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Basic Integral Rules and Definitions

Introduction to calculus

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Leanard Kim Morales
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57 views2 pages

Basic Integral Rules and Definitions

Introduction to calculus

Uploaded by

Leanard Kim Morales
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Definition of an Integral

An integral represents the accumulation of quantities and can be thought of as the area
under a curve defined by a function. In calculus, there are two main types of integrals:

● Definite Integral: Represents the net area under the curve of a function between two
limits.
● Indefinite Integral: Represents a family of functions whose derivative is the
integrand.

2. Notation

● The integral sign is denoted by ∫\int∫.


● The function to be integrated is called the integrand (e.g., f(x)f(x)f(x)).
● The limits of integration for a definite integral are shown as subscripts and
superscripts (e.g., ∫abf(x) dx\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx∫ab​f(x)dx).
● dxdxdx indicates the variable of integration.

3. Basic Formulas

● Indefinite Integral:
∫f(x) dx=F(x)+C\int f(x) \, dx = F(x) + C∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C
where F(x)F(x)F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)f(x)f(x) and CCC is the constant of
integration.
● Definite Integral:
∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫ab​f(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
where FFF is an antiderivative of fff.

4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects differentiation and integration:

● Part 1: If FFF is an antiderivative of fff on an interval [a,b][a, b][a,b], then:


∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫ab​f(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
● Part 2: If fff is continuous on [a,b][a, b][a,b], then the function F(x)=∫axf(t) dtF(x) =
\int_{a}^{x} f(t) \, dtF(x)=∫ax​f(t)dt is differentiable, and F′(x)=f(x)F'(x) = f(x)F′(x)=f(x).

5. Basic Integration Rules

● Power Rule:
∫xn dx=xn+1n+1+C(n≠−1)\int x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C \quad (n \neq
-1)∫xndx=n+1xn+1​+C(n=−1)
● Constant Multiple Rule:
∫k⋅f(x) dx=k⋅∫f(x) dx\int k \cdot f(x) \, dx = k \cdot \int f(x) \, dx∫k⋅f(x)dx=k⋅∫f(x)dx
● Sum Rule:
∫(f(x)+g(x)) dx=∫f(x) dx+∫g(x) dx\int (f(x) + g(x)) \, dx = \int f(x) \, dx + \int g(x) \,
dx∫(f(x)+g(x))dx=∫f(x)dx+∫g(x)dx

6. Common Integrals
● ∫1 dx=x+C\int 1 \, dx = x + C∫1dx=x+C
● ∫ex dx=ex+C\int e^x \, dx = e^x + C∫exdx=ex+C
● ∫sin⁡(x) dx=−cos⁡(x)+C\int \sin(x) \, dx = -\cos(x) + C∫sin(x)dx=−cos(x)+C
● ∫cos⁡(x) dx=sin⁡(x)+C\int \cos(x) \, dx = \sin(x) + C∫cos(x)dx=sin(x)+C
● ∫sec⁡2(x) dx=tan⁡(x)+C\int \sec^2(x) \, dx = \tan(x) + C∫sec2(x)dx=tan(x)+C

7. Applications of Integrals

● Area: Calculate the area under a curve.


● Volume: Used in methods like disk and washer to find volumes of solids of
revolution.
● Physics: Calculate quantities such as distance, work, and mass.

8. Techniques of Integration

● Substitution: Used for integrals involving composite functions.


● Integration by Parts: Based on the product rule for differentiation.
● Partial Fractions: Decomposing rational functions into simpler fractions.

Common questions

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The constant of integration is important in indefinite integrals because it reflects the fact that an infinite number of antiderivatives exist for a given function, differing only by a constant. This constant ensures that all possible solutions to an antiderivative are represented, acknowledging any initial conditions that may be applied to specify a particular solution .

Partial fractions break down complex rational functions into simpler fractions that are easier to integrate. By expressing a rational function as a sum of simpler rational expressions, integration rules become directly applicable. This technique is critical because it transforms integrals into a more manageable form, facilitating the integration of functions that would otherwise be difficult to handle directly .

Integration by parts is directly related to the product rule for differentiation. It is based on the formula ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du, which is derived from the product rule (d(uv) = u dv + v du). This technique is useful for integrating products of functions, where choosing u and dv correctly optimizes the integral's evaluation .

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus has two main parts that connect differentiation and integration. Part 1 states that if F is an antiderivative of f on an interval [a, b], then the definite integral of f over [a, b] is given by F(b) - F(a). Part 2 asserts that if f is continuous on [a, b], then the function F(x) defined as F(x) = ∫_a^x f(t) dt is differentiable, and its derivative F'(x) is equal to f(x).

Integration is significant in calculating the volume of solids of revolution through methods like the disk and washer methods. These methods involve revolving a region around an axis, and integration is used to sum up the infinitesimally small volumes of the disks or washers that compose the solid . This application extends the concept of finding the area under a curve to a three-dimensional context, allowing for the precise calculation of volumes for complex shapes.

Definite integrals represent the net area under the curve of a function between two limits and result in a specific numerical value. In contrast, indefinite integrals represent a family of functions whose derivative is the integrand and include a constant of integration (C), thus yielding a general solution . While definite integrals are used for applications like area and volume calculations, indefinite integrals are primarily used to find antiderivatives and solve differential equations .

The concept of the antiderivative is crucial for understanding definite integrals because the value of a definite integral ∫_a^b f(x) dx is computed as F(b) - F(a), where F is an antiderivative of the integrand function f . This implies that to evaluate the net area under a curve between two limits, one needs to find an antiderivative of the function first.

Integration is used in physics to calculate various physical quantities by summing up infinitesimally small contributions over a range. For distance, integration sums up velocity over time to yield total displacement. For work, it sums up force over a distance to determine the total work done . This method is essential for deriving cumulative measures from rates of change in several physical applications.

The substitution technique in integration is applied to simplify integrals involving composite functions. It typically involves substituting part of the integrand with a single variable, simplifying the integral, and then integrating. An example scenario where substitution is useful is when the integrand contains a function and its derivative, such as ∫2x(x^2 + 1)^5 dx, where setting u = x^2 + 1 simplifies the integration .

The Power Rule for integration states that ∫x^n dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C, where n ≠ -1. It is critical for integrating simple power functions by reversing the process of differentiation. However, it cannot be directly applied when n = -1, as this leads to division by zero. Instead, the integral ∫x^(-1) dx requires recognizing it as the natural logarithm function, resulting in ln|x| + C . This limitation highlights scenarios demanding alternative approaches, such as logarithmic integration.

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