Metallurgy

n
 The science extracting metals from their ores
of
400 BC Man learnt to produce G and Bronze by smelting
Cu tin ores in fire
Ii
1

1
The were developed
by trial and error and
processes
of metallurgy
today a modern extraction plant involves various complex processes

H
Feasible Commercially viable
Chemically

Mineral The
of a metal which are naturally
compounds available in

the earth's crust

Ore The mineral from which metal can be economically extracted
All ores are minerals but all minerals are not over

2K 9 fed 450

y
eg Fe
13C
2 Fe 3CO

1 Native Ore eg Au Ag Cu Pt As Bi
2 Oxidised Ore eg Feds ago ZnO Feroz Inco etc
3 Sulphide Ore eg fess cuss 2ns Pbs etc
4 Halide Ore eg Nacl KU Caf etc
 Ore

Elevmental Ore Cokbined Ore

Oxidised Ore SulphideOre HalideOne

v
Oxysalt ore Oxide Ore

Carbonate

Phosphate

Nitrate
Sulphate

Carbonateores
Caco Limestone or Calcite

fed Haematite Caco MgC0 Dolomite

FeOy Magnetite
Ngo Magnesite
Al 03.21120 Bauxite few Siderite or Ironspar

AO OH 2 OCHI Mno Manganese spar

Baco Witherite
ago cuprite
Mno Pyrolusite Inco Calamine or Smigothnite

Snog Tinstone or Casseterite Cuco Cucon Malachite

Fecroy Chromite Ore 2903 Cucon Azurite

Na Bu02.10110 Borax or tincal

Feo OH
5110
nH2O
un CazBoOi
Colemanite
Limonite
[Link]
Hgs Cinnabar
 ig
Halide Ores 2ns Zincblendelhlurtzite
Isphaterite
NaCl Rock salt
Ceys CopperGlance a chalcocite
KU Sylvine cafes copper pyrite or Chalcopyri
Catz fluorspar Fes Iron pyrite or fool'sgold
Nasalfs cryolite Agas Silverglance or Argentite

Agu HornSilver
KU ing62.6110 carnallite Sulphateores
Ayu OH Atacamite Cason 24,0 Gypsum
Mgsoy7110 Epsom salt
PbsOy Anglesite

KNO Indian saltpeter Basoy Baryte

NANO Chile saltpeter Noysou 10110 Glauber's salt
Cusoy 5110 chalcanthite
Phosphateores
CasCPOula Rock phosphate
Li Al Pouf Amblygonite

0 What is the difference b w mineral and Ore

Bauxite and clay are minerals Al but Al can be extracted
of
economically from Bauxite and notfrom Clay both are minerals
i

but bauxite only is ore

IF The isolation and extraction ofmetalsfrom their ores involve the
following major steps
Crushing and Grinding of ore
lumps of ore she's small pieces fine powder

Concentration
Dressing of Ore
Removal
ofunwantedmaterial
1 Hand Picking
2 Gravity separation or Lavigation or Hyd washing
Used oxide ore
for heavy ore
Powdered
Based on difference in densities
of ore and gangue particles
e.g Haematite tinstone etc

ix
Water light
l particles
i

i
j fz i
f

t i iÉ
 3
Magnetic separation
Based on difference in magnetic properties
de

Roller
III
e pyrolusite being magnetic

É
Magnetic I

ic non magnetic particles or

vice vers

a
C ell
 a
I conveyor Belt
[Link]
c is separated
conceonrheated
[Link] [Link]
from [Link] tywo

4 froth floatation or oil floatation

compressed air

i
i zw [Link]
ep
n
fI grj
gapeo

Ta containingrepinoie

IL Krafftdl
qqq

e
Gangue

Used to separate sulphide ore from impurities

Based on preferentialwetting ore oil and
of by gangue bywater
e.g Enns Pubs Cuffed etc
finePowdered one water 7 Slurry
Oil added pine eucalyptus with sod x as collector
Oil acts as a frothing agent 8 reduces the surface tension
of water
and helps to produce
SINGH
Hydrophilic

II
stays in water
if of Laetracts suphisore
P
Hydrophogbic
particles

go
me
j
 Prefers tostay in air
men

Collectors enhance non wettability

of mineral particles
Depressant suppresses the floating characteristics of the ore particles

so [Link] to separate twosomes by adjusting

r or e
g in case of
by using
an ore containing 2ns and Pbs NacN is used as a depressant
It selectively prevents 2ns from coming to the froth
Pbs Css NacN KCN No Rich
2ns s t 4 NaCN1kcal fan CN47 t 2Naas
soluble
c
FATTY BBgggg showing mink particles attached to it

Leaching Its a chemicalmethod in which the core is

treated with a suitable solvent which dissolves the core but not the
impurities Ore is recovered from the solution by a chemical method

eg i Leaching of Aluminafrom bauxite has Si02 Feoxides TiOz as

impurities
Cs 2NaOH cap 3110Ces 2 Nal COHN ag
Algo
Aly
imp d
 Igp
I co passed

Alsos UH 0 Is
4203153 t KH2Og
ppl t 2 NatecozCag

Precipitation
of Alsos is seeded with freshly prepared samples
of
hydrated Alsos

ii cyanide
Leaching
of silver and gold with Cni and air process
t 8Chi can 2110Can t 0dg 4EM CNET cap 1401T
Utfsfp oxagent
rn ng or Au
21M CN t Zn ID GnCCNyYIq t 2M Iss
R.A

eg Ag s t U NaCN F 2 Na Ag CN t Na S

Ag is displaced from this complex when more reactive metal

is added to it
Problempractic
Which of the following dff1 ores is concentrated
by magnetic separation
a Bauxite If Haematite c Argentite d Dolomite

fed Important ore

of zinc is

A calamine b Magnesite es cryolite d Anglesite

2m03 Na Aef Pbsoy
Myco
3 Main function process is
of frothers in froth fluatation
f Stick to the ore then take it to rise upto the top
b Convert the insoluble
part of the ore into soluble part
c Make the core hydrophobic
d Noneof the above

4 Wolframite is separated from cassiterite shod by

a froth floatation b Levigation Electromagnetic separation
d Electrostatic separation

5 Which islare oxide ores

of the following
f Tinstone Bauxite c Cryolite d Carnallite
5h02 Agog2h20 Ha Alf KU MyU2 61120

Of Which following pair consist of core of the same metal

of the
a Bauxite limonite b Haematite siderite
c Cinnabar Cassiterite d Galena Cerrusite
 Conversion
of into its oxide

Tevin IRoastingT
Thermal decomposition Consist solid
ofthermal gas
rx
of ore
Ore is heated in absence air Ore generallysulphide is healed
of
at temp just belowthe mp ore
of strongly in excessof air just
below its m
p
Removes water
ofhydration from Sulphur is removed as so
hydrated or hydroxide ore and can include oxidation reduction
CO2 from carbonate ore chlorination sulfation ele

b D
eg Alsos 2110 Alsos 121420 eg I 2ns t 302 22h0 2802A
D D
2 Al Ote Also t 3420 2ns t 202 2nsOy ZnO

I us [Link]
Inco Is ZnO coz LAYS t 302 92Ayo 2 sqq
b 2 Pbs t 302 2Pbo 25029
Pbcog Pbo co
D
Caw mgcosts CaoG Moguls
2029 Impurities of As Sb P are removed
as their volatile oxides
Impurities like S As and Sb sby 292034
302
are removed in the form of
Asu 302 2 As
2039
their elemental vapours
Py t 302 2 Roz T

If sulfide feed is completely

oxidised its called dead
roasting
 ng
performed with

µ
is
Cacos If roasting
devs than required 02 to
ID fully
oxidize the feed its called
partial roasting

f
Edith

et

EI Write down the balanced equation

for the roasting of chate
Cigs and sphalerite 2ns
2 Cuss 1302 20420 t 2502
2 2ns t 302 22h0 t 2SOz
se
usted
to produce Hasoy

VERT6.2
08 what is the significance teaching in the extraction of Al
of
KT Metals are extracted
from the concentrated ore by a suitable method
Method used depends on the reactivity
ofthe metal

KI
Ba J
J
Ca Electrolytic Reduction
Mosntefeaauctive
Na
Mg
Ae
Zn
te
Ex_e
byreductionwithC_nIete Sn
Ni J_MopydlatdatveelY

Pb
Cle
Lessreactive Extracted byheating their oxides
Hg Metals
Ag
found in
Apf native state
 Reduction
Processing redagent Meet
Enneking End shag formation
a process thatheat to melt metal containingminerals
uses

and then rapid cooling to separate the constituents into layers

Sometimes an oxide flux is added deliberately to combine with other
n be impurities and convertthem into fusible ones flux confines
with impurities to forea stable molten pie imm k with molten
metal called slag

v v v

Tasteful INeutralfluxT
Removesbasic Removesacidic impurities used to 4 fusion
impurities Metaloxides Nonmetaloxides temp of mixture
eg si02 POs ele Eg Cao Mogo ele in electrolytic red
to 9 conductivity
Cao sign Casioz Cao t Si02 Casi03
of solution by
f flux slag flux 1 slag providing free ions

impurity impunity

kind
[Link]
acid base reaction
IIEI
Process
et
CaUz

Slag formation is a
of
Propertiesofslag
I Slag is a tesinbkmnass and has low mp
Its lighter than and immiscible with m al hencefloats
 as a separate layer on the molten metal
3
slag also prevents the molten metal to come into contact with
air and get oxidized

NO carbon Reduction smelting

The oxides
of less te Is like Eb En Ee En Cee etc
are reduced by strongly heating with co e

I v
Advantages Disadvantages
Low cost of coke Hightemp is needed
Easy availability Expensive necessitates
the use of blastfurnace
D extraction oflead
Pbo c Pb co
D
2FeOg t 3 life spongy iron 1 3coz
D
ZnO C Zn t co extraction of 2n
D
Eno t C SI LEE
D
C co
Rago rag

The main red agent for carbon redn process is Ig

Fe z t 3 2 Fe t 302
Fezoy t UCO 3Fe coz
Pbo t co Pb t coz
Cee
Cero t CE coz
but Cao 3C A Cac co
Mfo c
Its
cool
ng t co
 Reduction other metals
by
Redagents other than carbon are used for reduction of metaloxide

reduction
by carbon requires very hightemp

Goldschmidt Thermite Process

Fales having eg oxidesof E Ma TI to

Fe
iii etc are to Iii reduce canton
very difficult
iii
iii by

Metaloxide Alpowder
ing

Cryo Is 2Al s 26 l Also s

Fe O s t 2Al 15 2Fe l Also Is DH 32313
3mn30y s 8 Al s 9Mn Il t 4Also Is
3 FiOs s U Alls 3 Ti l t 291203 s

Highly exothermic on É
Metal produced comes out in mollen hase
Used
forthermitewelding of raid joining
Reduction with
My
In certain cases where the oxide is toostable to reduce electrocue

metals are used to reduce halides

es Kroll 2 MgHz
Tidy 2mg T
tooo 1151C

Tidy UNa D
Ti t 4NaCl

Self Reduction
Q compounds
of certain metals are reduced to metals without using

any additional t g Ey Eb Hey etc

e

R
e
g I Pbs 30 s Pbo 28029

Pbs running A
absence
of air
3 Pb 1 5029
e

D
2 Ayo t Ceys 6 Cee SOz
Blister
copper
 Problem Practice

09 During the concentration ores by frothfloatation process

2 of sulphide Pds
the separation of sphalerite and galena is achieved by which of the

following substances used as a depressant

a Pot xanthate od cyanide c Cee
soy d Pine oil
collector
Nacht
or concentration
010 BLY'enmeansT Dressing

a To treat the metal oxide with co

4 to remove impurities from the ore
C to convert sulphide into oxide
d to heat the ore in absence
of air

01 Match the ores with the preferential method of core dressing

a Pbs W P Hyd washing
b reOg r P 9 frothfloatation
c Bauxite s r magnetic separation
d fear Oy g s teaching

which following ores is best concentrated by froth

4 one
of the
floatation method
a Magnetite b Malachite ITG alena d Cassiterite

0 Name the process for the concentration of the ore if the impurities
are lighter Hyd washing
 Metal Displacement Method Hydrometallurgy

Leaching Purification Recovery ofmetal

Desired metal is extracted
from its solution by the addition of a
more electro eve metal
Ag Au and Cu are precipitated
from their respective solutions
Agas t UCN lag 2Ag Chik Capt S2 Cag
2 t Zn Zn CN472 t 2Ag I
lagCNL

2 lauCCNY Zn 12h Crikey t 2 Id

Air is blown into the solution to oxidize Naas formed
Metal added and metal displaced must not react with H2O

is extracted
by hydrometallurgy from low grade o_es It is
Cee
f
leached out using acid or bacteria Soen containing Cert is Healed
with scrap F or
Hz
Cusoy t Fe Fesoy cafe
Cutlass HzIg Cu ID t 2Ht as

Electrolytic reduction
or Most powerful method reduction and gives a
of verypureproduct
Expensive compared to chemical methods
I Used to extract highly electro tve metals
Kia g or

to achieve high purity extracted metal

of

Cut ag t Fels CuCss restCag

Eg
Cut lag 1 Zn s CeeCD 2n ag
More
Ion
of lers
reactive metal reactive
metal
I
 t t
Higher [Link] lower SRP

Sometimes a is added to make the molten mass more

flux
conducting

Extraction of Na o
fused mix of NaCl 7 Caa is taken in Dowris
which consists circle and carbon ad
Ell of noe

NaCl Matt a
cathode Nat e Na is
anode Ce Ice e

Na also be obtained Castner's cell

can
by electrolysing molten NaOH in

Extraction
of Al
T_dggtg_fTddT
PurifiedAyo is mixed
with cryolite NasAlfa
and cafes to lower the
A
a on
the m
p of mix and
conductivity

Ragtag
as a

2 AGO t 3C 4 Al t 302 [Link]

tlall
anode Ces t 02 melt co cop se
cess t 202 melt cozIgs t Ue
cathode Al melt se Al

F
 Thermodynamics ELLINGHAM DIAGRAM
of Metallurgy
Ellingham diagram helps us in predicting the feasibility
ofthermal
reduction
of an ore

It consists
of plots of Daf Vs Temp
for formationof oxides
elements
of
e.g In MCD 02Ig 2mn01s AGI eve

DG DH TAS DS ve

y ct me

cast 02193

d AS ve
Wigg
slope Ese

c co

Graph of R.A
Should be lower
than the graphof
MIO
 Each plot is a straight line except when some phase changetakes place
when Da 0 the oxide will decompose on its own at that temp

Similar diagrams are also constructed for sakes fees and it

becomes clear that
bag of Mas is not compensated so reductions

are difficult
MO t Red agent M t RO

To achieve a ve DG for the red

of
a metal oxide with
ed or EE one
of the following reactions
cess 0 Ig co 1g DG CC co
CID t 0,1g coz1g AGR C coz
Colgs 021g cozig DG CCOcoz

must have a more ve AG than a rim

of the form

NM Iss t 0 Mao is DG CH Mno

Dcf M Mno is ve oxide is stable

is re i m unstable
300
[Link]
c coz
i c co
9
µ
I
co coz
I [Link]
1
i
1100 I
c co C co
soo can't reduce Mao i can reduce
1 Mno
1
Temp
 t

i
AS ve

Metal in the lower section can reduce [Link]

the metal oxide above it
Greater the difnubwthesag
easier the red
Below 710C CO is best RA and above 710C Coke is bestRA

yo nyo t 3C to
break 2M
MP ooo'd
UH 3C
D
Tye a
yep of
carbide

High fuel consumption to maintain 2000C

Can't be used for metals like NE MI
highly electro EE I
 Theoretically we can reduce all metals shown in diagram even
Mg Ca by heating with a red agent but there are practical
limitations like

volatility ofoxide at extremely hightemp ee Also

carbide formation g Tic

300
co coz
q
in yl
DG l
l l
l
400 R ooo I l
l l l C co
l I I
ca
I t
MP
ofmetal
p I l I BP
of metal
soo IRTIPT
IDT
710C
o Temp

of which metal
4 Oxide is 1 are most difficult to reduce by co
a P Q C R d Q R

0 which metal Is is are produced in gaseous state when redri

its oxide is possible by carbon
of
p
 Limitations
of Ellingham Diagram
1 Indicates the feasibility
of a reaction but no info on kinetics

sum
siamang mamarin
this is not always true

WERT
026 Why is the reduction of a metal oxide easier if the metal formed
is in liquid state at the temp reduction
of

A solution containing CAUGHT and IngKabirboth is healed

with 2n then which will be extracted first
Zn CN y t Le Zn t 4cm Eoe 1.26V
Au CNY t e Au t 2cal Eo O GOV

Neg CNL t e Ag t 2cm Eo 0.31V

a Au Ag CS both d None
tt cdoior

Reningofmetal TPhhoFysi
1chetmicalMetho teledddylierefining

17 Liquation 4 oxidation
2 Distillation 5 S Poling

3 Zone Refining 6 Vapour Phase refining

1 Liquation Sen Pb Zn Bi
Hg
Used for metals having low
m.p compared to their impurities

Emperemetalhere
ha

fifth
me Emptileft
nun e hind
4Heat hid Puremetal

2 fradionaldistillation
Metals having p are refined this way e.g Ed Ed Hg
crude 2h
335 c
car save BPa 1751 C
 Cdcraps I Jhealing
C
zn rap
T 920C
Zn Feb
sT Fet Pb

3 zoneRefining Ultrapurification
for metals like si Ge a Ga CHighpurity used in semiconductor

Based on fractional crystallization as the

impuritypre f.t
melt and on solidification only the metal solidity
4 Oxidation This method is used when the impurities present in
the metal have a greater affinity
foroxygen and are more readily
oxidized than the metal

a Bessemerisation Purification
of iron

60
for

Py l t 502 g Pyon l 2 CascPoy z l

stag

b Cupellation removal ofdead from Ag

Molten metal is healed in a

blast
cumpel a a
of air is passed
over the molten metal q
Impurities are oxidised the
volatile oxides thus produced
escape with the blast of air
go Poling Used for Eu SI
I Molten impure metal is exposed to stirred with

green wood log Green

wood log

Hinolten Cee contains 0 as

o_T
[Link].g fire
kneeI
impurity This molten Cee is treated
with powdered an k and then
g
Ifnolten
impure metal
stirred withpoleof green wood
a

E HC gases Ady reduce the Cno Cu 99.5 y pure

Impure Sn metal contains Sno as impunity along with some Cu

Fe hl
99 pure
sung s
Sz

6 Vapour Phase
Htt Refining
Used for removing all the 0am and Muz present as impurities

9 Metal Volatile Heat Pure metal

Unstable
compound

Arkelmethoot
Van used for
Ii 2 E
f Ti lo t 212 Ig 523kg Ti Iq g s Ti ID 2121g
Impure 6 Pure
 Zr s 212 g Is ZrIy Ig 221st 2121g
BID t 312 g Is BIZ purge
1219

MOLD'SPROCESI usedfor Ni

Nics t UCO g Niko y Mics 1 401g

impure volatile Pure

ELECTROREflNlNG_
for purification
of Zn Sn Ag Au Ni Pb Al
Cee

Impuremetal Pure metal strip suitable electrolyte

anode cathode

11 Anode Impuremetal
1
Cathode Pure metal
f AH Cathode
Anode
77
Icy Pareu

Iha
tii
i
i i
1406k
cusouCag

I
blemetalimpurities Moreeasilyoxidised
Ag Au Pt are not oxidised impurities 2n Fe remain
aFdTollett as anode mud in solution as cations
mm
Anneke ha rant ne

In x ne unwanted

cathode M t ne ra

At
any particular moment 1M T in electrolyte remains constant
thud Metallic impurities having lower ox pot than the
metal to be refined
Mr
2

Eff

240 Guys 6 Cu t SOz

2

Zo
 Extraction of IRON Industrial Metallurgy NCERT

Important ores Haematite Feds

Limonite FeOz 3h20
Magnetite res04
siderite feces
Eren Pyne or fool's gold resz

in C In Blastfurnace iron ore

Tmf Pesos rezoy coke and
Cacog is heated with a
blast
of hot air from the
bottom
offurnace

v Coke is burnt to give

m

temp upto 2200K in the

in lower portion and reduction

of iron oxidestakes place

in diff temp ranges

M
Fda
I Concentration Dressing
of ore
2 Extraction
Calcination followed
by roasting
Fecoz Is red coz fr calcination
2 Feo t 2202 Pesos Roasting

Impurities of Ag Ea Eb will be removed as their oxides

Assors 502 d Sb20 upon roasting

smelting
400 800 K 3k20g COT
d
2FezOy 1 Cq T
Fe Oy CO 9 3Fed coz 9
b
Fe z CO9 2 Feo t AIT

b
900 1500 K Feo CO T Fe s t coz I
c
spongy Iron
D
c CO2 2
Silicates sign Is Sim
A c
Muangannate
rent Mnm
b
E Caw Cao is co T

Cade combines with since implies and forms cationsslag

Aflaq is in molten state floats on top of molten
The iron obtained is called Pig Iron and contains around 4 C

and other impurities like etc in s mount

Feo is reduced by co not by coke
to
I fasten has about carbon and is madebymeltingpigion
with scrap iron and coke using hot air blast Its extremely hard

brittle
Wrought Iron or Malleable Iron is the purest form of commercial
iron is prepared from cast iron oxidising impurities in a
by
reverberatory furnace lined with haematite This trite oxidises
C to
go
re O t 3C 2Fe t 3CO
air

MoltenPigIron really
ill linings of
14TH TEA 14TH 11177
haematit
494
Heat

H what is steel d how its formed

y
at Extraction
of copper
Native Ore
Sulphide Ore Chalcopyrite Cufesz
Copper Glance Alas

Azurite 2 Crews Cul 0th

from Cuprous oxide Ayo

The sulphide ores are roasted to give oxides

Qays t 302 2620 t 2502T

Ayo t C Icu co T
Cote

ftfrom copper glance copper pyrite self Reduction

In actual process the core is heated in a reverberatory furnace

after mixing with silica in a range

of
14000cm

2 CafeSz t 402 GS t 2 Feo t 3502

SiOz
Fesio t Ceys res
slag coppermatte
 After roasting is over copper matte 80 95 Uys t 2 54 Fes
is left over which a
layer ofslag exists

Bessemesization

Selfreduction stage is carried out in bessemer convertor

Copper matte is then charged into smirched convertor some

silica is also added Hot air is bl convertthe remaining

Pesa reO and Cee
slay to metallic copper

2 Fest 302 2Feo t 2502

5 resios slag
2Cuss t 302 LAGO t 2502
I cud t Uys 6Cu t 502 self Reduction

The solidified copper obtained has blistered appearance due to

the evolution of Soa and so its called blistercopper

Blister Cu is about 98 pure contains

impurities of Fe Ag Au Pt etc

Hwy Extracting Cu from low grade ores

scraps
 Extraction of Tin
Ore Cassiterite or Tin stone 5h02
Process Used Carbon reduction

Reactions Sno t 2C s Sn s t 2C 0T

Refining It has Fe ran a co impurities

liguation
Poling
Electrolytic Refining

E fraction
ofMagnesium
kce.mgUs61120
Ore Magnesite Dolomite Carnotite in
fom Carnallite d Sea water
Process Used Electrolytic reduction

Mga Mg ace
anode act U 2e
cathode Mg't 2e Mg ID
Carbon Reduction From MgcOz
D
Mgcos Mgo coz
d
Mgo c Mg T co T
Thermal Reduction of Mg42
D
Mga t Cac Cau t ng t 2C

Pidgeon Process from Dolomite

Cacos Mgco Is Cao MgO t 2coz
2 Casio
2mgOt 2Cao t Si 2mg t
 Extraction
of Aluminium
re
o
Bauxite Alsos 2420 or AtOx OH z za
Processes used concentration
for of ore
Hall's Process Seapeck's Process
a Bayer's Process

Bayer's Process Based on leaching

Used
for purification of red bauxiI containing impurities of FEI
silica ele Alsos21920 Feds t Sio t Ti z

Heated withcone
NaOH at 200C

v x
filtrate Residue
MacAl only or NaAl02 t Nazsiog Reds Ti02
urine Mr

diluted with H2O seeded

with pure Allomb filtered

Ppt of Al OH D
ALO Ca form
1210C

Hallisprocesse Not a leaching process

Used
for purification of red bauxite containing impurities of Feds
silica etc Alsos21920 Feds t Sio f TiOz
fused with solid
with H2O
faded

filtrate Residue
Valentonly or Namo t Nazsiog Reds Ti02

diluted with H2O seeded

with pure Allomb filtered

Ppt of Al OH D
ALO Ca form
1200C

Serpeckprocesse Not teaching

Used for Si02 Impurity mainly
Heated with coke in a current of Nz at a temp a 1000 C
A
AGOg t 3C M2 2 ALN t 3C09
d
t 2C si p t 2Co T
Sig
1
Al N t 3h20 At OH 1MHz9
was
calcination
AkO3

Electrolytic Reduction of Alumina Hall Heroult Process

Purified Alumina CAFOs is mixed with Margaery or Cafz which
lowers the m.p of mix I 4 conductivity
fused mixture is electrolyzed Cathode Steel
Anode Graphite
overall
2 Ago 1 3C 4 Al t 3coz

I
 Toe to toe

At203

as to
Al'T 02
DBase

Cathode Ae melt 2E ALI

Ayode cess 02 melt CO Ig
Ee
C lo t 202 melt zigs Ue
 Extraction
of Na
a Down's Process
Fused mixture
of Nacl I call is taken in Down's cell which consists
cathode and carbon anode
of circular iron
Anode 26 U t 2e
cathode Nat e Na is
Natt on

Na can also be obtained by electrolyzing molten NaOH in

Castner's cell

Extraction
of Lead
Roast in air to give Pbo and then reduce with coke or CO in
a blastfurnace
D
2 Pbs t 3021g 2Pbo is s 2Pb l t coz g
Pbs is
partially oxidised byheating blowing air through it After
a

some time the air is turned off a heating is continued The

mixture undergoes self reduction as shown
3 Pbs s Pbs Is 2 Pbo s

heat in absence ofair

3 Pb l t Soz g
 Extraction 2n from 2ns
of
The ore is roasted in presence air at temp at
of excess of
1200K
2 2ns 302 2 ZnO t 2502

The reduction
of zinc oxidecoke
is done
using coke
2 no c Zn t CO
D

2
I

HU DD Electrolysis

2
MgUs Mg 01112 I Calls

lead is purified by Electro refining

 ng

EE
correct
correct

incorrect

2 True

32
E
True
True

38

U t s
P A r S
w r
r