MODULE 1

Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed

data to
investigate observable phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or observable
fact or situation that we want to unearth further or understand.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences research problems
because of the following characteristics:
1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data
must come
from a large sample size.
2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately,
objectively,
and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is numerical which makes presentation
through
graphs, charts, and tables possible and with better conveyance and
interpretation.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time
consuming data analysis.
5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population
if
sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on the type of data needed,
collection
can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research
instruments
that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For
instance, a single survey form can be administered simultaneously to collect
various
measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a
representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for
policymaking
and decision making.
8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify
findings
enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.

Advantages of Quantitative Research

1. Very objective
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
3. Findings are generalizable to the population.
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
8. Validity and reliability can be established

Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and
beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that it can be classified into smaller
and
more specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental,
and
experimental.

Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it

as it occurs in nature. There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher
does not start with a hypothesis.
- The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the person or object of
the study.

The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables

Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between
previous events and present conditions.
A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect
relationship of variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the
quasi-experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and
assignment of subjects. Here, the independent variable is identified but not
manipulated.
Experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect
relationship of two or more variables.

MODULE 2
Steps in Developing Research Topic
Developing a research problem can be done in four (4) steps:
1. Choose a broad topic
2. Do a preliminary research
3. Define the problem
4. Refine the question

1. Choose a broad topic. The first step is quite simple. As a Senior High School
student, these tips will surely guide you in selecting a broad topic for quantitative
research:
A. Choose an interesting topic.
Research is a very challenging task that demands your time and persistence.
B. Select a significant topic.
A topic that is worth researching must be able to answer or solve problems in the
community.
C. Choose a topic relevant to your field.
One of the goals of this course is for you to be able to produce a quantitative
research
study that is aligned to your chosen track.

2. Do a preliminary [Link] out how other researchers

gathered their data, what research instruments were used, how the data were
analyzed, and what important findings they shared. Take note of every relevant
research study for future reference.
3. Define the problem. After getting enough information, you may be able to list
some questions or problems that you want to research. At this stage, you should
be able to narrow down broad topic into feasible and manageable research
questions.
Refine the question. This step lets you evaluate the questions formulated. What
specific questions should you ask? How should you gather your data sufficient to
answer the questions? Are the questions too narrow, or does it need to be
trimmed down? While
evaluating the research question, consider the requirements of the course.
MODULE 4

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

theoretical framework is commonly used for studies that anchor on time
tested theories that relate the findings of the investigation to the underpinning
relevant theory
of knowledge.
conceptual framework refers to the actual ideas, beliefs,
and tentative theories that specifically support the study. It is primarily a
conception or model
of what is out there that the researcher plans to study
Concept Map
A concept map is a visual representation of information that helps show the
relationship
between ideas.
- Concept maps begin with the main topic and then branch out into sub-topics,
reflecting the connection of all the elements in the study. It can also provide and
organize new
ideas

independent variable is the “presumed cause” of the research problem. It is

the
reason for any “change” or difference in a dependent variable. It can be purposely
manipulated
by the researcher, depending on the focus of the study.
dependent variable is the “presumed effect” of the research problem. It is
usually
the problem itself or the element that is being questioned. This variable is altered
as a result
of experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables.
moderating variable is an independent variable which influences the direction
and the strength of the connection between independent and dependent
variables.
Mediating variable or Intervening variable is an element that exists between
the
independent to the dependent variable.
control variable is a special type of independent variable that can influence the
dependent variable. It takes an active role in quantitative studies. Statistical
procedures are
used to control this variable.

Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a conceptual paradigm which indicates

the
inputs, required process, and the output. This approach is seated on the premise
of acquiring
essential information by converting inputs into outputs through the required
processing steps
in obtaining the result.
Input is usually the independent variable of the study.
Process is the
intervention or solution consist of the instruments and analyses used to acquire
the result.
Output is the findings or outcome of the interventions being made to solve the
identified problem.