjv wQ‡jb?
†Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb| DËi : †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vi cªavb
28. c~e© evsjvi cª_g Mfb©i †K wQ‡jb? mvgwiK Avgjv wQ‡jb|
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb 41. KZRb evOvwj‡K 1966 mv‡j mwPe c‡` wbhy³ Kiv
LvRv bvwRgywÏb| nq?
29. †K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Z…Zxq Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb? DËi : 4 Rb evOvwj‡K 1966 mv‡j mwPe c‡`
DËi : †Mvjvg †gvnv¤§` cvwK¯Ív‡bi Z…Zxq Mfb©i wbhy³ Kiv nq|
†Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb| 42. cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡Z evOvwj‡`i †KvUv wظY Kiv
30. †K cvwK¯Ív‡bi PZy_© Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb? n‡qwQj KLb?
DËi : B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v cvwK¯Ív‡bi PZy_© Mfb©i DËi : cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡Z evOvwj‡`i †KvUv
†Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb| wظY Kiv n‡qwQj 1969 mv‡j|
31. cvwK¯Ív‡bi 23 eQ‡ii kvmbvg‡j evOvwj cªavbgš¿x 43. †Kvb †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ívb me‡P‡q †ewk ˆel‡g¨i
KZRb wQ‡jb? wkKvi nq?
DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi 23 eQ‡ii kvmbvg‡j evOvwj DËi : A_©‡bwZK †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ívb me‡P‡q †ewk
cªavbgš¿x 3 Rb wQ‡jb| ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nq|
32. †K cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g cªavbgš¿x wQ‡jb? 44. cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki m`i `dZi
DËi : wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g †Kv_vq wQj?
cªavbgš¿x wQ‡jb| DËi : cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki m`i
33. wjqvKZ Avjx Lv‡bi Dcvwa Kx wQj? `dZi wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
DËi : wjqvKZ Avjx Lv‡bi Dcvwa wQj Kv‡q‡` 45. cvwK¯Ív‡bi DØ…Ë Avw_©K mÂq Rgv n‡Zv †Kv_vq?
wgjøvZ| DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi DØ…Ë Avw_©K mÂq Rgv n‡Zv
34. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªavbgš¿x cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
wbhy³ nb KZ mv‡j? 46. 1947-'70 mvj ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ív‡b KqwU cÂevwl©Kx
DËi : †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x cvwK¯Ív‡bi cwiKíbv MªnY Kiv nq?
cªavbgš¿x wbhy³ nb 1956 mv‡j| DËi : 1947-'70 mvj ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ív‡b 3wU
35. ¯^vqËkvmb ej‡Z Kx eyS? cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv MªnY Kiv nq|
DËi : ¯^vqËkvmb ej‡Z cª‡`‡ki AvBb, kvmb I 47. cvwK¯Ív‡b cª_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv M…nxZ nq KZ
A_©msµvšÍ wel‡q †K‡›`ªi wbqš¿Ygy³ †_‡K mv‡j?
cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi ¯^vaxbZv‡K DËi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv M…nxZ
eySvq| nq 1955 mv‡j|
36. cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j †K c~e©evsjvi cª_g gyL¨gš¿x 48. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªavb ißvwb `ªe¨ Kx wQj?
wQ‡jb? DËi : c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªavb ißvwb `ªe¨ wQj cvU|
DËi : cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j LvRv bvwRgywÏb 49. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªavb Avg`vwb `ªe¨ Kx wQj?
c~e©evsjvi cª_g gyL¨gš¿x wQ‡jb| DËi : c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªavb Avg`vwb `ªe¨ wQj
37. cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j †K c~e©evsjvi wØZxq gyL¨gš¿x wkí`ªe¨|
wQ‡jb? 50. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi evwY‡R¨ wbqš¿YKvix 3wU cwiev‡ii
DËi : cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j byiæj Avwgb c~e©evsjvi bvg †jL|
wØZxq gyL¨gš¿x wQ‡jb| DËi : c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi evwYR¨ wbqš¿YKvix 3wU
38. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g msweavb iwPZ nq KZ mv‡j? cwiev‡ii bvg n‡jv- 1. Av`gRx, 2. evIqvwb I 3.
B¯úvnvwb|
 LÑwefvM: mswÿß cÖ‡kœi DËi
1. cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi KvVv‡gv †Kgb?
A_ev, cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi KvVv‡gv D‡jøL Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : †`k wefv‡Mi ci cvwK¯Ívb, †K›`ª Ges c~e©evsjv cª‡`‡k cwiYZ nq| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb
n‡jI cvwK¯Ív‡b cª_g msweavb iwPZ nq 1956 mv‡j| G msweav‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq I cªv‡`wkK miKvi KvVv‡gvi
cªK…Z iƒc‡iLv Zy‡j aiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z 1962 mv‡ji msweav‡bI †K›`ªxq miKvi KvVv‡gv AcwiewZ©Z ivLv nq|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi KvVv‡gv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi KvVv‡gv wQj wewPÎ I eûgyLx ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix|
wb‡gœ cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. MYcwil` : cvwK¯Ív‡bi 1956 mv‡ji msweavb iwPZ nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ 1947 mv‡j fviZ kvmb AvBbvbymv‡i
MYcwil` g~j `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
2. ivRavbx : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g †K›`ªxq ivRavbx Kiv nq KivwP‡Z, cieZ©x‡Z Bmjvgvev‡` ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq|
3. gwš¿cwil` : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªavbgš¿x g‡bvbxZ n‡Zb RvZxq cwil‡`i m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K|
4. ivóªcwZ wb‡qvM : 1956 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx cvwK¯Ív‡bi †cªwm‡W›U GKwU wbe©vPwb ms¯’vi (Electoral
College) gva¨‡g 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| Z‡e `yB ev‡ii †ewk †KD ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cviZ bv|
wZwb cªavbgš¿xi gZvgZ Abymv‡i gwš¿cwil` MVb Ki‡Zb|
5. wePvicwZ wb‡qvM : mywcªg †KvU© Ges nvB‡Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ‡`i wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡eb †cªwm‡W›U|
6. cªkvmwbK ms¯’vi †nW‡KvqvU©vm© : cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªxq cªkvm‡Ki me Kvh©vj‡qi m`i `ßi, cªwZi¶v evwnbxi m`i
`ßimn me Awdm wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi KvVv‡gv ej‡Z g~jZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívb‡KB eySv‡bv n‡Zv,
†mLv‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ívb eiveiB Ae‡nwjZ Avi eÂbvi wkKvi n‡qwQj| cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi cª‡`k‡K kvmb I
†kvlY Kivi g‡Zv MVb KvVv‡gv wb‡qB Avwef©~Z n‡qwQj
2. cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil` m¤ú‡K© hv Rvb †jL|
A_ev, cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil‡`i msw¶ß weeiY `vI|
DËi f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil` MVb wQj GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv| cvwK¯Ívb ivóª R‡b¥i ci GwU
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e Aw¯’wZkxj wQj| 1200 gvB‡ji e¨eav‡b `yB AÂj‡K wN‡i M‡o IVv cvwK¯Ívb MYZ‡š¿i c‡_ Zv‡`i
c`‡¶c¸‡jv‡K my`…p Ki‡Z m¶g nqwb ZvB MYZš¿ GLv‡b †nvuPU †L‡q‡Q Ges mvgwiKZš¿ ¶gZv `Lj K‡i‡Q|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil` : Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †Mvjvg †gvnv¤§` 1955 mv‡j GK Aa¨v‡`k e‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq
MYcwil` MVb K‡ib| wØZxq MYcwil` †gvU 80 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ| Zv‡`i A‡a©K A_©vr 40 Rb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cªv‡`wkK AvBbmfv KZ©…K wbe©vwPZ nb| evwK 40 Rb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi wewfbœ cª‡`‡ki AvBbmfv Øviv wbe©vwPZ nb|
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici msL¨vmvg¨ bxwZ Pvwc‡q †`Iqv nq| A_P cª‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbmsL¨vi
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk|
wØZxq MYcwil‡`i `jxq wfwˇZ cªvß Avmb web¨vm wQj wbgœiƒc Avmb msL¨v:
ivR‰bwZK `j Avmb msL¨v
gymwjg jxM 26
hyy³dª›U 16
AvIqvgx jxM 13
Ks‡MÖm 4
Zdwmwj †dWv‡ikb 3
BDbvB‡UW cÖ‡MÖwmf cvwU© 2
Ab¨vb¨ 16
†gvU = 80wU
 Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq MYcwil` wQj wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ| Z‡e
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wPšÍv‡PZbv Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^v_©i¶vq HKgZ¨ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Zviv e¨_© nq Ges c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb nIqvi c_ myMg nq|
3. gvwi Pyw³i ˆewk󨸇jv ms‡¶‡c †jL|
A_ev, gvwi Pyw³i `dvmg~n †jL|
DËi f~wgKv : ¯^vaxbZvi ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweavb cªYq‡bi †¶‡Î gvwi Pyw³ AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †Mvjvg †gvnv¤§` 1954 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei cª_g MYcwil` †f‡O †`b Ges wØZxq MYcwil`
MVb K‡ib| Z‡e cvuP `dvwfwËK gvwi Pyw³i wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ wQj|
wb‡gœ 1955 mv‡ji gvwi Pyw³i ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :
1. cª‡`k MVb : gvwi Pyw³i Aax‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq KvVv‡gvi `ywU cª‡`k _vK‡e| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi me cª‡`k‡K
GK BDwb‡U AšÍfy³ © K‡i GKwU cª‡`k MVb Kiv n‡e|
2. c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb cª`vb : Dfq cª‡`k‡K c~Y© AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvmb cª`vb Kiv n‡e|
3. msL¨vmvg¨ bxwZi AbymiY : `ywU cª‡`‡ki g‡a¨ me wel‡q msL¨ †jvg¨ bxwZ AbymiY Kiv n‡e|
4. hy³ wbe©vP‡bi weavb : hy³ wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv n‡e|
5. `ywU wfbœ ivóªfvlv : evsjv I D`©y Dfq fvlv n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv|
Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, gvwi Pyw³i Av‡jv‡K 1955 mv‡ji 30 †m‡Þ¤^i cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mKj cª‡`k‡K
GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU cª‡`k MVb Kiv nq| Gici 1956 mv‡ji 9 Rvbyqvwi wØZxq MYcwil‡` ÔcvwK¯Ívb Bmjvwg cªRvZš¿'
wej DÌvcb Kiv nq| 2 gvP© 1956 mv‡j Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij we‡j m¤§wZ cª`v‡bi gva¨‡g wejwU P~ovšÍfv‡e M…nxZ nq|
ZvB cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweavb iPbvi †¶‡Î gvwi Pyw³ wQj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvBjdjK|
4. 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb msweavb †Kb e¨_© n‡qwQj?
A_ev, 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb msweav‡bi e¨_©Zvi KviY †jL|
DËi f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m…wói ci kvmKe‡M©i GK¸u‡qwg, Amn‡hvwMZv I †bZ…‡Z¡i †Kv›`‡ji Kvi‡Y `xN© bq eQi
†Kv‡bv msweavb ev kvmbZš¿ cªYqb Ki‡Z e¨_© nq cvwK¯Ívb wØZxq MYcwil` 1956 mv‡j GKwU msweavb cªYqb K‡i|
wKš‘ bvbv Kvi‡Y gvÎ AovB eQ‡i G msweavb e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq|
1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb msweavb ev kvmbZ‡š¿i e¨_©Zvi KviY : wb‡gœ 1956 mv‡ji msweavb ev kvmbZ‡š¿i e¨_©Zvi
KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. myôy wbe©vP‡bi Afve : myôy I mg‡qvwPZ wbe©vP‡bi Ici msm`xq miKv‡ii mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| wKš‘ 1947 mvj
†_‡K 1958 mvj ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ív‡b hZw`b msm`xq kvmb Pvjy wQj, ZZw`b ch©šÍ †mLv‡b †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvi
m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nqwb| cvwK¯Ív‡b cª_g I wØZxq cwil` MwVZ n‡qwQj
c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g|
2. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii n¯Í‡¶c : cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi cªv‡`wkK kvmbe¨e¯’vi Ici A‡nZyK n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Zv|
hvi d‡j msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’v evavi m¤§yLxb nq| g~jZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii AhvwPZ n¯Í‡¶c G ïfm~Pbv‡K
e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ K‡i|
3. AvÂwjK we‡iva : 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci †_‡KB bvbv Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ívb I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨
we‡iva m…wó nq| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Pig AeÁv I D‡c¶vi †Pv‡L †`LZ| ZvQvov c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi †bZv‡`iI †Kv‡bv gh©v`v Zviv w`Z bv| myZivs †`Lv hvq, AvÂwjK we‡ivaB msm`xq miKv‡ii
e¨_©Zvi Ab¨Zg cªavb KviY|
4. mvsweavwbK ÎæwU : cvwK¯Ív‡bi 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’v Ges †K›`ª I cª‡`‡ki ¶gZv eÈb Ges
¶gZvi mxgv m¤ú‡K© †ek wKQy ÎywU cwijw¶Z n‡qwQj| d‡j G msweavb m¤ú~Y© e¨_© nq|
5. ivRbxwZwe`‡`i ¶gZv wjáv : ZrKvjxb mg‡q ivRbxwZwe`iv cªvqB ¶gZvi †jv‡f ivZvivwZ `j cwieZ©b
Ki‡Zb Ges bZyb bZyb `j m…wó I Dc`jxq †Kv›`‡ji Rb¥ w`‡Zb| d‡j msm`xq c×wZ e¨_©Zvi w`‡K avweZ
nq|
 6. B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vi ¶gZv wjáv : ivóªcªavb wn‡m‡e B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vi lW়hš¿I 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Ges
msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’vi e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv As‡k Kg `vqx bq| msm`xq e¨e¯’v Zvi Rb¨ ¶wZKi cªfve †dj‡Z
cv‡i g‡b K‡i wZwb mvgwiK AvBb Rvwii gva¨‡g 1956 mv‡ji msweavb I msm`xq e¨e¯’v AKvh©Ki K‡i †`b|
Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, ¯^vaxbZvi `xN© bq eQi c‡i 1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡b †h msweavb cªYxZ n‡qwQj Zv
¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨B evwZj n‡q hvq| †cªwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v 1958 mv‡ji 7 A‡±vei mvgwiK kvmb Rvwii
gva¨‡g D³ msweav‡bi Aax‡b †Kv‡bv wbe©vPb nIqvi c~‡e©B G msweavb‡K evwZj K‡i †`b| d‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi msm`xq
MYZš¿ e¨_©Zvq cwZZ nq|
5. AvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
A_ev, AvgjvZš¿ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi: f~wgKv : eZ©gvb we‡k¦ ÔAvgjvZš¿' GKwU †gŠwjK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I wek¦Rbxb aviYv| mvaviYfv‡e AvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z
eySvq Avgjv‡`i Øviv cwiPvwjZ kvmbe¨e¯’v| wKš‘ e¨vcKfv‡e ejv hvq, miKvi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP‡K ev¯Íe iƒc †`Iqvi
Rb¨ †h KZ©…Z¡ e¨e¯’v, gvbekw³, Kvh©vjq I wewfbœ msm`xq MYZvwš¿K ivóªe¨e¯’vq ivóªcªavb I gš¿x‡`i wb‡P kvmb
wefv‡Mi me ivóªK…Z¨MY Avgjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvgjvZš¿‡K cªkvm‡bi ü`hš¿ ejv nq|
AvgjvZš¿ : mvaviYfv‡e iv‡óª miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i Øviv cwiPvwjZ cªkvmwbK e¨e¯’v‡KB AvgjvZš¿ ejv nq kvwãK A‡_©
AvgjvZš¿ : AvgjvZš¿ n‡jv 'Bureaucracy' k‡ãi AvwfavwbK evsjv A_© n‡jv AvgjvZš¿| GwU divwm kã 'Bureau'
Ges wMªK kã 'Kratein' †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hvi A_© †jLvi †Uwej ev †W¯‹ ev `ßi| ZvB kvwãK A‡_© AvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z
`ßiwfwËK miKvi‡K eySvq cªvgvY¨ msÁv :
Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi (Prof. Garner) Gi g‡Z, Òh_vh_fv‡e AvgjvZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v ej‡Z Ggb GK kvmbe¨e¯’v‡K
eySvq †hLv‡b miKvi g~jZ miKvwi `߇ii mnKvixe…›` KZ©…K cwiPvwjZ nq Ges †hLv‡b Gme `߇ii wefvMxq cªavb‡`i
Øviv miKvwi wm×všÍmg~n w¯’ixK…Z Ges g~jbxwZmg~n wba©vwiZ nq|Ó
Rb G. †fBM (John A. Veig) Gi g‡Z, Ò†Kv‡bv msMVb Zvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †h
Kg©Pvixe…›`, KvVv‡gv I c×wZ‡K AbymiY K‡i, Gi mvwe©K welqB n‡”Q AvgjvZš¿|Ó Aa¨vcK dvBbvi (Prof. Finer)
Gi g‡Z, ÒAvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q GKwU ¯’vqx †eZbfyK I `¶ PvKwiRxex †kªwY|Ó
Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, AvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q msMVb Ges cªkvm‡bi GKwU we‡kl e¨e¯’v| G e¨e¯’vq †hgb
Kvh©`vwqZ¡ Ges e¨w³e‡M©i c×wZwfwËK msMVb hv me©vwaK Kvh©Kifv‡e mgwóMZ cªqv‡m j¶¨vR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb
Avevi G e¨e¯’v miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i‡K AwZwi³ ¶gZv Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© I `jxq ¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi
Rb¨ ¶gZvi Pig Ace¨enviI Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
6. mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve e¨vL¨v Ki|
A_ev, mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve ms‡¶‡c †jL|
DËi: f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ívb cªwZôvjMœ †_‡K AwaKvsk mgq Ry‡o mvgwiK evwnbx Z_v mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i wbqš¿Yvax‡b
wQj| cªZ¨¶ mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi kvmbe¨e¯’vq mvgwiK evwnbx AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi
K‡iwQj| fviZ wefv‡Mi mgq weªwUk fviZxq mvgwiK evwnbxi Rbej, miÄvg Ges my‡hvM myweavi wnm¨v wb‡qB bZyb
ivóª cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i D™¢e N‡U|
mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve : 1958 mv‡j cª_gev‡ii g‡Zv cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óª mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi n‡j mvgwiK evwnbx
ivóªcwiPvjbvi GK bZyb f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| cª_g ch©v‡q †`‡ki †mbvcªavb cªavb mvgwiK AvBb cªkvmK I †cªwm‡W›U
c‡` wbhy³ nb| cª‡`‡ki kvmbKZ©v wn‡m‡e mvgwiK evwnbxi Kg©KZ©v‡`i e¨vcKnv‡i wbhy³ Kiv nq| mvgwiK
Kg©KZ©v‡`i cvkvcvwk cª‡`k¸‡jvi gyL¨ mwPe‡`i DcmvgwiK kvmbKZ©v wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨
c`¯’ mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v‡`i †`‡ki wewfbœ wefvM I †Rjvi mn-mvgwiK kvmbKZ©viƒ‡c wbhy³ Kiv nq| d‡j ïiæ‡ZB
mvgwiK AvgjvZš¿ †`‡ki mvaviY cªkvmbmn Av_©mvgvwRK Rxe‡b e¨vcK cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| cª‡`‡ki wewfbœ
†Rjvq g¨vwR‡÷ªU‡`i mivmwi wePv‡ii Rb¨ mvgwiK Av`vjZ MV‡bi ¶gZv cª`vb Kiv nq| AvBqye Lv‡bi Kw_Z Ôwecøex
miKv‡ii' 12 m`‡m¨i gwš¿mfvq 3 Rb †Rbv‡ij I 272 Rb mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` wbhy³ wQ‡jb| cª_gv‡a©B
cªkvm‡bi ¶gZv Le© Kivi Rb¨ eûmsL¨K Avgjv‡K c`P¨yZ K‡i Z`¯’‡j mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v‡`i wbhy³ Kiv nq hv‡`i
cªfve wQj mxgvnxb| mvgwiK kvmbvg‡j cªkvmwbK cybM©V‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cyj MVb Kiv nq| Gi d‡j A_©,
evwYR¨ I A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡g wmGmwc Kg©KZ©v‡`i GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi wKQyUv nªvm cvq|
 Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, 1958-71 mvj ch©šÍ mvgwiK evwnbx ivóª ¶gZvq AwawôZ _vKv Ae¯’vqB cvwK¯Ív‡bi
`yB cª‡`‡ki g‡a¨ wZ³ m¤úK© Ges wmwfj wgwjUvwi m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î Uvbvc‡ob I RwUjZv †e‡o hvq| e¯ÍyZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi
fvO‡bi cªwµqv Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi †¶‡Î mvgwiK evwnbx I mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve AbyNUK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

7. †emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve e¨vL¨v Ki|

A_ev, cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’vq †emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve D‡jøL Ki|
DËi: f~wgKv : beMwVZ cvwK¯Ívb weªwUk‡`i KvQ †_‡K DËivwaKvim~‡Î GK myk…•Lj I AwfÁZvm¤úbœ Avgjv‡Mvôx jvf
K‡i| fviZe‡l© weªwUk kvmbvg‡j Avgjv‡MvôxB †hgb wQj cªkvm‡bi mKj ¶gZvi †K›`ªwe›`y, kvwšÍk…•Ljv cªwZôv †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i mKj Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði `vwqZ¡cªvß, †Zgwb cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi †emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i e¨vcK cªfve wQj|
†emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve : cvwK¯Ívb ivóª MV‡bi cª_g †_‡KB G‡`‡k †emvgwiK Avgjv‡`i cªfve †`kwUi ivóªxq
Rxe‡b GK Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask n‡q `vuovq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªxq †K›`ªxf~Z e¨e¯’vq Avgjv‡`i f~wgKvB gyL¨ n‡q I‡V| d‡j
mymsnZ cvwK¯Ívb wmwfj mvwf©m AwaKZi cªfvekvjx n‡q I‡V Ges cvwK¯Ívb cªwZôvi K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zv GK
kw³‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| †Kbbv cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvwe©K cªkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi me©¯Í‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`¸‡jv GwjU mvwf©m Ae
cvwK¯Ív‡bi Awdmvi‡`i hZRbB cvIqv †M‡Q hZUv m¤¢e ZZRb w`‡qB c~iY Kiv n‡qwQj| d‡j cªkvm‡b AevOvwj
gymjgvb‡`i GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨, ivóªxq bxwZgvjv cªYq‡b Zv‡`i‡KB gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjbKvix‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| cwðg
cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i ¯^v_©wPšÍv wQj weavq c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i b¨vh¨ AwaKvi jvf AwaKvsk †¶‡Î D‡cw¶Z nq
Avgjv‡`i GKgyLx bxwZi Kvi‡Y Ges cwðgv‡`i ¯^v_©i¶v Zviv me©`v †mev`v‡mi f~wgKv cvjb Kivq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cªwZ †kvlY I ˆelg¨ w`b w`b Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i| hvi Awbevh© cwiYwZ‡Z cvwK¯Ívb wØLwÐZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc
1947 mv‡j †h 94 Rb AevOvwj gymjgvb AvBwmGm Awdmvi cvwK¯Ív‡b G‡mwQ‡jb 1965 mv‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 47 Rb
Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| Zviv ZLb wQ‡jb e‡qv‡R¨ô Awdmvi Ges †`‡ki me ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` Zv‡`i GKK `L‡j wQj|
Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi Rb¥ cieZ©x PweŸk eQi mg‡q †`kwUi GwjU †kªwY
kvmb‡¶‡Î g~jZ mvgwiK I †emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡Zv| d‡j mvgvwRK c`gh©v`vi †¶‡Î,
ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î, †K›`ªxq miKv‡i, cªv‡`wkK kvmbe¨e¯’vq Avgjviv mxgvnxb cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
8. cvwK¯Ív‡bi A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
A_ev, c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i weeiY `vI|
A_ev, c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: f~wgKv : 1947 mv‡j fviZel© fvM n‡q cvwK¯Ív bv‡g GKwU bZyb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| wKš‘ ïiæ‡ZB cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi Ici ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY ïiæ K‡i| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i mvgvwRK,
ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î †kvlY 3 wbh©vZ‡bi w÷g †ivjvi Pvjvq| Gi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK
ˆelg¨ wQj cªKU|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wQj `ywU AÂj| GB `yB A‡ji RbMY Zv‡`i b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e,
G Pyw³‡Z cvwK¯Ívb cªwZwôZ n‡qwQj| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K Zvi cªvc¨ b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K me
mgq ewÂZ K‡i| d‡j Ae‡nwjZ, `wi`ª, cðvrc` G A‡ji gvby‡liv A_©‰bwZK gyw³i c_ LyuR‡Z _v‡K| †Kbbv
Av_©mvgvwRK gyw³i cªZ¨vkvq c~e©evsjvi gvbyl cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡b kvwgj n‡qwQj| cvwK¯Ívb cªwZôvi ci gymwjg jxM
ev¯Íe I Kvh©Ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©m~wP cª`v‡b e¨_© nq| Dciš‘ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU Af¨šÍixY Dcwb‡ekev‡`i wnsmª
_vevq Ave× K‡i cwðg cvwK¯Ívb A_©‰bwZK †kvlY m †_‡K 19 Kv‡qg K‡i| †hgb— 1955-56 mvj 1959-60 mv‡j
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb jvf K‡iwQj 113 †KvwU 3 jvL 80 nvRvi UvKv, Aciw`‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ívb cvq 500 †KvwU UvKv|
GKBfv‡e 1960-61 mvj †_‡K 1964-65 mv‡ji g‡a¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cvq 6,480 wgwjqb UvKv Avi cwðg cvwK¯Ívb
cvq 22,230 wgwjqb UvKv| cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z gy`ªv e¨e¯’v I A_©‰bwZK wbqš¿‡Yi †Kv‡bv ¶gZv wQj bv| †K›`ª
mivmwi Gme wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv e‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mgy`q Avq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j †hZ| †÷U e¨vsKmn cªvq me e¨vsK,
wegv, evwYR¨, miKvwi †emiKvwi cªavb Ges we‡`wk wgkbmg~‡ni †nW Awdm wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| d‡j Aev‡a A_©
cvPvi mnR nq| c~e©v‡ji Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq A_© †hvMv‡bi e¨vcviwU wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡`i †gŠwLK `qvi Ici|
Ab¨w`‡K, DØ…Ë Avw_©K mÄq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b Rgv _vKZ, †h Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b KLbI g~jab M‡o DV‡Z cv‡iwb;
hvi d‡j e¨emv evwYR¨ cªmvi jvf K‡iwb| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ cš’v
AbymiY K‡i| Zb¥‡a¨ RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi ˆelg¨, ivR¯^ Avq I e¨‡qi ˆelg¨, ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I FY Zi eȇb ˆelg¨,
 Af¨šÍixY FY eiv‡Ï ˆelg¨, Avg`vwb-ißvwb wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g †kvlY, AeKvVv‡gvMZ ˆelg¨ I m¤ú` cvPv‡ii gva¨‡g
†kvlY BZ¨vw` wQj Ab¨Zg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci cª_g †_‡KB cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx c~e©evsjv‡K me w`K b
w`‡qB kvmb, †kvlY I `gb K‡i‡Q| hvi d‡j c~e©evsjvi RbMY Zv‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmb
I †kvl‡Yi †eovRvj †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi Rb¨ 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv msMªv‡g Svuwc‡q c‡o Ges evsjv‡`k bvgK iv‡óªi
Rb¥ nq|
9. cvwK¯Ívwb kvmbvg‡j ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ Zy‡j ai|
A_ev, cvwK¯Ívwb kvmbvg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ ivR‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i eY©bv `vI|
DËi: f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ívwb kvmbvg‡j †hme ˆelg¨ we`¨gvb wQj Zvi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ wQj Ab¨Zg| ivR‰bwZK
†¶‡Î cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi c~e© I cwðg As‡k Pig ˆelg¨ weivRgvb wQj| RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cwðg cvwK¯Ívb
A‡c¶v e…nËi Ask nIqv m‡Ë¡I †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv cwðg cvwK¯Ívb Kyw¶MZ K‡i iv‡L| d‡j MYZvwš¿K AMªhvÎv
e¨vcKfv‡e e¨vnZ nq|
cvwK¯Ívwb kvmbvg‡j ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi ci A_©vr 1947-'58 mvj ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ív‡bi 4 Rb
ivóªcªav‡bi gvÎ 1 Rb wQ‡jb c~e©evsjvi Ges wZwb wQ‡jb D`©yfvlx| Gmgq 7 Rb cªavbgš¿xi g‡a¨ 3 Rb wQ‡jb
c~e©evsjvi Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 1 Rb wQ‡jb D`©yfvlx Ges 1947-Õ55 mv‡j c~e©evsjvi 4 Rb Mfb©‡ii g‡a¨ gvÎ 1 Rb
wQ‡jb evOvwj| GQvov RbmsL¨vi wfwˇZ ¶gZvi eÈb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AbyK~j nIqvq cwðg cvwK¯Ívb ÔGK BDwbU
ZË¡' bv‡g GK Awfbe aviYvi m~ÎcvZ NUvq, †hLv‡b mgMª cwðg cvwK¯Ívb GKwU cª‡`k wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| hvi
GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi c~e© I cwðg As‡ki †fv‡Ui fvimvg¨ i¶v Kiv| ZrKvjxb mg‡q evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb
nIqvi ci cvÄve cª‡`k cª¯Íve K‡i cvwK¯Ív‡b mivmwi RbmsL¨vi eȇbi wfwˇZ †fvU AbywôZ †nvK, KviY cvÄvweiv
wQj wmwÜ, ckZy, evjyP hv cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †Mv‡Îi Zyjbvq msL¨vMwiô|
Dcmsnvi : cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci †_‡KB cwðg cvwK¯Ívb A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I cªkvm‡b evOvwj‡`i
†gav I †hvM¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i AwaKvi n‡Z wewfbœ †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡_ wegvZvmyjf AvPiY K‡i| w`b w`b
Zv cªKU n‡q DV‡j evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi Rb¥ †`q|

MÑwefvM: iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi

1. cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªv‡`wkK KvVv‡gv I Gi Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
A_ev, cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªv‡`wkK KvVv‡gv I Gi Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m…wói ci †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ívb I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ cªvq
mKj wel‡q ˆelg¨ †`Lv †`q| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZKmn wewfbœ‡¶‡Î| GgbwK c~e© cvwK¯Ívb n‡Z
g~j¨evb `ªe¨mvgMªx cvPvi K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K Avw_©Kfv‡e `ye©j Kiv nq| ZvB Gme ˆel‡g¨i nvZ n‡Z i¶v cvIqvi
Rb¨ cwðg cvwK¯Ívb I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi cvkvcvwk cªv‡`wkK kvmb KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq| hv‡Z c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY mnR nq|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªv‡`wkK KvVv‡gv I Gi Kvh©vewj : wb‡gœ cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªv‡`wkK KvVv‡gv I Gi Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij : ¯^vaxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b cª‡`k¸‡jv‡Z msm`xq kvmb e¨e¯’v cªeZ©b Kiv
nq| cª‡Z¨K cª‡`‡ki wbe©vnx ¶gZv b¨¯Í nq Mfb©‡ii Ici| Mfb©i †cªwm‡W›U KZ©…K cvuP eQ‡ii Rb¨ wb‡qvM
cªvß n‡Zb| Z‡e wZwb †cªwm‡W‡›Ui mš‘wó‡Z 5 eQi mgqKvj Mfb©i c‡` AwawôZ _vK‡Zb| Mfb©i Aek¨B
GKRb gymjgvb Ges Kg c‡¶ 40 eQi eq¯‹ n‡Zb|Mfb©i‡K †h‡¶‡Î †¯^”Qvaxb ¶gZv †`Iqv nq †m‡¶Î
e¨ZxZ wZwb gwš¿mfvi civgk©g‡Zv `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| cªv‡`wkK AvBb cwil‡` msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i
Av¯’vfvRb Ggb e¨w³‡K Mfb©i c‡` wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb Ges gyL¨gš¿xi civgk©g‡Zv Mfb©i Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM
w`‡Zb| Mfb©i cª‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` †jvK wb‡qv‡Mi ¶gZvcªvß wQ‡jb| Mfb©i cªv‡`wkK AvBb
cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb Kiv, ¯’wMZ Kiv wKsev cwil` †f‡O †`Iqvi ¶gZvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Mfb©‡ii
mycvwik e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv A_© wej cwil‡` DÌvc‡bi my‡hvM wQj bv|
2. gwš¿mfv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b cªwZwU cª‡`‡k GKwU gwš¿cwil‡`i e¨e¯’v ivLv nq| cªv‡`wkK
cwil‡` msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i mg_©b Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³‡K Mfb©i wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb Ges gyL¨gš¿xi mycvwikµ‡g
Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x‡KI Mfb©i wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡Zb| cªv‡`wkK gwš¿mfv cªv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbKU †hŠ_fv‡e `vqx
 _vK‡Zb| Mfb©‡ii †¯^”Qvaxb ¶gZv Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wel‡q gwš¿mfvi mycvwik Qvov Mfb©i wKQy Kivi ¶gZv
ivL‡Zb bv| Mfb©‡ii †¯^”Qvaxb ¶gZv wQj mxwgZ| †m A‡_© gwš¿cwil` wQj mKj ¶gZvi AwaKvix
gwš¿cwil‡`i mfvi wm×všÍ wQj P~ovšÍ| gyL¨gš¿x gwš¿cwil‡`i mfvi mfvcwZZ¡ Kivi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb|
3. AvBb cwil` : cvwK¯Ív‡bi 1956 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡Z¨K cª‡`‡k GKwU GK K¶ wewkó
cªv‡`wkK AvBb cwil` wQj| Gi Avmb msL¨v wQj 300| Z‡e cieZ©x `k eQ‡ii Rb¨ AviI `kwU gwnjv
Avmb msiw¶Z wQj| cwil‡`i †gqv` mvaviYZ cvuP eQi wQj| cªv‡`wkK AvBb cwil` wQj cª‡`‡k m‡e©v”P
AvBb cªYqbKvix ms¯’v| cª‡`‡ki Rb¨ msiw¶Z ZvwjKvfy³ wel‡q AvBb cªYq‡bi AMva ¶gZv wQj cªv‡`wkK
AvBb cwil‡`i| cªv‡`wkK gwš¿cwil` †h‡Kv‡bv cªKvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cªv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbKU `vqx wQj|
cªv‡`wkK cwil‡` msL¨vMwiôZv nviv‡j gwš¿mfv‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡Zv| †Kv‡bv e¨w³ GKB mg‡q cªv‡`wkK
I RvZxq cwil‡`i m`m¨ nIqvi my‡hvM wQj bv|
4. cªv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb : ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m †h cªv‡`wkK AvBb cvm Kiv nq Zv
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡`k¸‡jv‡Z ¯^vaxb ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi cªwZôv Kiv| hv‡Z K‡i cªv‡`wkK miKvi ¯^vaxbfv‡e
kvmbKvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges RbM‡Yi Dbœqb I †mev `ªæZZi nq| †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g †bZv wbe©vwPZ n‡eb
Ges mKj wbe©vPb n‡e cªvßeq¯‹‡`i AskMªnY Ges mivmwi †fv‡U|
5. ¶gZv eÈb : 1956 msweavb Abymv‡i cvwK¯Ívb wQj GKwU hy³ivóª| hy³ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯’vq †K›`ªxq miKvi
Ges cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ¶gZv eÈb Kiv nq| †m Abymv‡i 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡bi AvBb cªYq‡bi
143wU welq wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v : 1. †dWv‡ij ZvwjKv, 2. cªv‡`wkK ZvwjKv Ges 3, mn ZvwjKv|
1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b cªwZi¶v, ciivóª, hy×, gy`ªv, mvgwiK evwnbxi c~Z© mvR, cªwZi¶v m¤úwK©Z wkí,
cvigvYweK kw³ I Zvi Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq LwbR m¤ú` Ges A¯¿k¯¿, †Mvjveviæ`, we‡ùviK Drcv`‡bi
welq¸‡jv BZ¨vw` wQj| †dWv‡ij ZvwjKvfy³| AZGe wnmve Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h †dWv‡ij ZvwjKvq gvÎ
30wU AvB‡Ug AšÍfy³ © Kiv n‡jI †`‡ki wmsnfvM Avw_©K eivÏ †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z wQj|
6. ivR¯^ : cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi ivR‡¯^i eo eo Drm †hgb ewntïé, AveMvwi ïé, ißvwb ïé, Avqe¨q Ki, µq-
weµq Ki, †bŠ-wegvbe›`i Uviwgbvj Ki, LwbR †Zj I cªvK…wZK M¨v‡mi Ici Ki BZ¨vw` †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z ivLv
nq| cª‡`‡ki nv‡Z †h ivR¯^ Drm ivLv nq Zvi ZvwjKv `xN© wKš‘ Zv †_‡K Avq Lye Aí| †hgb K…wlf~wg †_‡K
Avqmg~n cª‡`‡ki nv‡Z ivLv nq| Avi Gme Avq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †ewk wQj| Avi Gme
Avq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †ewk wQj| G LvZ cª‡`k‡K w`‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avq cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b ivLvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| †`‡ki wfZi I evwni †_‡K FY msMª‡ni ¶gZv †KejgvÎ †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z
mxgve× ivLv nq| Avi G ai‡bi ˆelg¨g~jK Avw_©K eȇb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMª¯Í nq|
7. gy`vª e¨e¯’v : cvwK¯Ív‡bi c~e© I cwðg A‡ji Rb¨ `ywU m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v wewbgq‡hvM¨ gy`ªv Pvjy Kiv nq| Avi G
e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kivi ci gy`ªv e¨e¯’vq Kg‡ewk _v‡K bv| †K›`ª n‡Z AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z G‡m Rgv nq Kv‡iwÝ|
`yB A‡ji Rb¨ Pvjy nq `ywU ¯^Zš¿ ivóªxq e¨vsK| mKj cªKvi U¨v·-LvRbv-Ki avh© I Av`v‡qi ¶gZv AvÂwjK
miKv‡ii nv‡Z †`Iqv nq| AvÂwjK miKv‡ii Av`vqK…Z †iwfwbDi wba©vwiZ Ask Av`v‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_
†dWv‡ij Znwe‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Rgv nq| G g‡g© wiRvf© e¨vsKmg~‡ni Ici eva¨Zvg~jK weavb kvmbZ‡š¿
mshy³ Kiv nq|
Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, cªK…Zc‡¶ cvwK¯Ív‡bi me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii Aax‡b _vKvq cªv‡`wkK miKviiv Zv‡`i c~Y© ¶gZv cª‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| †h‡nZy cªv‡`wkK miKvi‡K
wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib †K›`ªxq miKvi, ZvB cªv‡`wkK miKvi g~jZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cªYxZ Av‡`kB ev¯Íevqb K‡i| d‡j
ˆelg¨ we‡jv‡ci Avkvq Kvh©Z cwic~Y© wefvwRZ cªwZwôZ cªv‡`wkK KvVv‡gv Zv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
2 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb msweav‡bi cªavb ˆewk󨸇jv e¨vL¨v Ki|
A_ev, 1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxbZv jvf Ki‡jI Dfq cª‡`‡ki Rb¨ cª_g msweavb iwPZ nq
1956 mv‡j| A_©vr `xN© 8 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cvwK¯Ívb RbMY‡K †Kv‡bv msweavb w`‡Z cv‡iwb| 1954 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cª_g MYcwil` msweavb cªYq‡b e¨_© nIqvq Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †Mvjvg gynv¤§` Zv †f‡O w`‡q 1955 mv‡j wØZxq
MYcwil` MVb Ki‡jb| 1956 mv‡ji 19 †deªyqvwi msweavb MYcwil‡` M…nxZ nq Ges 23 gvP© n‡Z Zv ejer Kiv
nq|
 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb msweav‡bi cªavb ˆewkó¨ : 1956 mv‡j cªewZ©Z cvwK¯Ívb msweav‡bi cªavb ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡gœ
Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv :
1. wjwLZ msweavb : 1956 mv‡j cªYxZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g msweavb wQj GKwU wjwLZ msweavb| G msweav‡bi mKj
Aby‡”Q` wjwLZ AvKv‡i wQj|
2. `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb : 1956 mv‡ji msweavb wQj GKwU `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb| RvZxq cwil‡`i mvaviY
Øviv ms‡kvabx wej DÌvcb Kiv †M‡jI Zv cvm Ki‡Z msm‡`i `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki †fv‡Ui `iKvi n‡Zv|
3. cªRvZvwš¿K msweavb : G msweav‡bi gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU cªRvZ‡š¿ cwiYZ Kiv nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªcªavb
†cªwm‡W›U wQ‡jb bvggvÎ ivóªcªavb|
4. hy³ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯’v : 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU ˆewkó¨ wQj hy³ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯’v cªeZ©b|
G‡Z †K›`ª I cª‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ¶gZv eÈb K‡i †`Iqv nq|
5. GKK¶wewkó AvBbmfv : G msweav‡b hy³ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯’v cªeZ©b Kiv n‡jI G‡Z GKK¶wewkó AvBbmfvi
weavb ivLv nq|
6. MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v : 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweav‡b cvwK¯Ív‡b GKwU cªwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZvwš¿K
kvmbe¨e¯’v cªeZ©b Kiv nq| me©Rbxb cªvßeq¯‹‡`i †fv‡U †K›`ªxq I cªv‡`wkK AvBbmfv I Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vwPZ
ms¯’vi m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi weavb ivLv nq|
7. †gŠwjK AwaKvi : G msweav‡b mgMª cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK‡`i †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv nq| bvMwiK‡`i
Aby‡ivaµ‡g Av`vjZ‡K Gme AwaKvi ejer Kivi ¯^vaxbZv †`Iqv nq|
8. gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi : 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ª I cª‡`‡k gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii
cªeZ©b Kiv nq Ges gwš¿cwil`‡K AvBb cwil‡`i wbKU `vqx ivLvi weavb Kiv nq|
9. hy³ivóªxq Av`vjZ : 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b GKwU hy³ivóªxq Av`vjZ cªeZ©b Kiv nq| Gi bvg †`Iqv nq
cvwK¯Ívb m‡e©v”P Av`vjZ|
10. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi : 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b RvwZag©eY© wbwe©‡k‡l me©Rbxb cªvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKvi cª`v‡bi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
11. cªv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb : 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb msweav‡b cª‡`k `ywU‡Z ¯^vqËkvmb cª`vb Kiv n‡jI cªv‡`wkK
kvmbwefvM mswk-ó AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _vKZ|
12. Bmjvwg cªRvZš¿ : 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g msweav‡b cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU Bmjvwg cªRvZš¿ †NvlYv Kiv
nq| msweavb Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv Agymjgvb ivóªcwZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges me AvBb Aek¨B KyiAvb I mybvœ n Abyhvqx
n‡e|
13. Riæwi weavb : G msweav‡b †cªwm‡W›U‡K Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYvi ¶gZv cª`vb Kiv nq| Riæwi Ae¯’vKvjxb mg‡q
†cªwm‡W›U cªv‡`wkK ¶gZv wb‡R wbe©vn Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
14. mgZvi bxwZ : 1956 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb msweav‡b mgZvi bxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡i Gi `ywU As‡ki gv‡S mvsweavwbK,
ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ †iva Kiv nq Ges mgZv wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ wewfbœ e¨e¯’v M…nxZ nq|
15. `ywU ivóªfvlv : 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b evsjv I D`©y‡K ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v †`Iqv nq| G‡Z mvgwqKfv‡e Bs‡iwR
Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
16. wePvi wefvM : 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv cª`vb Kiv n‡qwQj| GKwU mywcªg †KvU© cª‡Z¨K
cª‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU K‡i nvB‡KvU© Ges wbgœZi ch©v‡q Ab¨vb¨ Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ cªwZôv Kivi weavb ivLv nq|
17. msL¨vjNy‡`i ¯^v_©i¶v : 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b Bmjvwg cªRvZ‡š¿i Av`k© MªnY Kiv n‡jI msL¨vjNy †Mvôxi
ag©xq, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK I Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi weavb ivLv nq|
Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, ¯^vaxbZvi `xN© bq eQi c‡i 1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡b †h msweavb
cªYxZ n‡qwQj Zv ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨B evwZj n‡q hvq| †cªwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v 1958 mv‡ji 7 A‡±vei
mvgwiK kvmb Rvwii gva¨‡g D³ msweav‡bi Aax‡b †Kv‡bv wbe©vPb nIqvi c~‡e©B G msweavb‡K evwZj K‡i †`b| d‡j
cvwK¯Ív‡bi msm`xq MYZš¿ e¨_©Zvq cwZZ nq|
3. cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq kvmb †Kgb wQj? Av‡jvPbv Ki|
A_ev, cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷| G bZyb ivóª Zvi m…wójMœ †_‡KB AmsL¨ mgm¨vi
m¤§yLxb nq| weªwUk Avg‡j fvi‡Zi gymjgv‡biv wn›`y‡`i †P‡q wk¶v`x¶v, PvKwievKwi, cªkvmwbK `¶Zv, e¨emv evwY‡R¨
cªf…wZ †¶‡Î A‡bK wcwQ‡q wQj| ZeyI G wcwQ‡q| cov Rb‡Mvôx wb‡q cvwK¯Ívb Zvi hvÎv ïiæ K‡i Ges 1956 mv‡j
msweavb iPbv K‡i| G msweav‡b †K›`ªxq kvmbe¨e¯’v Ges kvmbZvwš¿K AeKvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv †`Iqv nq|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq kvmb : cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’v `ywU fv‡M wef³ wQj| h_v- †K›`ªxq I cªv‡`wkK kvmbe¨e¯’v| wb‡q
†K›`ªxq kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv :
1. †K›`ªxq kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv wQj e¨vcK ˆelg¨c~Y©| ¶gZv eȇb
e¨vcK c¶cvwZZ¡ j¶ Kiv hvq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq kvmbe¨e¯’vq †K›`ªxq KvVv‡gv M‡o D‡VwQj| GLv‡b †K›`ªxq
miKvi wQj e¨vcK ¶gZvm¤úbœ|
2. Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji e¨vcK ¶gZv : 1956 mv‡ji msweavb Abymv‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡K 1935 mv‡j
fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi cª‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Kivi ¶gZv †`Iqv nq| D³ AvBb Abymv‡i Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡K
AvB‡bi wewaweavb evwZj I cwic~iY Kivi ¶gZv 1958 mv‡ji 31 gvP© ch©šÍ cª‡qvM Kivi KZ©…Z¡ †`Iqv nq|
Gfv‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªvi‡¤¢ Zvi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡K e¨vcK mvsweavwbK ¶gZv †`Iqv nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dc‡hvMx
K‡i M…nxZ 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Abymv‡i †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbe©vnx ¶gZv Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji Ici
b¨¯Í Kiv nq|
3. gwš¿mfv MVb : Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij‡K Zvi Kv‡R mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wZwb GKwU gwš¿mfv MVb Ki‡eb| gš¿xMY
Zvi mš‘wó g‡Zv mgqKvj Aewa Zv‡`i c‡` envj _vK‡eb| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij gš¿xM‡Yi civgk© Abyhvqx KvR
Ki‡eb e‡j cªZ¨vkv Kiv n‡jI AvBbMZ †Kv‡bv eva¨evaKZv wQj bv| weavb ivLv nq, gwš¿mfvi ¯’vwqZ¡
AvBbmfvi Av¯’v †fv‡Ui Ici wbf©ikxj wQj|
4. `ßi eÈb : Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji nv‡Z †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Kvh©vw` myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewea Kvh©vewj
wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi g‡a¨ eȇbi wbqgKvbyb cªYq‡bi ¶gZv wQj| gš¿xM‡Yi g‡a¨ B”Qvg‡Zv `ßi e›U‡bi ¶gZv
Zvi wQj| wZwb Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYv, Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi cªf…wZ ¶gZvI jvf K‡ib| Z‡e Aa¨v‡`k¸‡jv cieZ©x
mgq †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvq Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z n‡Zv, bv n‡j Zv evwZj n‡q †hZ|
5. †Rbv‡i‡ji GKK wbqš¿Y : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡`kmg~‡n msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’v cªewZ©Z n‡jI cª‡`kmg~‡n Mfb©i
†Rbv‡ij‡K mxgvnxb KZ©…Z¡ cª`vb Kiv nq| cªv‡`wkK Mfb©i‡K wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡Zb Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij| Mfb©‡ii
PvKwii ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj wbf©i Ki‡Zv Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji gwR©i Ici| cªK…Zc‡¶, cªv‡`wkK Mfb©iMY Mfb©i
†Rbv‡i‡ji G‡R›U wn‡m‡eB KvR Ki‡Zb| cªv‡`wkK gwš¿mfv †f‡O †`Iqvi ¶gZvI Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji wQj|
hw` wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb †h‡Kv‡bv cªv‡`wkK miKvi cªPwjZ AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Pj‡Z cvi‡Q bv Zvn‡j wZwb
D³ cªv‡`wkK miKvi †NvlYvi gva¨‡g †f‡O w`‡Z cvi‡Zb Ges Zvi c¶ †_‡K cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii ¶gZv MªnY
Ki‡Z cªv‡`wkK Mfb©i‡K wb‡`©k cª`vb Ki‡Zb|
6. 'wej' wbqš¿Y : cªv‡`wkK AvBbmfvq M…nxZ †Kv‡bv we‡j Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij m¤§wZ w`‡Z cvi‡Zb, m¤§wZ `v‡b weiZ
_vK‡Z cvi‡Zb wKsev cªv‡`wkK AvBbmfvq cybwe©‡ePbvi Rb¨ †diZ cvVv‡Z Mfb©i‡K wb‡`©k w`‡Z cvi‡Zb|
Gfv‡e cªv‡`wkK AvBbmfvq M…nxZ †h‡Kv‡bv we‡ji welq Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij cªv‡`wkK Mfb©‡ii gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Zb|
7. gš¿Yvj‡qi MVb KvVv‡gv : Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii me©vwaK ¶gZvi AwaKvix|
wZwb Zvi GKRb mnKvix cªavbgš¿x wb‡qvM w`‡Zb| gš¿x‡`i `ßi eȇb Zvi GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ _vKZ| Mfb©i
†Rbv‡i‡ji cª_g gš¿Yvjq MVbKv‡j wKQy bZyb `ßi m…wó K‡ib| †hgb- ivR¨ I mxgvšÍ AÂj gš¿Yvjq,
ev¯ÍyZ¨vMx I kiYv_©x gš¿Yvjq| Z‡e Mfb©i †Rbv‡ijMY cª_‡g gš¿Yvjq¸‡jv wb‡Ri Aax‡bB ivL‡Zb|
8. mvgwiK evwnbx : mvgwiK evwnbx _vKZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b| †`ki¶v, ˆe‡`wkK AvµgY cªwZ‡iva Ges
Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hvM †gvKvwejvq mvgwiK evwnbx †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| Avi Gme
†mbvevwnbx‡Z cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i cªfve wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
9. MYcwil` MVb : gvD›Ue¨v‡U‡bi 1947 mv‡j 3 Ryb cwiKíbvq cvwK¯Ívb m…wói wm×všÍ n‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨
GKwU MYcwil` MVb Acwinvh© n‡q hvq| 1946 mv‡ji cªv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ †hme m`m¨
msm`xq GjvKv cvwK¯Ív‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ c‡o Zv‡`i †fv‡U MYcwil` m`m¨ g‡bvbxZ nb| `k
 j¶ †jv‡Ki Rb¨ GKRb MYcwil` m`m¨ G wn‡m‡e cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 69 Rb| 1947
mv‡j †hv‡M›`ªbv_‡K mfvcwZ K‡i cwil‡`i KvR ïiæ nq|
Dcmsnvi : Dchy³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, m~Pbv †_‡KB cvwK¯Ívb ivóª wewfbœ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj|
†K›`ªxq kvmbe¨e¯’v mKj w`K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv| †K›`ªxq mwPevjq ¯’vcb Ges bZybfv‡e cªkvmwbK AeKvVv‡gv M‡o
ZyjZ| †K›`ª †_‡KB cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡Zv kvmb KvVv‡gv| †K›`ªxq miKvi e¨vcK ¶gZvi AwaKvix wQj| †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii e¨vcK ¶gZv Zv‡`i‡K ˆ¯^ivPvix K‡i †Zv‡j| wKš‘ †K›`ªxq miKvi hw` cªv‡`wkK Kvh©µ‡g Zv‡`i ¶gZvi
cª‡qvM NUvZ Zvn‡j cvwK¯Ívb we‡k¦i `iev‡i we‡kl gh©v`v wb‡q wU‡K _vKZ|
4. cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK I †emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve eY©bv Ki|
A_ev, cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m mvgwiK I †emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve eY©bv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : eûfvlx Ges wfbœ ms¯‹…wZi AwaKvix I †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e wew”Qbœ cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨ cªwZôv
Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GK RvwZ GK ivóª' G †PZbv‡eva m…wó Kivi cª‡qvRb wQj| wKš‘ bZyb iv‡óªi hvÎvj‡MœB N‡U
GK As‡ki cªwZ Ab¨ As‡ki Awek¦vm I m‡›`n| G m‡›`n I Awek¦vm `~i Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c bv wb‡q
cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx A¯^vfvweK AvgjvZvwš¿K cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Zviv mvgwiK I †emvgwiK Dfq wefv‡MB
cªfve we¯Ívi Kivi cvqZviv K‡i|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve : cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m
cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK evwnbx A¯^vfvweK cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| wb‡gœ mvgwiK AvgjvZvwš¿K cªfve eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
1. mvgwiK AvgjvZš¿ : weªwUk‡`i KvQ †_‡K DËivwaKvim~‡Î cvwK¯Ívb GK myk…•Lj mvgwiK Avgjv †Mvôx jvf
K‡i| weªwUk Avg‡j G Avgjv †MvôxB wQj cªkvm‡bi me ¶gZvi †K›`ªwe›`y| †`‡k kvwšÍk…•Ljv cªwZôv †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i mKj Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði `vwqZ¡cªvß wQj Avgjv †Mvôx| cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci G †kªwY cªK…Z ¶gZvi
AwaKvix nq Ges Zviv me©‡¶‡Î e¨vcK cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
2. cvwK¯Ívb wmwfj mvwf©m : 1947 mv‡j fviZel© wefw³i mg‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi gymjgvb AvBwmGm (ICS)
Awdmvi‡`i GK-Z…Zxqvsk wQ‡jb cvÄvwe, Aewkóiv fvi‡Zi wewfbœ cª‡`k †_‡K AvMZ AevOvwj gymjgvb|
Avi G‡`i wb‡q MwVZ nq cvwK¯Ívb wmwfj mvwf©m| Zviv cvwK¯Ívb cªkvm‡bi D”PZg c`¸‡jv `Lj K‡ib|
¯^fveZB ¯^vaxbZvi m~Pbvj‡MœB cvwK¯Ívb cªkvm‡b AevOvwj gymjgvb‡`i GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨ Kv‡qg K‡i|
3. mvgwiK kvm‡b mvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i AvwacZ¨ : mvgwiK kvmb Rvwii ci cvwK¯Ív‡b cªkvmwbK †¶‡Î mvgwiK
Avgjv‡`i cªfve eû¸‡Y †e‡o hvq| mvgwiK kvm‡bi mgq 790 Rb Rywbqi †MªW Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Kiv nq| hvi
g‡a¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wQj gvÎ 120 Rb| 1960 †_‡K 1963 mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ 14 Rb mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v‡K
†emvgwiK cªkvm‡b wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| Zviv mevB wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb|
4. cªwZi¶v wefv‡M AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi : ¯^vaxbZvi ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZi¶v wefv‡Mi mKj kvLvi m`i `ßi wQj
cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| cªwZi¶v †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU¸‡jvI wQj †mLv‡b| cªwZi¶v wefv‡M bvg †jLv‡ZB P‡j †h‡Z
nq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| ZvQvov wiµywUs †evW©¸‡jv MwVZ wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i wb‡q| ˆmwbK c‡` wb‡qv‡Mi
Rb¨ †h ˆ`wnK gvc I MVb wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQj Zv Lye Kg evOvwji wQj| d‡j cªwZi¶v wefv‡M GKgvÎ cªfve
we¯Ívi Kivi my‡hvM cvq cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb mvgwiK Avgjviv|
5. mvgwiK evwnbx : ZrKvjxb mg‡q cvwK¯Ívwb mvgwiK Avgjv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv me‡P‡q †ewk cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ AMªMY¨ n‡jv †mbvevwnbx| Avi G †mbvevwnbx wQj cªwZi¶v wefv‡Mi Aax‡b †hLv‡b evOvwj‡`i Lye KgB
PvKwi †`Iqv n‡Zv| 1966 mv‡j †`Lv hvq cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡Z mvgwiK Awdmvi‡`i g‡a¨ 5% wQ‡jb evOvwj
Avi evwK 95% wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb| cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi 50 nvRvi m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb gvÎ
20 nvRvi| GiB avivevwnKZvq cvwK¯Ívwb cªkvm‡b GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Kivi my‡hvM cvq cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb
Avgjviv|
6. †bŠevwnbx : †bŠevwnbx‡Z e¨vcK ˆelg¨ wQj| we‡kl K‡i wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î cvwK¯Ív‡bi †bŠevwnbx‡Z †UKwbK¨vj
†jvK wQj 19% evOvwj Ges evwK 81% wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb bb †UKwbK¨vj †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb 9%|
7. wegvb evwnbx : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wegvb evwnbx‡Z gvÎ 11% evOvwj cvBjU Awdmvi Ges 1.7% evOvwj †UKwbwkqvb
wQ‡jb| cvwK¯Ívb GqvijvB‡Ýi †gvU 7280 Rb †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb gvÎ 280 Rb Ges wcAvBG'i 10
Rb cwiPvj‡Ki g‡a¨ gvÎ 1 Rb wQ‡jb Ges 5 Rb Gwiqv g¨v‡bRv‡ii mevB wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb| cvwK¯Ívb
 GqvijvB‡Ýi 103 Rb wegvbevjvi g‡a¨ gvÎ 4 Rb wQ‡jb evOvwj GLv‡bI mvgwiK Avgjviv cªfve we¯Ívi
Ki‡Z _v‡K|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi †emvgwiK AvgjvZ‡š¿i cªfve : cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m
†emvgwiK AvgjvivI h‡_ó cªfve we¯Ívi K‡ib| wb‡gœ †emvgwiK AvgjvZvwš¿K cªfve eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. AevOvwj †emvgwiK Avgjv‡`i cªfve : cvwK¯Ívb miKvi 1950 mv‡ji 6 A‡±vei GK Av‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívb wmwfj
mvwf©‡m †KvUv c×wZ cªeZ©‡bi Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| wKš‘ G Av‡`k m‡Ë¡I cªkvmwbK c‡` cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb I
cvÄvwe‡`i cªfve evo‡ZB _v‡K| 1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii 42,000 Kg©Pvix Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨
c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i msL¨v wQj gvÎ 2,900|
2. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †emvgwiK c‡` wb‡qvM : cª_gev‡ii g‡Zv 1965 mv‡j `yRb evOvwj‡K RvZxq cwil` mwPevjq I
cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi fvicªvß mwPe Kiv nq| 1966 mv‡j 6 `dvwfwËK Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡j AviI PviRb
evOvwj‡K mwPe wbhy³ Kiv nq| Z‡e Gevi evOvwj‡`i ¯^ivóª, A_©, A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©, ciivóª, cªwZi¶v I evwYR¨
gš¿Yvj‡qi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi D”Pc‡` wbhy³ Kiv nqwb| m¤ú‡`i fvMvfvwM‡Z evOvwj‡`i AwaKvi
m¤^‡Ü †hb †KD †Kv‡bv K_v ej‡Z bv, cv‡i GRb¨ mswk­ó wefv‡M wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡Zv bv| Avi Gme ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
c‡` †emvgwiK cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb Avgjv GKK cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Zv|
3. Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` cvwK¯Ívwb Avgjv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi †emvgwiK D”Pc‡` evOvwj cªwZwbwa Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y
Zv‡`i cªfve we¯Ív‡ii ¶gZvI Kg wQj| †emvgwiK Avgjv Abyhvqx 13wU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi g‡a¨ gvÎ GKwUi
†Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb evOvwj| Ab¨w`‡K, 1963 mv‡ji GK wnmve Abyhvqx †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K gvÎ 3.4% evOvwj wbhy³
wQ‡jb| cvwK¯Ívb †ijI‡qi 8 Rb †evW© wW‡i±‡ii g‡a¨ gvÎ 1 Rb wQ‡jb evOvwj| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cªvq mKj
EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb Ges Gme wefv‡Mi m`i `ßi¸‡jv wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| †K›`ªxq
Avg`vwb-ißvwb wbqš¿Y `߇ii 89 Rb Gw·wKDwUf Awdmv‡ii g‡a¨ gvÎ 16 Rb wQ‡jb evOvwj Ges 45 Rb
mnKvix Avg`vwb-ißvwb wbqš¿‡Ki g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb gvÎ 15 Rb| Gme †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb †emvgwiK
Avgjv‡`i cªfve we¯Ív‡ii my‡hvM Kg _vKvq cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv GKK cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Zv|
Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, cwðg cwK¯Ívwb Avgjv Z_v mvgwiK I †emvgwiK Avgjviv
cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’vq cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g nq| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK †kªwYivI †P‡qwQ‡jb evOvwj RvwZ‡K
miKvwi I mvgwiK Kv‡Ri †_‡K `~‡i †i‡L ¯^v_© nvwmj Ki‡Z| hv‡Z c~e©evsjvi RbMY kvmb Kv‡h© AskMªnY Ki‡Z bv
cv‡i| Avi cªkvmwbKfv‡e G wefvM¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡qwQj hv‡Z evOvwj PvB‡jI †m c‡` Avmxb n‡Z bv
cv‡i| ZvB cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb Avgjviv iv‡óªi mvwe©K wel‡q n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Zv|
5. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki|
A_ev, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ †h ivR‰bwZK bxwZmg~n MªnY Kiv n‡qwQj Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci evOvwji cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ wQj Pig ch©v‡q|
cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv g‡b Ki‡Zv evOvwjiv wKQy Rv‡b bv, ey‡S bv| Zviv †Kv‡bv wKQyi †hvM¨ bq| Zv‡`i g‡Z †bZ…Z¡,
KZ©…Z¡, ivóªcwiPvjbvi g‡Zv ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ GKgvÎ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Rb¨B| G Dcjwä †_‡KB Zviv me©‡¶‡Î ˆelg¨
m…wó K‡i| we‡kl K‡i ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î G ˆelg¨ wQj my`~icªmvix I Zvrch©c~Y©|
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKvi ïiæ †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K `ye©j
Kivi Rb¨ Ges †kvlY I kvmb Kivi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ I wbcxob ïiæ K‡i| wb‡gœ Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨mg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ ‡ei `vwe D‡c¶v : 1940 mv‡j DÌvwcZ g~j jv‡nvi cª¯Ív‡e gymjgvb Aa¨ywlZ GjvKv wb‡q GKvwaK
¯^vaxb ivóª (States) cªwZôvi K_v ejv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ ZrKvjxb gymwjg jxM mfvcwZ gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn
K~U‡KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª (State) MV‡bi wm×všÍ MªnY K‡i| hv‡Z evOvwj‡`i ¯^vaxb ivóª
MV‡bi ¯^cœ a~wjmvr n‡q hvq|
2. cvwK¯Ívb ivóª cªwZôvi Ac‡KŠkj : cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi msL¨vMwiô Awaevmx c~e©evsjvi nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e gh©v`v bv w`‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi gyLv‡c¶x Kiv nq| GgbwK iv‡óªi mg¯Í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vcbv¸‡jv
I ivRavbx Kiv nq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| Zviv †KŠkj wVK K‡iwQj †K›`ªxqfv‡e mg¯Í ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vewjB cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b Kiv n‡e|
3. cªwZwbwa‡Z¡i †¶‡Î : ZrKvjxb mg‡q gš¿x, Dcgš¿x I cªwZgš¿x‡`i g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb gvÎ 95 Rb| Avi 9
Rb miKvi cªav‡bi g‡a¨ 3 Rb wQ‡jb c~e©evsjvi Ges Gi g‡a¨ bvwRgyÏxb wQ‡jb D`©y fvlx hw`I gvÎ 1 eQ‡ii
gv_vq †cªwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v Zv‡K AcmviY K‡ib| Avi mg‡qi wn‡m‡e 24 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 6 eQi (25%
mgq) evsj‡`‡ki bvMwiK †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cªwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Q| †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lv‡bi Avg‡j ˆel‡g¨i weiæ‡×
evOvwji ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi n‡jI Zvi kvmbvg‡j gwš¿mfvi †gvU 62 Rb gš¿xi g‡a¨ evOvwj
wQ‡jb gvÎ 22 Rb (35.48%)| Avi Gme evOvwj‡`i g‡a¨ †KD ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ cvbwb|
4. msweavb cªYq‡b Abxnv : 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m…wó n‡jI cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª_g msweavb iwPZ nq 1956 mv‡j|
MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai cªwZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi Abxnvi Kvi‡Y cª_g msweavb iwPZ n‡Z mgq †j‡MwQj 9 eQi| G
msweav‡b c~e©evsjv‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ívb bvg †`Iqv nq| G msweav‡b mg¯Í ¶gZv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z Kivi gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i cwðgv‡`i gwR©i Ici wbf©ikxj K‡i ivLv nq|
5. MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve : gymwjg jx‡Mi †`k cwiPvjbvq e¨_©Zv, evOvwj-AevOvwj ˆelg¨ bxwZ I
¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe‡Z c~e©evsjvi m‡PZb ga¨weË †kªwY Z_v KwZcq D`xqgvb ivR‰bwZK †bZv 1949 mv‡j
gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx‡K mfvcwZ K‡i gymwjg jx‡Mi cªwZc¶ wn‡m‡e ÔAvIqvgx gymwjg jxM' bv‡g
GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡i| Zviv †P‡qwQj hv‡Z evOvwj‡`i †Kv‡bv cªwZwbwa ivRbxwZ‡Z Avm‡Z bv cv‡i|
wKš‘ Zv‡`i G cwiKíbv e¨_© n‡j Zviv AviI ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZi Avkªq MªnY K‡i|
6. c~e©evsjvi RbcªwZwbwai cªwZ Ae‡njv : 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM‡K †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡i
hy³dª›U 309wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 223wU Avmb cvq ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM cvq gvÎ 9wU Avmb| K…lK kªwgK cvwU©i
cªavb G. †K. dRjyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i| wKš‘ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKPµ G gwš¿mfv‡K mdj
n‡Z †`qwb| 2 gv‡mi g‡a¨B gwš¿mfv‡K evwZj K‡i c~e©evsjvq †K›`ªxq kvmb cªwZôv K‡i|
7. evOvwj †bZ…e…‡›`i cªwZ K‡Vvi `gb bxwZ : †cªwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb MYZš¿ I c~e© cvwK¯Ívb we‡ivax wQ‡jb| wZwb
†h `k eQi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb Gi g‡a¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwaKvsk †bZvB KvivMv‡i AvUK wQ‡jb|
1960 Gi `k‡Ki †klv‡a© c~e©evsjvq M‡o IVv MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb‡K K‡Vvin‡¯Í `gb Kivi Rb¨ †bZ…e…›`‡K
Ab¨vqfv‡e †R‡j iv‡Lb| †kL gywRemn 35 R‡bi weiæ‡× AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi K‡ib| 1970 mv‡ji
wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM cªv‡`wkK I †K›`ªxqfv‡e msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡jI Zv‡`i‡K miKvi MVb Ki‡Z †`Iqv
nqwb| Zviv Gfv‡e evOvwj| †bZ…e…‡›`i cªwZ K‡Vvi bxwZ cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K `gb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i|
8. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` : evOvwj‡`i lv‡Ui `k‡K cªej Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvi‡Y 1964 mv‡j `yB Rb evOvwj‡K cª_gev‡ii
g‡Zv RvZxq cwil` mwPevjq I cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi fvicªvß mwPe Kiv nq| Avevi 1966 mv‡ji 6 `dvwfwËK
Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡j AviI PviRb evOvwj‡K mwPe wbhy³ Kiv nq| Z‡e evOvwj‡`i ¯^ivóª, A_©, A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©,
ciivóª, cªwZi¶v I evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi D”Pc‡` wb‡qvM †`Iqv nqwb|
9. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K wb‡qvM : cvwK¯Ívwb kvmbvg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi evOvwj‡`i cª‡Z¨KwU wefv‡MB ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi
n‡Z n‡qwQj| †hgb †emvgwiK D”Pc` QvovI †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡KI evOvwj cªwZwbwaZ¡ GKw`‡K †hgb Kg wQj,
Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb Zv‡`i wm×všÍ Mªn‡Yi ¶gZvI wQj mvgvb¨| 1966 mv‡ji GK wnmve †_‡K G ˆel‡g¨i wPÎ
AviI cwi®‹vi n‡q I‡V| 13wU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi g‡a¨ gvÎ GKwUi †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb evOvwj| Ab¨w`‡K, 1963
mv‡ji GK cwimsL¨v‡b †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K gvÎ 3.4% evOvwj wbhyw³i Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
10. we‡`wk wgkb : we‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívwb wgkb¸‡jv‡ZI c~e© cvwK¯Ívwbiv e¨vcK ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nq| we‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívwb
wgkb¸‡jv‡Z 85% Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvix cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb Ges 15% wQ‡jb c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb| we‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívwb 69
Rb ivóª`~‡Zi g‡a¨ 60 Rb `~Z wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb| 104 Rb cª_g †kªwYi Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ 30 Rb wQ‡jb
evOvwj wØZxq †kªwYi bb-‡M‡R‡UW 204 R‡bi g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb 55 Rb| cªkvmwbK †¶‡Î evOvwj‡`i
RbmsL¨v Abycv‡Z KgmsL¨K wb‡qvM QvovI cªkvmwbK †nW‡KvqvU©vm© cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b Aew¯’Z nIqvq wb‡qvM,
e`wj I †eZ‡bi †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i bvbvfv‡e nqivwb Kiv n‡Zv|
Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, 1947 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡KB cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z
c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i cªwZ ˆel‡g¨i Kv‡jv Qvqv j¶ Kiv hvq| c~e©evsjvi RbMY †h cwigvY ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nb Zv wQj
AeY©bxq| cªkvmwbK ˆelg¨ evOvwj‡`i‡K Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ AbymiY Ki‡Z cª‡ivwPZ K‡i| Zviv Zv‡`i AwaKvimg~n
Av`vq Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| ïay ZvB bq ˆel‡g¨i gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡`i ivR‰bwZK I cªkvmwbK AwaKvi
n‡Z ewÂZ K‡i|
6. c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK I cªkvmwbK ˆelg¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki|
A_ev, cvwK¯Ívwb kvmbvg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ ivR‰bwZK I cªkvmwbK ˆelg¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ívb ivóª cªwZôvi ci †_‡KB c~e©evsjvi Ici cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx bvbv iKg AZ¨vPvi,
AwePvi I ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZ MªnY K‡i| evOvwj †h ¯^cœ †`‡L cvwK¯Ívb cªwZôvq Ae`vb †i‡LwQj †m ¯^cœ cy‡ivUvB †h
wg_¨v wQj, AwZ `ªæZB Zvi cªgvY cvIqv hvq| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, cªkvmwbK me‡¶‡ÎB †hb cwðg
cvwK¯Ívwb Dcwb‡ek cªwZôv nq| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvm‡Kiv evOvwj‡`i mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK GgbwK cªkvmwbK b¨vh¨
AwaKvi †K‡o wb‡qwQj|
c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK I cªkvmwbK ˆelg¨ : wb‡gœ c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK I cªkvmwbK ˆelg¨
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : wb‡gœ c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ ‡ei `vwe D‡c¶v : 1940 mv‡j DÌvwcZ g~j jv‡nvi cª¯Ív‡e gymjgvb Aa¨ywlZ GjvKv wb‡q GKvwaK
¯^vaxb ivóª (States) cªwZôvi K_v ejv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ ZrKvjxb gymwjg jxM mfvcwZ gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn
K~U‡KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª (State) MV‡bi wm×všÍ MªnY K‡i| hv‡Z evOvwj‡`i ¯^vaxb ivóª
MV‡bi ¯^cœ a~wjmvr n‡q hvq|
2. cvwK¯Ívb ivóª cªwZôvi Ac‡KŠkj : cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi msL¨vMwiô - Awaevmx c~e©evsjvi nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e gh©v`v bv w`‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi gyLv‡c¶x Kiv nq GgbwK iv‡óªi mg¯Í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vcbv¸‡jv
I ivRavbx Kiv nq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| Zviv †KŠkj wVK K‡iwQj †K›`ªxqfv‡e mg¯Í ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vewjB cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b Kiv n‡e|
3. c~e©evsjvi RbcªwZwbwai cªwZ Ae‡njv : 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM‡K †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡i
hy³dª›U 309wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 223wU Avmb cvq ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM cvq gvÎ 9wU Avmb| K…lK kªwgK cvwU©i
cªavb G. †K. dRjyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i| wKš‘ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKPµ G gwš¿mfv‡K mdj
n‡Z †`qwb| 2 gv‡mi g‡a¨B gwš¿mfv‡K evwZj K‡i c~e©evsjvq †K›`ªxq kvmb cªwZôv K‡i|
4. evOvwj †bZ…e…‡›`i cªwZ K‡Vvi `gb bxwZ : †cªwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb MYZš¿ I c~e© cvwK¯Ívb we‡ivax wQ‡jb| wZwb
†h `k eQi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb Gi g‡a¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwaKvsk †bZvB KvivMv‡i AvUK wQ‡jb|
1960 Gi `k‡Ki †klv‡a© c~e©evsjvq M‡o IVv MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb‡K K‡Vvin‡¯Í `gb Kivi Rb¨ †bZ…e…›`‡K
Ab¨vqfv‡e †R‡j iv‡Lb| †kL gywRemn 35 R‡bi weiæ‡× AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi K‡ib| 1970 mv‡ji
wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM cªv‡`wkK I †K›`ªxqfv‡e msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡jI Zv‡`i‡K miKvi MVb Ki‡Z †`Iqv
nqwb| Zviv Gfv‡e evOvwj †bZ…e…‡›`i cªwZ K‡Vvi bxwZ cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K `gb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i|
5. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` : evOvwj‡`i lv‡Ui `k‡K cªej Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvi‡Y 1964 mv‡j `yB Rb evOvwj‡K cª_gev‡ii
g‡Zv RvZxq cwil` mwPevjq I cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi fvicªvß mwPe Kiv nq| Avevi 1966 mv‡ji 6 `dvwfwËK
Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡j AviI PviRb evOvwj‡K mwPe wbhy³ Kiv nq| Z‡e evOvwj‡`i ¯^ivóª, A_©, A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©,
ciivóª, cªwZi¶v I evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi D”Pc‡` wb‡qvM †`Iqv nqwb|
cªkvmwbK ˆelg¨ : ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Îi b¨vq evOvwj cªkvmwbK †¶‡ÎI c~e© cvwK¯Ívb mxgvnxb ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nb| wb‡gœ
cªkvmwbK ˆel‡g¨i welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. wmwfj mvwf©m I mvgwiK evwnbx : cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv wmwfj mvwf©m I mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z evOvwji cªwZwbwa‡Z¡i
†¶‡Î Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© M‡o †Zv‡jb ¶gZv e¨envi I †fvMKvix GwjU †kªwY| hvi wmsnfvMB wQ‡jb
cvÄvwe| gš¿x‡`i ciB ¶gZvai wQ‡jb G GwjU †kªwY| wKš‘ Gme ¶gZvai I GwjU †kªwY‡Z evOvwj‡`i Ae¯’vb
GK iKg wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j|
2. wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î : ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi gwš¿cwil`, ciivóª, K…wl, ms¯’vcb, ¯^ivóª, A_©, wkí, cªwZi¶v,
†hvMv‡hvM, Z_¨ I cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvjq I wefv‡Mi †gvU 69 Rb kxl©¯’vbxq Kg©KZ©vi
g‡a¨ 45 RbB wQ‡jb cvÄvwe| evOvwj wQ‡jb gvÎ 3 Rb| †emvgwiK D”Pc`¯’ wmGmwc Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨
1948- 63 ch©šÍ 346 R‡bi g‡a¨ gvÎ 126 Rb wQ‡jb evOvwj| A_P cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb wQj 218 Rb|
me‡¶‡ÎB Zviv wQj msL¨vMwiô|
3. `ßi eÈb : 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m…wó n‡jI 1964 mv‡j `yBRb evOvwj‡K cª_g ev‡ii g‡Zv RvZxq cwil`
mwPevjq I cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi fvicªvß mwPe Kiv nq| 66 mv‡j AviI Pvi Rb‡K mwPe Kiv nq| Z‡e
 evOvwj‡`i ¯^ivóª, A_©, A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©, ciivóª, cªwZi¶v I evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi 9 g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi
D”Pc‡` wb‡qvM †`Iqv nqwb|
4. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK I †emvgwiK D”Pc` : cvwK¯Ív‡bi †emvgwiK D”Pc‡`i cvkvcvwk †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡KI evOvwj
cªwZwbwa‡Z¡i cwigvY †hgb Kg wQj †Zgwb Zv‡`i wm×všÍ Mªn‡Yi ¶gZvI Kg wQj| 1966 mv‡ji GK wnmve
†_‡K AeMZ nIqv hvq 13wU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi g‡a¨ gvÎ GKwU‡Z evOvwj †Pqvig¨vb wQj ev`evwK 12wU cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY| Avi †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K gvÎ 34% evOvwj wb‡qvM Kiv nq|
5. we‡`wk wgk‡bi †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ : cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv we‡`wk wgk‡bi †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ Ki‡ZI Qv‡owb| we‡`‡k
cvwK¯Ívwb wgkb¸‡jv‡ZI ˆelg¨ wQj| we‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívwb wgkb¸‡jv‡Z 85% Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb
Ges 15% wQ‡jb c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb|
Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, ïiæ †_‡KB cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK †Mvôx c~e©evsjvi RbMY‡K Zv‡`i
cªvc¨ AwaKvi n‡Z ewÂZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv evOvwj‡`i‡K cªkvm‡bi cªwZwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` n‡Z `~‡i ivL‡Z †P‡qwQj
hv‡Z K‡i evOvwj †Kv‡bvw`bI Zv‡`i b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †c‡Z bv cv‡i| cªkvmwbK w`K w`‡qI evOvwj‡`i‡K †kvl‡Yi P~ovšÍ
bxjbKkv cªYqb Kiv nq| wKš‘ evOvwjiv AwaKvi m‡PZb n‡j Zv‡`i G Avkv `yivkvq ch©ewmZ nq|
7. wk¶v I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ ˆelg¨mg~n †jL|
A_ev, wk¶v I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆel‡g¨i w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
DËi f~wgKv : 1947 mv‡j weªwUk kvm‡bi cwimgvwßi ci eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i Ici wfwË K‡i Kw_Z
¯^vaxbZvi bv‡g cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq| e¯ÍyZ GB A‡ji gvbyl A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK gyw³i Avkvq
cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡b hy³ n‡qwQj| †h gyw³i Avkvq evOvwjiv msMªv‡g AskMªnY K‡iwQj wKš‘ cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci wVK
Zvi D‡ëvUv †`L‡Z †cj| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx c~e©evsjvi gvby‡li mv‡_ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i| Zviv
evOvwj‡`i‡K me©w`K w`‡q ˆel‡g¨i gy‡LvgywL K‡i| we‡kl K‡i wk¶v I mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ cªKU AvKvi aviY K‡i|
wk¶v I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ ˆelg¨ : wb‡gœ wk¶v I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ ˆelg¨mg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. wk¶v‡¶‡Î : wk¶v‡¶‡ÎI evOvwjiv ˆel‡g¨i ¯^xKvi n‡Zv| wk¶v RvwZi †gav, eyw× I gvbwmKZv weKv‡ki
GKgvÎ cš’v| †mLv‡b my‡hvM myweav wbwðZ Kiv miKv‡ii cªavb `vwqZ¡| wKš‘ ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY‡K G my‡hvM w`‡Z ïay e¨_©B nbwb Awkw¶Z g~L© K‡i ivLvi loh‡š¿ wjß nq| avivevwnKfv‡e
wewfbœ ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡ib| Zv‡`i j¶¨ wQj evOvwj‡`i Awkw¶Z K‡i †i‡L Zv‡`i ¶gZvi
gmb`‡K cvKv‡cv³ K‡i ivLv Zv‡`i fq wQj evOvwjiv wkw¶Z n‡j PvKwimn cªkvm‡bi me©‡¶‡Î Ges †`k
kvm‡b Askx`vwiZ¡ `vwe Ki‡e| GRb¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
c`‡¶c M…nxZ nqwb| Dciš‘ G A‡ji wk¶vi cªmviZvi MwZ‡K w¯ÍwgZ K‡i ivLvi j‡¶¨ bvbv QjPvZywii
Avkªq †bq|
2. ˆel‡g¨i aib : cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci †_‡KB cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wk¶vi cªmvi NUv‡bvi Rb¨
me ai‡bi e¨e¯’v MªnY K‡iwQj| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Zvi nxb D‡Ïk¨ PwiZv_© Kivi j‡¶¨ G ˆelg¨ ˆZwi K‡i|
1955-56 †_‡K 1966-'67 mvj ch©šÍ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wk¶vLv‡Z 2,084.4 wgwjqb iæwc eivÏ n‡jI c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡b n‡qwQj gvÎ 797.6 wgwjqb iƒwc A_©vr GK-Z…Zxqvsk gvÎ| wk¶vLv‡Z eiv‡Ïi †¶‡Î Giƒc
ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZ AbymiY Kivi d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wk¶v cªmv‡i MwZ wQj AZ¨šÍ kø_| d‡j GLv‡b wk¶vcªwZôvb
I wkw¶Z †jv‡Ki msL¨v e…w× †c‡qwQj cª‡qvR‡bi Zyjbvq A‡bK Kg|
3. ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv : cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi †¶‡ÎI c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K Drmvn †`Iqvi Rb¨
cªK…Zc‡¶ wKQyB K‡ibwb| G‡¶‡Î miKvwi eivÏK…Z A‡_©i cwigvY †`L‡jB welqwU Avgiv ¯úó eyS‡Z cvie|
1954-'64 mvj ch©šÍ ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi †¶‡Î c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ eivÏK…Z A‡_©i e¨q wQj h_vµ‡g
20% I 80%| cvwK¯Ív‡bi 16wU M‡elYv †K‡›`ªi 13wUB wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b Avevi 1963-65 mvj ch©šÍ
wk¶v `ßi KZ©…K wbqwš¿Z me©‡gvU 35wU e…wËi g‡a¨ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb Qv·`i 30wU e…wË †`Iqv n‡qwQj Ges
evwK gvÎ 5wU †c‡qwQj evOvwj QvÎiv|
4. D”Pwk¶vi AMªMwZ iæ× : D”Pwk¶vi †¶‡ÎI ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZ MªnY Kiv n‡qwQj| 1947-48 mv‡j c~e© I cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b wek¦we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v wQj c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b GKwU Ges cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b 2wU| 1961-'62 mv‡j `yB
A‡ji wek¦we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v `vuovq h_vµ‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b 4wU Ges cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b 6wU| A_P wk¶v_©xi
 †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq 1947-48 mv‡j c~e©evsjvq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ msL¨v wQj 1,620 Rb Ges cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b
gvÎ 546 Rb| c~e©evsjvi QvÎ msL¨v e…w× †c‡jI cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b QvÎ msL¨v e…w×i nvi wQj Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e
A‡bK Kg|
5. mvgvwRK cªwZôvb : c~e© cvwK¯Ívwbiv mvgvwRK cªwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡`i Pµv‡šÍ e¨vcK
ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Zv| iv¯ÍvNvU, ¯‹yj-K‡jR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, nvmcvZvj, WvKNi, †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMªvd, we`¨yr
cªf…wZ mvgvwRK cªwZôvb I DcKi‡Y evOvwj‡`i mv‡_ weivU ˆel‡g¨i m~Pbv Kiv nq|
6. mvgvwRK †mev : cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i †mevi j‡¶¨ mgvRKj¨vYg~jK wewfbœ cªwZôvb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b M‡o
D‡VwQj| hyemgv‡Ri DbœwZi Rb¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v M…nxZ nqwb| d‡j mvwe©Kfv‡e c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
Zyjbvq cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i RxebhvÎvi gvb A‡bK DbœZ wQj| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbmsL¨v wQj 5 †KvwU 50
j¶ Avi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b RbmsL¨v wQj 7 †KvwU 50 j¶| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Rb¨ Wv³vi msL¨v wQj 12,400
Rb Avi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ Wv³vi wQj 7,600 Rb| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi †ivMxi Rb¨ †eW wQj 26
nvRvi Avi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †ivMxi Rb¨ †eW msL¨v wQj 6 nvRvi| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ cwjø ¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª wQj
325wU Avi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ cwjø ¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª wQj 88wU| ZrKvjxb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b kni mgvR Dbœqb †K›`ª
wQj 81wU Avi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ kni mgvR Dbœqb †K›`ª wQj 52wU| Avi GLvb †_‡K eySv hvq †h, c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbmsL¨v †mmgq msL¨vMwiô _vKvi ciI mvgvwRK myweav¸‡jv Zv‡`i †_‡K A‡bK Kg Kiv nq, hv
cªKvk¨ mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i `…óvšÍ|
7. K…wl‡¶‡Î : ZrKvjxb mgq †_‡KB evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wlwbf©i †`k| G‡`‡ki K…lK‡`i FY †`Iqv nq mgevq
mwgwZi gva¨‡g Ges K…wl e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g| 1947-'48 mv‡j mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k wek j¶ UvKv
FY †`Iqv n‡qwQj| 1960 mvj ch©šÍ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b K…wl‡Z FY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q 21 †KvwU 50 j¶ UvKv wKš‘
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K †`Iqv nq gvÎ 1 †KvwU 32 j¶ UvKvi wKQy †ewk gvÎ| Ggwbfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki cªavb Av‡qi
Drm K…wl‡Z e¨vcK ˆelg¨ m…wó Kiv nq|
Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgvwRK, wk¶vmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZ MªnY K‡i| Zviv ¶gZvi †jvf mvgjv‡Z bv †c‡i mvivRxeb evOvwj‡`i `~‡i
mwi‡q ivLvi Ac‡KŠkj MªnY K‡i| Zviv g‡b Ki‡Zv evOvwj‡`i ¶yav, `wi`ª, g~L© I Awkw¶Z K‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡j c~e©
cvwK¯Ívwbiv KL‡bvB cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¶gZvq Avm‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avi Zv‡`i AvRxeb ¶gZv †fvM Kiv mnR n‡e|
8. c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i weeiY `vI|
A_ev, cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ívb ivóª MVb nIqvq evOvwjiv Avkv K‡iwQj Zviv GKwU ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ivóª †cj Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e
evuP‡Z cvi‡e Ges A_©‰bwZK gyw³ mvwaZ n‡e| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡`i Avkvi cªwZ`v‡b nZvkvi †evSv
Pvcv‡Z _v‡K| Zviv evOvwj‡`i cªwZ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e †kvlY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zv‡`i ˆelg¨g~jK
bxwZi Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ívb A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z cv‡iwb| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i D³ †kvlY ˆel‡g¨i nvZ n‡Z
i¶vi Rb¨ evOvwjiv HK¨e× Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j|
c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : wb‡gœ c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv :
1. A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m…wói ci †_‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ívb fqven A_©‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nq|
d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ívb A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z e¨_© nq| cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z gy`ªv e¨e¯’v I A_©‰bwZK
wbqš¿‡Yi †Kv‡bv ¶gZv wQj bv| †K›`ª mivmwi Gme wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv e‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mgy`q Avq cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j †hZ †÷U e¨vsKmn cªvq me e¨vsK, wegv, evwYR¨, miKvwi †emiKvwi cªavb Ges we‡`wk
wgkbmg~‡ni †nW Awdm wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b G cªwµqvq †h A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© M‡o I‡V Zv †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi
Dcvq n‡jv A_©‰bwZK ¯^vqËkvmb| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb gy`ªvivR¯^ bxwZ‡Z cª‡`‡ki wbqš¿Y, ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^vaxb evwYR¨,
A_©‰bwZK mvnvh¨ `vwe K‡i|
2. cª_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv : cvwK¯Ív‡b 1955-56 mvj †_‡K 1959-60 mvj ch©šÍ cª_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
MªnY Kiv nq| Gi cwiKíbv Abyhvqx c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dbœqb Lv‡Z miKvwifv‡e †gvU 300 †KvwU 20 j¶ iƒwc
eivÏ Kiv n‡qwQj wKš‘ cªK…Zc‡¶ e¨q wQj 113 †KvwU 3 j¶ 80 nvRvi iƒwc| Acic‡¶, cvwK¯Ív‡bi Z_v
 cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dbœqb Lv‡Z e¨q wQj 500 †KvwU iƒwc| Avevi Gmg‡q e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv Lv‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b
73 †KvwU Ges cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b 293 †KvwU iƒwc wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv A_©‡bwZK ˆel‡g¨i my¯úó `…óvšÍ|
3. wØZxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi mgqKvj wQj 1960-61 mvj †_‡K
1964-65 mvj| cª_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq mgv‡jvPbvi So IV‡j Ges mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× D‡ËRbv I
Amš‘wó †`Lv w`‡j AvBqye Lvb cwiKíbvq `yB A‡ji ˆelg¨ Kwg‡q Avbvi cªwZkÖæwZ †`b| GiB avivevwnKZvq
wØZxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ev‡R‡Ui e¨q wQj 950 †KvwU Avi cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi e¨q wQj
1,350 †KvwU iƒwc| wZwb `yB cª‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ nªvm Ki‡Z PvB‡jI cwi‡k‡l †`Lv †Mj †gvU eivÏ c‡owQj
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ 45% wKš‘ Dbœqb e¨q n‡jv 31%| Avevi eivÏ QvovI cvwK¯Ív‡bi wmÜy b`x‡Z Dbœqb
cªK‡í AwZwi³ e¨q Kiv n‡qwQj 211 †KvwU iƒwc|
4. ivR¯^ †¶‡Î : cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR¯^ Lv‡Z Avqe¨‡qi †¶‡Î ˆelg¨bxwZi wfbœ GKwU wPÎ j¶ Kiv hvq| 1965-66
mvj †_‡K 1968-69 mv‡j evwYR¨ ïé, AveMvwi ïé, weµq Ki Ges AvqKi †_‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Rgv †`q
728 †KvwU UvKv| Li‡Pi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq miKvi c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K †`q 485 †KvwU UvKv| ev`evwK UvKv wb‡Ri
Kv‡Q Rgv iv‡L A_P cwðg cvwK¯Ívb 1,781.7 †KvwU UvKv Avq K‡i Li‡Pi Rb¨ cvq 1659.5 †KvwU UvKv|
c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ívb Dbœqb LvZ †_‡K cvq h_vµ‡g 851.3 †KvwU I 1,107.6 †KvwU UvKv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
M‡elK 1950-70 mvj ch©šÍ wek eQ‡ii wn‡me ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Gmgq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi 33
kZvsk ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡i e¨‡qi Rb¨ †c‡q‡Q gvÎ 21 kZvsk ivR¯^| †hLv‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi NvUwZi gvÎ
64% ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ w`‡q c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ GLv‡Z eivÏ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q 92%
A_©|
5. ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I FY eÈb : cvwK¯Ívb 1947-'70 ch©šÍ 7,640 wgwjqb Wjvi g~‡j¨i ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi cªwZkªywZ
†c‡jI ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZi Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †c‡q‡Q gvÎ 2,024 wgwjqb Wjvi| Aek¨ ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i
G eÈb KvM‡R Kj‡g cªPwjZ _vK‡jI mgKvjxb `wj‡ji wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv evOvwj A_©bxwZwe` c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi e¨envi 21% Gi †ewk bq e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib| A_P RbmsL¨vi wfwˇZ 56%
ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Ask c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªvc¨ wQj|
6. Avg`vwb-ißvwb wbqš¿Y : cvwK¯Ív‡bi ewne©vwYR¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wQj miKvwi wbqš¿‡Y| Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b †K›`ªxq `ßi n‡Z cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡Zv| d‡j e¨emv evwY‡R¨i AbyK~j cwi‡ek memgq cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b weivR Ki‡Zv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi ewne©vwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î 1960 mvj ch©šÍ †gvU ißvwb Av‡qi 60 kZvsk wQj
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avi evwK 40 kZvsk cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi| wek¦ evRv‡i hLb cªwµqvRvZKiY `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v wQj
Zy‡½ ZLb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K AMªvn¨ K‡i me KjKviLvbv M‡o †Zv‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
Avg`vwb I ißvwb cwðg cvwK¯Ívb n‡Z wbqš¿Y nIqvq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb mxgvnxb ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi nq| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb
†_‡K †ewk Avq Ki‡jI c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ Avg`vwb Kiv n‡q‡Q 20,067 wgwjqb UvKv| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi
Rb¨ 44,324 wgwjqb UvKv g~‡j¨i cY¨ Avg`vwb K‡i‡Q|
7. evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î : cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB A‡j evwYR¨ †¶‡ÎI ˆelg¨ wQj| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB A‡ji g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K
AvMª‡ni wKQy KviY n‡jv wek¦ evRv‡ii †P‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b ißvwb Kiv c‡Y¨i g~j¨ wKwÂr †ewk n‡jI cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cY¨¸‡jv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Avg`vwb n‡Zv Zvi g~j¨ wQj cªvq wظY| Ggwbfv‡e `yB A‡ji evwY‡R¨i
bv‡g cwðg cvwK¯Ívb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K wecyj gybvdv AR©b I A_© cvPvi K‡i|
8. Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ ˆelg¨ : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Z…Zxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
Ggbfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq †h cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^v‡_© c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K †kvlY wQj Zvi g~jbxwZ| ZvB †`Lv
hvq AvÂwjK eivÏ hvB _vKyK bv †Kb evwl©K cwiKíbvq c~e©v‡ji Rb¨ bvbv ARynv‡Z eivÏ mxwgZ ivLv n‡Zv|
G eivÏ ev¯Íevq‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zv cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv| GQvov wewfbœ Dcv‡q Dbœqb e¨vnZ
Kiv n‡Zv| Gi d‡j †`Lv †hZ wbw`©ó mg‡qi ci AwaKvsk cªK‡íi A_© Ae¨eüZ †_‡K †hZ| Avevi Gme
A_© cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dbœqb Lv‡Z e¨q Kiv n‡Zv|
9. m¤ú` cvPvi : cvwK¯Ív‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB cwðgvsk c~e©vsk n‡Z A‡bK g~j¨evb `ªe¨ cvPvi K‡i wb‡q †hZ| cªwZ
eQi cªvq 3 nvRvi wgwjqb iƒwc c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b cvPvi nq| Avi GK wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq
1948-Õ49 †_‡K 1968-69 ch©šÍ wek eQ‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K cvPvi Kiv nq hv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dbœq‡bi
19 kZvsk| ZvB ¯úó cªZxqgvb nq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Pig ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡qwQj|
 Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi D‡Ïk¨ wQj hw` c~e©evsjvi
RbMY‡K A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wbqš¿Y ev `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P ivLv m¤¢e nq Zvn‡j Zviv cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMªnY
Kivi g‡Zv mvnm cv‡e bv| wKš‘ Zv‡`i †kvlY ˆelg¨¸‡jv GZB e¨vcK wQj †h, c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Gi
weiæ‡× cªwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv weKí wQj bv| Gi cwi‡cªw¶‡ZB Zviv cieZ©x‡Z wb‡R‡`i A_©‰bwZK
AwaKvi cªwZôv Ki‡ZB Av‡›`vjb K‡i Ges AwaKvi cªwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
9. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK ˆelg¨ I cªwZwµqv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
A_ev, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ mvs¯‹…wZK ˆelg¨ I Gi weiæ‡× evOvwj‡`i cªwZwµqv eY©bv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : †`kwefv‡Mi ci cvwK¯Ívb m…wói Rb¥jMœ †_‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi fvM¨vKv‡k †`Lv †`q ˆel‡g¨i Aïf GK
Qvqv| evOvwjiv g‡b K‡iwQj Zviv kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e Zv‡`i AwaKvi¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| wKš‘ evOvwji ¯^cœ, ZLb †f‡O hvq hLb †`Lj †h Zv‡`i ¯^cœ wQj Nywg‡q Nywg‡q ¯^cœ †`Lvi b¨vq KvíwbK|
cªK…Zc‡¶, ev¯Íe wPÎ n‡jv cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv c~e©evsjvi cªwZ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZKmn me w`K †_‡K
ˆel‡g¨i Rvj we¯Ívi K‡i|
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK ˆelg¨ : cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx †h cªwµqvi gva¨‡g mvs¯‹…wZK ˆelg¨
Pvjvq wb‡gœ Zv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :
1. evsjvi cwie‡Z© D`©y fvlvi cªPjb : cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx cª_g †hfv‡e mvs¯‹…wZK ˆelg¨ ïiæ K‡ib Zvi cª_gwU
n‡jv fvlvi cwieZ©b ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Bmjvwg iv‡óªi cweÎZv i¶v‡_© D`©y‡KB ivóªfvlv iƒ‡c cªwZôvi
c`‡¶c MªnY K‡i| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB A‡ji fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ wQj m¤ú~Y© c…_K| c~e©evsjvi Awaevmxiv
wQj cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi †gvU RbmsL¨vi cªvq kZKiv 56 kZvsk Ges G‡`i fvlv wQj evsjv| mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ wQj
nvRvi eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv, Aciw`‡K, cvwK¯Ív‡bi evwK 45 kZvsk †jv‡Ki fvlv-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ wQj wewfbœ
ai‡bi Ges G‡`i gvÎ 7.2 kZvsk †jv‡Ki fvlv wQj D`©y| †`k wefv‡Mi ci ciB cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªxq e¨envi
Kv‡h© †hgb— Lvg, WvKwU‡KU, †ijMvwoi wU‡KU, wewfbœ ai‡bi dig cªf…wZ‡Z Bs‡iwR I D`©y fvlvq †jLv ïiæ
nq| 1947 mv‡j KivwP‡Z AbywôZ cvwK¯Ívb wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b cª_g ev‡ii g‡Zv D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi mycvwik
M…nxZ nq| gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn 21 gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b, 24 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KvR©b n‡j ب_©nxb
fvlvq †NvlYv K‡i, ÒD`©y Ges GKgvÎ D`©yB n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv|Ó
2. fvlvMZ ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g wbh©vZb : ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi Ac‡Póv Kivi cvkvcvwk
evsjv eY©gvjv‡K ms¯‹vi Ges we‡`wk fvlvq evsjv fvlvi iƒcvšÍ‡ii e¨_© †Póv Pvjvq| G‡¶‡Î 1947 mv‡j
Aviwe ni‡d evsjv †jLvi c`‡¶c †bIqv nq| eq¯‹ Qv·`i webvg~‡j¨ Aviwe †jLv evsjv eB cov‡bv nq|
1949 mv‡j fvlv KwgwU MV‡bi ci Zviv †`o eQi c‡i C, D, S, 9, H, O, T, g, l, p, ¶, r, t eY© ev` w`‡q
A¨v eY©hy³ Kivi civgk© †`q| 1968 mv‡j cybivq †ivgvb ni‡d evsjv †jLvi D‡`¨vM MªnY Kiv nq evsjv
fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi weiæ‡× Zv‡`i M…nxZ c`‡¶c¸‡jv †Kej evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi wfwË g~‡j AvNvZB bq
a…óZvI e‡U|
3. wk¶v ms‡KvPb bxwZ : 1958 mv‡j AvBqye Lvb ¶gZvq G‡m wW‡m¤^i gv‡m cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi wk¶v mwPe Gm.
Gg. kix‡di †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU wk¶v Kwgkb MVb K‡ib| Kwgkb 1960 mv‡j wi‡cvU© †ck K‡i| ivRbxwZ‡Z
Qv·`i mwµq AskMªn‡Yi Z_¨ cª`vb K‡ib| wk¶v ms‡KvPb bxwZ‡Z ejv nq cªwZwU ¯‹y‡ji 60 kZvsk A_©
msM…nxZ n‡e QvÎ †eZb †_‡K 20 kZvsk A_© e¨e¯’vcbv KZ©…c¶ wbe©vn Ki‡e| D”Pwk¶vi †¶‡ÎI miKvi
GKB bxwZ AbymiY K‡ib|
4. cªKvkbvi Ici wb‡lavÁv Rvwi : c~e©evsjvi †hme cªKvkbv miKv‡ii weiæ×vPiY K‡i miKvi †mme cªKvkbv
eÜ †NvlYv K‡i| 1966 mv‡j B‡ËdvKmn cªMwZkxj cwÎKvi cªKvkbv wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i| 1969 mv‡j Bqvwnqv
Lv‡bi Pµv‡šÍ evsjv fvlvi KZK¸‡jv cy¯ÍK ev‡Rqvß Kiv nq Ges GKwU cªKvkbv eÜ †NvlYv Kiv nq|
5. iex›`ª we‡Ølx g‡bvfve : evsjv fvlv‡K kªywZgayi Kivi †¶‡Î †h KRb gbxlx Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg n‡jb iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi| Zvi iPbvewj, Mvb, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, Pjw”PÎ evsjv weKv‡ki †¶‡Î h‡_ó f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i‡Q| cvwK¯Ívwb mv¤cÖ`vwqK miKvi iex›`ª iPbvewji cªwZ ¶yä g‡bvfve cªKvk K‡i 1965 mv‡j cvK-
fviZ hy‡×i mgq iex›`ªmsMxZ, †eZvi I †Uwjwfk‡b wbwl× †NvlYv K‡ib e¯ÍyZ iex›`ª iPbvq AvNvZ w`‡q
miKvi evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ‡K AvNvZ †`b|
 6. evsjv Drme wbwl×KiY : c‡njv ˆekvL n‡”Q evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi Ab¨Zg cªavb w`b| mgªvU AvKei me©cª_g c‡njv
ˆekvL Drme Pvjy K‡ib Ges ZLb †_‡K c~e©evsjvq G Drme cªPwjZ i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvBqye Lvb 1966 mv‡j
c‡njv ˆekvL cvjb‡K wn›`y ms¯‹…wZi cªfve e‡j AvL¨v †`b| g~jZ AvBqye Lv‡bi Giƒc †NvlYv wQj evOvwj
RvwZi kZ eQ‡ii ms¯‹…wZi g~‡j KyVvivNvZ Kivi g‡Zv NUbv|
mvs¯‹…wZK ˆel‡g¨i weiæ‡× evOvwji cªwZwµqv : wb‡gœ mvs¯‹…wZK ˆel‡g¨i weiæ‡× evOvwj RvwZi cªwZwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv :
1. mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb¸‡jvi cªwZwµqv : c~e© evsjvi wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK †Mvôxi
mvs¯‹…wZK ˆel‡g¨i weiæ‡× Zxeª cªwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i| 1947 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^i ZgÏyb gRwjm MwVZ nq|
bvU¨vbyôv‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU Amv¤cÖ`vwqK I gvbeZvev`x avivi m…wó‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †K›`ªxq Ôms¯‹…wZ msm`'
Gi f~wgKv Acwimxg Avi wKQy AvÂwjK msMVb I D‡`¨v‡Mi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| PÆMªv‡gi Ôms¯‹…wZ msm`'
Ges ÔcªvwšÍK' bv‡g `ywU msMVb evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i weiæ‡× hviv lohš¿ K‡i Zv‡`i weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
2. ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi cªwZwµqv : c~e©evsjvi wk¶v I mvs¯‹…wZK A½‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmKgnj KZ©…K n¯Í‡¶‡ci
weiæ‡× wKQy QvÎ msMVb †hgb— QvÎjxM, QvÎ BDwbqbmn Avi wKQy QvÎ msMV‡bi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³dª›U Zvi 21 `dv Kg©m~wP‡Z evsjv fvlv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlvi `vwe K‡i| 1962
mv‡j AvBqye Lv‡bi cªYxZ wk¶vbxwZi weiæ‡× QvÎ msMVb¸‡jv Zxeª Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j 1968 mv‡j QvÎ
msMVb¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q MVb K‡i QvÎ msMªvg cwil`| cwil` Zv‡`i 11 `dv `vwe wb‡q c~e©evsjvi wk¶v‡¶‡Î
ˆelg¨ Ges mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× e¨vcK MYAv‡›`vjb MW‡় †Zv‡j|
3. eyw×Rxex gn‡ji cªwZwµqv : cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb KZ©…K c~e©evsjvi wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi Ici n¯Í‡¶‡ci weiæ‡× G
A‡ji eyw×Rxex gnjI Zxeª cªwZwµqv Rvbvb| 1948 mv‡j D`©y‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv †NvlYv Ki‡j
1967 mv‡j iex›`ªmsMxZ I evsjv beel© D`hvcb wbwl× †NvwlZ n‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶Kmn cªMwZkxj
eyw×Rxex gnj Zxeª cªwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i| wewfbœ A‡ji eyw×RxexivI †mv”Pvi nb|
Dcmsnvi: Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK †kªwY evOvwj RvwZi fvlv, mvwnZ¨
I ms¯‹…wZ‡K aŸsm Kivi gva¨‡g evOvwj‡K g~L© †i‡L G A‡j Zv‡`i Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K cvKv‡cv³ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj|
wKš‘ hLbB ¶gZvmxb `j Giƒc nxb lohš¿ K‡i‡Q ZLb evOvwj RvwZ Zv‡`i weiæ‡× cªwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zy‡j‡Q|
Avi Gi d‡j evOvwjiv evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi ¯^vaxb Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Avi Gi gva¨‡g bZyb cªRb¥
wk¶vjvf K‡i‡Q evOvwjiv Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b Rqx n‡Z cv‡i|
10. c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Ki|
A_ev, c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ ˆelg¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki|
DËi : f~wgKv : cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi wQj `ywU Ask Z_v c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ívb| cvwK¯Ív‡bi G `ywU Ask DËivwaKvi m~‡Î
`yB ai‡bi ¯^Zš¿ mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv jvf K‡i| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv ¶gZvkxj nq| Avi ZviB
avivevwnKZvq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †kvwlZ †kªwY‡Z cwiYZ nq| g~jZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívb cwiKwíZfv‡e †kvlY I ˆel‡g¨i
gva¨‡g c~e©evsjv‡K Zv‡`i kvmbvaxb GKwU A‡j cwiYZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i cªwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i
ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZmg~n : mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi †kvlYg~jK bxwZmg~n
Zy‡j aiv n‡jv :
K. mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ : mvgvwRK ˆelg¨mg~n wbgœiƒc :
1. mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv : c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Zyjbvq mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡bi w`K †_‡KI
wcwQ‡q wQj| M‡elYv I Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î, K…wl, wPwKrmv, weÁvb I wkí M‡elYvi Rb¨ cªwZwôZ †K‡›`ªi 16wUi
g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
2. ag©xq †¶‡Î : Bmjvwg mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b Pvjy _vK‡jI Bmjvg m¤ú‡K© `yB As‡ki RbM‡Yi
`…wófw½i †¶‡Î †ek cv_©K¨ weivRgvb wQj| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ag©xq Rxeb wQj A‡bKUv D`vi‰bwZK I
gvbeZvev`x| wKš‘ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wQj A‡bKUv i¶Ykxj I †Mvuov gvbwmKZvm¤úbœ|
3. RvZcv‡Zi wfbœZv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cwðg As‡ki RbMY mgRvZxq wQj bv| GLvbKvi DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cª‡`‡k
I †ejywP¯Ív‡b DcRvwZ‡`i cªvav‡b¨i d‡j †Kv‡bv mgq HK¨‡ev‡ai m…wó nqwb| Ab¨w`‡K, b…ZvwË¡K m~‡Î c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY A‡bKvs‡kB wQj mgRvZxq| GLvbKvi msL¨vMwiô RbMY wQj evOvwj| cve©Z¨ PÆMªvg I
 Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b wKQy wKQy DcRvZxq †Mvôx I Avw`evmx emevm Ki‡jI Zv‡`i msL¨v wQj LyeB Kg| d‡j evOvwj
RvZxqZvev` msMV‡b Zviv †Kv‡bv cªwZeÜK wQj bv|
4. cªkvm‡b cªvavb¨ : 1947 mv‡j fviZel© wefv‡Mi ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi cwðg As‡k cyivZb cªkvmb wefvM e¨e¯’v
g~jZ AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K hvq| †mLv‡b GgbwKQy kni wQj †h¸‡jv AZx‡Z cªv‡`wkK †K›`ª wQj| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
miKvwi cªkvmb e¨e¯’vi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M †K›`ªxq miKvi cªv‡`wkK miKvwi cªkvm‡bi `vwqZ¡kxj c‡` cwðg
cvwK¯Ívwb Kg©Pvix‡`i wb‡qvM w`‡qwQj
L. A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : A_©‡bwZK ˆel‡g¨i †¶‡ÎI cvnvomg e¨eavb j¶Yxq| hv wb‡gœ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :
1. A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv : †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi 46% Rbmgwó cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b evm Ki‡jI †mLv‡b RvZxq
m¤ú‡`i 75% eivÏ Kivi d‡j H A‡j GKw`‡K †hgb Avq e…w× cvq, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb Kg©ms¯’vbI †e‡o
hvq|
2. AvÂwjK wewb‡qvM : c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b 1950 Gi `k‡K A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY wQj †gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi
21%-26%| 1960 Gi `k‡K Zv e…w× †c‡q `vuovq 32%-36%| Ab¨w`‡K, ivR¯^ I Dbœqb LvZ wg‡j cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡b wewb‡qvM Kiv nq cª_g `k‡K 74%-79% Ges wØZxq `k‡K 64%-68%|
3. gv_vwcQy Mo Av‡qi †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ : ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Mo Av‡q my¯úó cv_©K¨
we`¨gvb wQj 1964-65 A_© eQ‡i c~e© cwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Mo Avq wQj 281 UvKv| Ab¨w`‡K, cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Mo Avq wQj 412 UvKv| hv e¨vcK ˆel‡g¨i cªZ¨¶ djvdj|
4. wkívq‡bi †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ : 1949-50 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wkí †¶‡Î Drcv`‡bi nvi wQj †gvU Drcv`‡bi 9.4%
Ges 1969-'70 mv‡j Zv DbœxZ nq 20%-G| wKš‘ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wkívwqZ LvZ 1949-50 mv‡j 14.7%
_vK‡jI 1969-'70 mv‡j Zv †e‡o `vuovq Drcv`‡bi GK-Z…Zxqvs‡k| wkí †¶‡Îi ˆelg¨I D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
M. ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ : cvwK¯Ív‡bi hvÎv ïiæi ci †_‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Z_v c~e©evsjv fxlY iK‡gi ivR‰bwZK
ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡qwQj| ivóªfvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡i me©cª_g †h ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ m…wói cªqvm †bIqv nq 1970
mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi djvdj evbPvj I ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Abxnvi ga¨ w`‡q Zv GKwU ivR‰bwZK msNvZgq
cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e NUvq|
N. wk¶v‡¶‡Î ˆelg¨ : cvwK¯Ívb m…wói c~‡e© cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Zyjbvq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cªv_wgK †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK
¯Íi ch©šÍ wk¶v_©xi msL¨v †ewk wQj| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ív‡bi R‡b¥i c‡ii `yB `k‡K (1947-67) c~e© cvwK¯Ívb wk¶vi
†¶‡Î cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Zyjbvq wcwQ‡q c‡o| KviY Gmg‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cªv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v K‡g‡Q,
Avi cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b cªv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v e…w× †c‡q‡Q cªvq Pvi¸Y| ïay †h wk¶vcªwZôvbMZ ˆelg¨ wQj
Zv bq; eis `yB cvwK¯Ív‡bi wk¶vLv‡Z e¨q eiv‡ÏI wecyj ˆelg¨ weivRgvb wQj|
O. mvs¯‹…wZK ˆelg¨ : mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Îi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆelg¨¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :
1. fvlvMZ Øb&Ø : †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dfq As‡ki g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv mvaviY fvlv wQj bv| msL¨vMwiô
evOvwj‡`i fvlv evsjv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b AcwiwPZ wQj| Acic‡¶, c~e© evsjvq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi GwjU fvlv
D`©y‡Z K_v ejvi g‡Zv gvbyl wQj LyeB Kg|
2. mvs¯‹…wZK `~i‡Z¡i e¨vcKZv : ïay †h †fŠ‡MvwjK w`K †_‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ywU Ask wfbœ Ae¯’v‡b wQj Zv bq, `yB
As‡ki RbM‡Yi g‡a¨I we`¨gvb wQj e¨vcK mvs¯‹…wZK `~iZ¡| Zv‡`i fvlv wQj ¯^Zš¿, †cvkvK-cwi”Q` wQj
wfbœ| Zv‡`i Avnvh©I wQj wfbœ| GgbwK Zv‡`i †PnvivI wfbœ wQj|
3. D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi Ac‡Póv : ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi 56.4% †jv‡Ki gy‡Li fvlv wQj evsjv| wKš‘ †`‡ki
msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi fvlv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i 21 gvP© 1948 mv‡ji Rbmfvq Ges 24 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b cª`Ë fvl‡Y cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbK gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn D`©y‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv K‡i evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ aŸs‡mi lohš¿ K‡ib| fvlvi gh©v`v cªwZôvi `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjbiZ QvÎmgv‡Ri Ici
wbwe©Pvi ¸wjel©Y K‡i nZ¨v Kiv hvq|
4. evOvwji ms¯‹…wZ PP©vq cªwZeÜKZv : 1958 mv‡j ˆ¯^ivPvix AvBqye Lvb ¶gZvq G‡m †ivgvb ni‡d evsjv †jLvi
Rb¨ Ôfvlv ms¯‹vi KwgwU' MVb K‡ib Ges Gi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i 1961 mv‡j iex›`ª kZevwl©Kx Abyôvb cvj‡b evav
†`Iqv nq| 1967 mv‡j †eZv‡i iex›`ªmsMxZ cªPvi wbwl× Kiv nq|
Dcmsnvi : Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi mv‡_ mv‡_B kvmbKvix
GwjU‡kªwY c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi b¨vqmsMZ `vwemg~n we‡kl K‡i A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cªZ¨qmg~‡ni
cªwZ †Kv‡bviƒc m¤§vb cª`k©b K‡iwb| me©‡¶‡ÎB Zv‡`i bxwZ wQj †kvlY I `gbg~jK Gi d‡jB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY
GKmgq Zv‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i Ges †kl ch©šÍ 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb
mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥ †`q|