Related learning outcome(s: 3.9 G2 [earn ein oe fost county end one count cauteyin Be twentieth eriny Fascism Fascism isoform of government tha involves a one-party dictatorship, is ant-democracy and is ‘nationalistic (believes that ts nation is superior. tis centred around a single leader and tends ‘touse propaganda anc fear to contro the state + Italy lost 600,000 soles in World Wor I and did not receive lond thet it had been promised at ‘the Pars Peace Canference of 1919, ‘+ The country was deep in debt. Unemployment wos high, as wos public anger. + Five aitferent governments briefly held power between 1918 and 1922. Democratic parties were ‘ot successful, and another political deol beceme papular in italy fascism. * In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party. He believed in dictatorship and a one- porty stot, and was prepored to se violence + On 28 October 1922, the King of aly mode Mussolini prime minister, ‘+ 1n 1923, the Acerbo Law wos passed: the party with the mast votes would get two-thirds ofthe seats in government, + From 1923 onwords, Mussolini storted to rule by decree — he could make lows without going ‘through potioment. He became known as t Dee (The Leoder'. ‘+ Mussolini stayed in conta of Italy unt his he was overthrown and ater kiled during World Wor I Hitler's Rise to Power * After World War I, Germony became @ democracy named ‘the Weimor Republic: * The Weimer goverment was in power when the Treaty of Versailles was signed ‘+ The government was nicknamed the November Criminals’ for accepting the harch conditions imposed on Germany in the Teaty of Versailles, ‘+ Germany spent much ofthe 1920s in economic ersi, with very high levels of unemployment and inflation. 3The Nazi Party 12929, the National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP), or Nazi Party, wos founded, ‘The Nazis wee stonaly anticommunist ond wanted to speed up German recovery and remove the Treaty of Versailles. ‘Adolf Hitler wos impressed by ther ideas and joined the Noxi Party. He was ogifted speaker ‘ond soon became party leader. In Novernber 1923, Hitler ond the Naz Party organised a rebellion in sich the Beer Hall Putsch Hitler and other Nazis were sent to prison, While there, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Which autined the core Naz bees ond his vision for the future of Germany, Hitler adopted many of Mussolini’ Fascist Party methods such os the fascist salute, an army — the $A or Sturmbatellung (Stormtroopers), os0 colle 'Brownshirts’~ and an emblem. Hitler chose the swastika as on emblem and made it Germary’s official flag, The rise of the Nazi Party Filer and the Nazi Perty rose to power for several reasons: ‘+ The unpopularity of the Weimar government, ue to Germony/s defeat, the harshness ofthe Treaty of Versales and the aftermath ‘The Great Depression - In 1923, the US experienced the Wall Street Crash nen the volue of shares at the New York Stock Exchange suddenly collapsed. Germany had borrowed from US. ‘banks, which then withdrew thir loans, leading to closures ond soaring unemployment Hitler's leadership and polices - Hite’s nationalism appecied to people because it encouraged them to toke pide in ther nation and to believe thot he could restore Germany to greatness ‘+ Propaganda - Hitler used short simple slogan that everyone could understard ond thot played (on people's emotions. + Increased popularity - With each general election after 1925, the Noxi Party joined more seats Inparioment the Reichstag). + 0930 Jonuory 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor (Pie Minister of Geemany. Creating a dictatorship « In Februoty 1933, the Reichstag wos set on fire, ollegedly by a Dutch communis. Ths gove Hitler an excuse to bon the Communist Party and give extra powers to his SA, «+ Inthe March 1933 general election, the SA ond the Wotfen SS (Schutastaffe ottacked ‘opponents and voters. The Nez Party goined votes bt fled to win a majority + InMorch 1933, Hitler created o law colle the Enabling Act, which cllowed him to rule by decree, o: make laws by hirnsel without to having to go through parioment. «+ Hitler was now known os der Fuhrer (the Leoder). Life in Hitler’s Germany Economic policies «Independent trade unions were obolshed and strikes were mode legal «Public works schemes were created, for example to buld motorways called Autobohnen ond the Obmpic Stam + Rearmement (arms ond ammunition being manufoctued ogin forthe Geron army) began. + The matorindusty developed andin 1937 anew affordable car called Volkswagen (People's or) as monufoctured + er eut taxes 0 encauroge private Industry. 6Education + Nazt youth groups were setup - the Hitler Youth and the League of German Meidens. + In schools, textbooks were revriten. Min Kamef became the officil history book. * Teachers hod to be members ofthe Nazi Party and o portrait of Hitler wasin evry classroom, ‘Women’s lives ‘+ Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family, Many women hed to give up theircareer, * A women’s Ife was to revolve around ‘the three Ks: Kinder, Kiche, Kirche (ehildren, kitchen, church) *+ Hitler wanted o high birth rate. Mothers who had more than eight children were awarded a geld medal * Women had to weor traditional peasant costumes with fat shoes, and have thet hair in pits (or buns, They were nat to wear make-up o trousers, dye their har or smoke in public Propaganda * Joseph Goebbels, Minister for National Enlightenment and Propaganda, controlled the pres, ‘odio, cinemas, theatres ond art Posters of Hitler were put up al around German. ‘+ Books by Jews or those disagreeing with Nazism were bonnad. Book burnings tock place. * Cheap radios were made called the ‘People's Rodi, so that Hitler's speeches could recch every home, + ‘Hell Hitler or ‘Hai Fitter" was a common greeting. The Nal solute wos compultory. ‘+ The Nazis held porty roles in Nuremberg, Bavaria. The Nuremberg Rallies hod o diferent theme each year, * Documentary-moker Leni Riefenstahl recorded the 1934 rally and made the prorogandse firm Triumph ofthe Will based ont ‘+ 171936, the Olympics vere held in Berlin. They were used to present Germony te the world as ‘successful and hoppy nation, Terror * In 1933, the Gestapo (secret police) was set up by Hermann Géring. It was le by Heinrich Himmler. + 8y 1934, Hitler began to believe thot his SA were o treat to him. The Waffen SS was set up os Fis personal bodyguard, le by Heincich Himmler. * On 30 June 1934, the SS killed the leaders ofthe SA and others they suspected of seing a threat, This wos coiled the Night ofthe Long Knives. * om 1933, forced labour camps were set up for journalists ond politico prisoners (including communist), LGBT people, Boma people, people with eisablities, Catholic priest, lehovohs| Witnesses ond Jews. 7@ Profile: A Fascist Leader ————_—~ ‘Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Filer was born in Brounau om Inn, Austria, where his father was a customs oficial. Hitler grew up Catholic. He ‘wat expelled from a couple of schools before he moved to Verna in 1905 te become on artist. n 1914, Hitler moved to Munich, «+ He joined the German ormy atthe outbreak of World ‘Warland served as o messenger. He wos decorated With the Iron Cross fr bravery Hitler joined the National Socialist German Worker's Perty (NSDAP) of Nazi Party. By 1921, he had risen to become its leader 1 1923, the Nazi Porty organised a rebelionin Munich called the Beer Hall Putsch While in prison fortis, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle, the Nozi manifesto. Hitler believed in o'master race’ and wos deeoly anti- Semitic (prejudiced egaist Jewish peopl). “He wantee to urite German-speoking peoples into ‘nempire called the ‘Third Reich, expanding Getrnany's territory under a poly he named ‘Lebensraum’ or ‘ving space He was an impressive speoker and used propaganda wel. He founded the SScnd the Gestapo ‘and had opponents killed a sent ta labour comps. In 1933, Hitler become German Chancellor. In August 1934, he declared himself Fuhrer (leoder of Germany. Hitler defied the Treoty of Versolles by remilitarsing the Rhineland and joining with Austia (the Ansehluss) In 1939, Hitler and Stalin mede a ‘non-aggression’ pact, vihch stated thot they would not ‘ottack one anther oad eoch other's enemies fora decade, I olsostoted that they would partition Poland tetween them. ‘= 1n 1939, Germany invaded Poland, marking the outbreak of World Wor I. «= In 1941, Hitler shocked Stalin by breaking the nan-aggression pact and invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, + The Nazi forced Jewish people into ghettos and concentration carps where6 milion Jews ‘were murdered, + 0 30 April 1945, 05 the Soviet Union's Red Army surrounded Berlin, Hitler took his own lifeHans Mossaquai was born in Germany in 1926 toa white German mather ond a blck Aeon father. Studs Terkel interviewed Massoquoi about his experiences Nazi Germony for hs bok The Good Wor (1985), Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that fllon {In 1932, when I started school, [wos six years old. In 1933, my fist teacher was fred for Paltical reasons. I don't know whet her irwolvements were. Gradual, the old teachers were {replaced with younger ones, those with Nai orientation. Then I egon tomatic a cheng [Link] example of the non-Aryan race. One time, I must hve been ten teacher took he esa {nd sid, "When we'e finished with the Jews, you're next. He sil had some inhibitions He {id not make that announcement before the class. It was aprvte thing touch of eee, ‘There was o drive to enrol young kids into the Hitler Youth movement. I wonted t join, of Sours My mother took me ase and sid Lc0k, Hons, you may not understand, bu they don't want you couldn't understand. All my fiends had these black shorts ancbsomy Shirts onda swestika and alte dogger which said Blood and Honour. wanted fst fhe everybody else, I wonted to belong. These were my schoolmates, ¥ 4, Why wos Hans's first teacher fred? 2. How dd sorne teachers treat Hans? 3. How were members of the Hitler Youth dressed? ‘ ‘flsed on your stules of fscism and the Holocoust, why was Hons Massaquoi ueated tke thisin Nozi Germany? =5, Why did fascist governments wont to control education? What changes didthey make to the education system in the fascist country you hove stugied?” pot 6. Describe the role ond lives of women inthe foscst country you have studied. ——————e—~=_'v—eve 7. Other thon memoirs, name two sources that could be used to reseorch education in Nazi Germany. ee po TO siamsuo par2ss 204 661 860d 285