Be Introduction Canmtnignay be defined asthe process of making wooden components. I stals or™ TE dea with the building work important rar ketale for of wood and ends wih finished produ furniture, cabinet waking. Ete joinery, ic. preparation of joints one of Ne peritions inal woodsorks. Ideals withthe specific work of aye types af joints 6 forma finished produc The tees are at, S80 “Timer 4s the name given to the wood obtained from well grown t into various sizes (0 sult building purposes Sie word urna’, ws pplied lo wood, refers othe appearance of pavers of the wna em 8 8 timber must be 80 surfaces, The grain of the wood isa fibrous structure and to make its fut, that the grainseun parallel to he ena, timer sold ithe market tz im various sizes and shapes. The flowing ae he common shapes A on. The tuunk of the tree which is free from branches, Balke The og, sawn to have roughly square cross section. Fiber piece, round or square in eross section, gis diameter or side fom Peru simber piece with more than 275 mm in width, $0 to 150 mm in =A Sg's too meters in length below £75 mm in width a mim in thickness, sof assorted and non-standard sizes, which do not confirm 10. = Classification of Timber od timber. Woods in ‘woods. Wood snitable for construction and other engineering panpos poner are divided into to broad categories: Soft woods and Gof woods ap obuined from oni, Kur deoiay cil, ya wl secnel: Woods obained are known as hard wood, but it hishaen, beach, ash mango, neem and bi from teak, sa is highly durable Anat elosifienion of woods is based on the name of the Wess ks teak, babul shisham, nce, kale. et epee PrePPPPeenss po DMPO PPeOPPHP7. bG COCCUICEC ECC Ce veevece PPAAP PPP weevuvvevsds peered Seayoning of Wood “A newly felled tee contains considerable ig the amv of extracting the moisture content likely to wrap, shrink, erack or decay. Seasoning funder controlled conditions, at a uniform rate, fom Avood should be used for all carpentry works, Seasoning makes Foster, it ensures thatthe wood wil not distor afer it is made into an object all the parts of the timber, Only seasoned the wood resilient and lighter Characteristics of Good Timber “The good timber must possess the following charncteistics should be well seasoned. e. the tim It should haye minimum moisture content 'b. The grains of wood should be straight and long, © Temmust retain its straightness after seasoning 4. It should produce near metallic sound on hammering, ¢, Itshould be free from knots orcracks. £ At should be of uniform color, throughout the part of the wood ¢é. It should respond wel othe finishing and polishing operations fe During driving the nails and sere, it should not spit est ring and Measuring Tools: ‘Accurate marking and measureme size. To transfer dimensions onto that are required in carpentry shop, ial in carpentry work, 19 produce parts to exact ant is very essenti the marking any! measuring tools the work; the following are ‘Steel Rule and Steel Tape ‘along, thin metal stip wilt a marked js.a simple measuring instrament consisting of nt, Stee! tape is sisedl for fares is an important too! for linear measuremen rds and checking the overall dimensi Stee! rule scale of unit divisions, It measurements, such as marking on boa sng of the workCiccroes Marking Gauge {is @ tool used to mark lines parallel to the edge o wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock (head) on it, On the stem is fitted a marking pin, mad Gfsteel, The stock is set at any desired distance from the marking point and fixed in position by s serew. It must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem, about 3 mm and the fen piece. It consists of @ square tend are sharp enough to make a very fine line. A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In this, itis possible to adjust the distance be ween the pins, to draw tivo parallel lines on the stock Marking gauge Mortise gauge Fig: Marking Gauges Try - Square It is used for meriing and testing the squareness and straightness of planed surfaces. It consists : of a stecl blade, fitted in-a cast iron stock. It is also used for checking the planed surfaces for flatness. Its size varies from 150 to 300 mm, according to the length of the blade. It is less accurate when compared to the iry-square used in the fitting shop, ry Square Compass and Divider Compass and divider, are used for marking ares and circles on the planed surfaces of the wood (refer fig in next page). Si iber or Marking Knife It is used for marking on timber, It is made of steel having one end pointed and the other end formed into a sharp cutting edge (refer Fig. in next page)pee anita justable and may be Bevel Square ing angles. The blade of the, bevel is adi sed in much the It is used for laying-out and checki held fn place by a thumb screw. After itis eet to the desired ample, © Sot re AEE A equate (A good way to a0 tothe required anlo io mark the angle on a surface and then adjust the blade to fit the angle fr fv , ~~ Fig: Compass and Divider Fig: Scriber and Bevel Square Holding Tools: Carpenter's Vi device in a carpenter shop. ls one jaw i fined tothe side ofthe lable erew and a handle, The Carpenter’ vice jaws are bined Itis used as 2 work holding white the other is movable by means of a s with hard wooden’ faces aa . Fig: C-Clamp Fig: Carpenters Vice C-Clamp Ihis used for holding small works (see figure above) Bar Cramp It is made of steel bar of T-section, with malleable iron holding wide works such as frames or tops: Planing Tools: Planing is the operation used to produce flat this purpose. The cutting blade used in a plan fitted in a wooden or metallic block, at an angle fittings and a steel serew. It is used for GUL GUL LUL ULL . 1 fhand tool used for jade of a plane is U1 surfaces on wood, A plane i is very similar to a chisel, The bl ees ‘Types of Planes: DEPARTMENT Of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING:cen Jack Plane Dee eprarohiy weed general purpose plané. It is sbout 35 em jong. The MAE 1 fblade)shoutd have a cutting edge of slight curvature It is used for quick removal of male rough work and is also used th oblique planning, Smoothing Plane he eutting edge. It is about It is used for finishing work and hence, the blade should have a straigh k, better than 30 to 25 om long, Being shor, it can follow even the slight depressions in the stoc the jack plane. I1is used after using the jack plane. Rebate Plane TV is used for making a rebate, A rebate isa recess along the edge ofa piece of wood, which is generally used for positioning glass in frames and doots Plough Plane in a door. The following figure shows the It is used to cut grooves, which are used to fix pan various types of planes mentioned above. Cutting Tools: Saws ‘A saw is used to cut wood into pieces, There are different types of saws, designed to suit different purposes. A saw is specified by the length of its toothed edge. ae af Sie Gross-Cut Saw or Hand Saw ‘Lis used to cut across the grains of the stock. The teeth are so set that the saw kerf will be wider than the blade thickness. This allows the blade to move freely in the cut, without sticking Rip Saw It is used for cutting the stock-along the grains. The cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper angle, 1.c., about 60° whereas that of erosscut saw makes an angle of 45° with the surface of the SDEPAREMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING . . Reg oa a On en3 > . & peered ans stock. ‘Tenon Saw Itis used for cutting the stock either al in fine cabinet work, However, it is uset thin and so it is stiffened with a thick back st saw, In this, the teeth are shaped like those of cross-cut saw, Jong or across the grains. It is used for eutting tenons and for small and thin cuts. The blade of this saw is very teel strip. Hence, this is sometimes called as back= ‘Compass Saw has narow, longer and stronger tapering blade, which is used for heavy works - It's mostly tsed in fading cutting, The blade of this saw is fitted with an open type wooden handle Fig: Types of Saws Chisels: Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood 2c: blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. They are al the wood chisels are made into tang type, having a steel shank which ‘These are made of forged steel ot tool stzel blades. curately, Wood chisels are made in various Iso made in different blade lengths. Most of fits inside the handle. Fig: Types of Chisels Types of Chisels: Firmer Chisel ‘The word ‘firmer’ means 'stronger' and hence firmer chisel It is a general purpose chisel and is used either by hand pressure or by firmer chisel is fla, as shown in figure s stronger than other chisels. a mallet. The blade of a Dovetail Chisel Tthas a blade with a beveled back, as for finishing, as in dovetail joints. shown in Figure, due to which it can enter sharp comers Mortise Chisel It is used for cutting mortises and chipping inside holes, mortise chisel is proportioned to withstand heavy blows during mortising, ‘section is made stronger near the shank.. ete. The cross-section of the Further, the cross-