EXOGENIC
&
ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• explain the relationship between endogenic and
exogenic processes in shaping Earth's landscapes
• demonstrate their understanding of how Earth's
internal and external processes are interconnected
and influence each other.
• distinguish features created by endogenic processes
(e.g., volcanoes, faults) and those altered by exogenic
processes (e.g., river valleys, coastal erosion).
• evaluate the impact of endogenic and exogenic
processes on human settlements, and suggest
solutions to reduce risks (e.g., earthquakes or erosion),
promoting responsible land use and disaster
preparedness.
EXOG EN IC
PROCE SS
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
• refers to activities or phenomena that occur on the
Earth’s surface.
• it is considered as destructive and are responsible
for degradation and sculpting the Earth’s surface.
TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES
WEATHERING EROSION DEPOSITION
WEATHERING
• The breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface through
physical, chemical, and biological means.
• It begins as soon as rocks are exposed to one or more
elements of weather on the surface of Earth.
• Generally, the disintegration and decomposition processes
act together, but one may be dominant, depending on the
climate.
TYPES OF WEATHERING
PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL
WEATHERING WEATHERING
CHEMICAL
WEATHERING
PHYSICAL WEATHERING
• also called as mechanical weathering.
• breakdown of rocks without chemical change, usually due to
temperature fluctuations, water, ice, or wind.
• it happens when rock is physically broken
into smaller pieces.
Example:
⚬ Block disintegration
⚬ Exfoliation
⚬ Frost weathering
PHYSICAL WEATHERING
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• Breakdown of rocks due to chemical reactions, often
involving water, oxygen, and acids.
Example:
⚬ Oxidation
⚬ Carbonation
⚬ Hydration
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Oxidation- the rusting effect caused by oxidation often occurs in
ferrous rocks
Carbonation- rock materials react with carbonic acids, which dissolves
or breakdown rocks.
Hydration- some rocks contain minerals that dissolve with water,
leading to change in shape.
BIOTIC WEATHERING
• Also called as biological weathering.
• Breakdown of rocks by living
organisms such as plant roots and
burrowing animals.
EROSION
• The movement of weathered material (soil, rock, and
sediment) from one location to another by natural
forces such as water, wind, ice, or gravity.
TYPES OF EROSION
EROSION BY EROSION BY
WATER ICE
EROSION BY EROSION BY
WIND GRAVITY
EROSION BY WATER
• Erosion by water is the process by which soil, rock, and other surface
materials are worn away and transported by water.
• This can occur through several mechanisms, depending on the force and
flow of water. It plays a key role in shaping landscapes, forming valleys,
river channels, and coastal features.
EROSION BY WATER
EROSION BY WIND
• Erosion by wind is the process where soil,
sand, and rock particles are worn away,
lifted, and transported by the force of wind.
• This type of erosion is most common in arid,
desert environments or areas with loose,
dry soil and little vegetation to hold the
particles in place.
EROSION BY WIND
EROSION BY GRAVITY
• Erosion by gravity, also known as mass
wasting or mass movement, is the process
where gravity directly causes the movement
of soil, rocks, and other debris downhill.
• It includes landslides, rockfalls, and soil creep,
among other processes.
• The primary driver is the force of gravity
acting on materials that have been weakened
by weathering or are positioned on steep
slopes.
EROSION BY GRAVITY
EROSION BY ICE
• Erosion by ice, or glacial erosion, is a
powerful process where glaciers shape
the Earth's surface by moving large
masses of ice across the land.
• This type of erosion plays a major role
in sculpting landscapes, especially in
colder regions.
EROSION BY ICE
DEPOSITION
• is the laying down or settling of sediments carried by
wind, water, ice or gravity. Sediment can be transported
as pebbles, sand and mud.
• it is a process that happens after erosion. This process
adds sediments, soil and rocks to a landform or land
mass.
Questions?
Thank you!