NETWORKING AND

INTERNET
What is a Network?

 A network consists of multiple device that communicate with each other .

It can be small as connecting two computers or as large as connecting
billions of device. While a traditional network consists of desktop
computers, modern network can include laptops, tablets, smartphones,
televisions, game consoles, smart devices and other electronics.
Relation Between Network And
Internet
 The internet itself is a network because it allows information to be shared
through computing devices. The Internet doesn’t just connect computers
in different cities but also connects computer across oceans and even
space. On the other hand, in Antarctica and the Arctic, the internet
reaches researchers via satellite connection.
 It is easy to conclude that the internet is a prime examples of a WAN. After
all, the letters “w” in the abbreviation “WAN” means the word “wide” and
the Internet is clearly the widest of all networks!
LAN[Local Area Network]

 A local area network is a group of computers and peripherals that are

connected in a limited area, such as a school, laboratory, and office
building. It is a globally used network, for sharing resources like files,
printers, games, and other application. The simplest type of LAN is
connecting computers and printers in someone’s home or office.
LAN DIAGRAM
WAN [Wide Area Network]

 WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is a computer network that covers a large
geographical area consisting of two or more LANs or MANs. These networks are
established with leased telecommunication circuits, in which two sides which are
connected have routers that connect the LAN of both sides together in a network to
facilitate communication.
 WAN Full Form
 History of WAN
 The roots of WAN are connected to the U.S Department of defense which developed
ARPANET to let researchers communicate and share computer resources remotely. The
connection can be circuit-switched telephone lines, radio wave transmission or optical
fiber transmission. It is used to exchange data with users all over the world, they can be
client, employee, buyer, seller, student, etc. WAN has the ability to transmit data, image,
audio data, video data over large distances.
WAN diagram
MAN [Metropolitan Area Network]

 Introduction :
 A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a type of computer network that spans over a
metropolitan area, typically a city. It provides high-speed data communication services such as
video, audio, and data transfer between multiple LANs (Local Area Networks) and WANs (Wide
Area Networks). The main purpose of a MAN is to connect different LANs in a city to share
resources and exchange data, as well as to provide internet access to users. A MAN typically
covers a geographic area of several kilometers and is larger than a LAN but smaller than a
WAN.
 MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a computer network that connects number
of LANs to form larger network, so that the computer resources can be shared. This type of
network covers larger area than a LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN which is
designed to extend over the entire city. MAN is specially designed to provide high-speed
connectivity to the users in which the speed ranges in terms of Mbps. The architecture of MAN
is quite complicated hence,it is hard to design and maintain.
USES OF MAN NETWORK

 Uses of MAN Network :

 A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) has several uses, including:
1. Resource Sharing: A MAN allows multiple LANs in a metropolitan area to share resources such as printers,
storage devices, and other peripherals.
2. Data Exchange: A MAN provides a high-speed communication channel for the exchange of data between
different LANs.
3. Internet Access: A MAN can provide high-speed internet access to users in a metropolitan area.
4. Video and Audio Streaming: A MAN can support video and audio streaming for applications such as video
conferencing and multimedia presentations.
5. Backup and Recovery: A MAN can provide backup and recovery services for data stored on multiple LANs.
6. Disaster Recovery: A MAN can provide a secondary communication channel in the event of a disaster or
other emergency that disrupts the primary communication channel.
MAN DIAGRAM
HISTORY OF MAN


History of MAN :
 When LANs are establishes in 1994 in order to provide data communication in building
and offices, the businesses are primarily relied on public switched telephone networks
for the interconnection of LANs. But the telephone network was not capable enough to
handle that much of traffic. Hence, to overcome this problem it was suggested that LANs
are connected using the single-mode optical fiber lines, which results in the creation of
metropolitan area network(MAN) to provide the interconnection of LANs efficiently.
These Fiber optic MANs are owned and operated by private organizations or businesses,
and did not necessarily have full integration with the public wide area network (WAN)
through gateways.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAN

 Characteristics of MAN :
• It can covers the area which ranges from 5 to 50 km, which is capable of carrying from a group
of buildings to the whole city.
• In MAN, data rates are moderate to high.
• In MAN, mostly used medium is optical fibers which results in high-speed connectivity.
• MAN networks provides high reliability because the error rate in this network is very less.
• A MAN network can use a variety of access technologies, such as wireless, fiber-optic, or
copper-based connections, to provide connectivity to different devices and networks.
• Hybrid topology: A MAN network may use a combination of different topologies, such as a
ring, bus, or star topology, depending on the specific requirements of the network.
ADVANTAGES OG MAN

 Advantages of MAN :
• MAN offers high-speed connectivity in which the speed ranges from 10-100 Mbps.
• The security level in MAN is high and strict as compared to WAN.
• It support to transmit data in both directions concurrently because of dual bus
architecture.
• MAN can serve multiple users at a time with the same high-speed internet to all the
users.
• MAN allows for centralized management and control of the network, making it easier to
monitor and manage network resources and security.
DISADVANTAGES OF MAN

• The architecture of MAN is quite complicated hence, it is hard to design and maintain.
• This network is highly expensive because it required the high cost to set up fiber optics.
• It provides less fault tolerance.
• The Data transfer rate in MAN is low when compare to LAN
ISSUES OF MAN NETWORK

1. Security: MANs can be vulnerable to security threats such as hacking, malware, and unauthorized access.
2. Scalability: As the network grows and more users are added, the network may become congested, leading
to performance issues.
3. Reliability: MANs can be affected by network outages, which can cause significant disruptions to the
network.
4. Interoperability: Different LANs may use different technologies and protocols, making it difficult to
interconnect them in a single MAN.
5. Cost: Implementing and maintaining a MAN can be expensive due to the high-speed equipment and
infrastructure required.
6. Latency: The distance between different LANs can cause latency, affecting the speed and performance of
the network.
7. Bandwidth Limitations: MANs can be limited by the bandwidth of the underlying network infrastructure,
making it difficult to support high-bandwidth applications such as video conferencing
CAMPUS AREA NETWORK [CAN]

 Campus Area Network (CAN) is a group of interconnected Local Area Networks

(LAN) within a limited geographical area like school campus, university campus, military
bases, or organizational campuses and corporate buildings etc. A Campus Area Network
is larger than Local Area Network but smaller than Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
and Wide Area Network (WAN).
 This Campus Area Network also called as Corporate Area Network. Sometimes this
network is also referred as Residential Network or ResNet as it is only used by residents
of specific campus only. Campus Area Network is network of interconnected Local Area
Networks where these LANs are connected via Switches and routers and create a single
network like CAN. Campus Area Network covers areas of around 1 to 5 km range and it
can be both wired or wireless connectivity.
EXAMPLES OF CAN

 Let’s think about a university where university networks interconnect academic building,
admission building, library, account section, examination section, placement section etc
of an institution when connected with each other combine to form Campus Area
Network (CAN).
 The below figure illustrates a Campus Area Network :

PERSONAL AREA NETWORK [PAN]

 PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This network is restrained to a single
person, that is, communication between the computer devices is centered only on an
individual’s workspace. PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to
device providing communication. Its transmission speed is very high with very easy
maintenance and very low cost. This uses Bluetooth, IrDA, and Zigbee as technology.
Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
PAN

 Advantages of PAN
• PAN is relatively flexible and provides high efficiency for short network ranges.
• It needs easy setup and relatively low cost.
• It does not require frequent installations and maintenance
• It is easy and portable.
• Needs fewer technical skills to use.
 Disadvantages of PAN
• Low network coverage area/range.
• Limited to relatively low data rates.
• Devices are not compatible with each other.
• Inbuilt WPAN devices are a little bit costly
• Devices are not compatible with each other.
• Inbuilt WPAN devices are a little bit costly