Experinentt_ 401 : a) ‘ Object t= a as “Basie electrical - _eom ponent [devices _ - ; — | | i | __ meautremene v __wenistonce. ta baste DC curren: Objectives . _* Ip _understond “eoneep. of baste. “elect 1 components — - ncder sean cones S< +To__ understand measurements of elentsicah a VON. - EEE Eq vip ive $— a) Bread Reape __Bkayka) Maltimeter ( pum) Resists ay) __Ventable. Power Supply - wy Connector Jeads SN x Bread Board: Bread “ooard oa “selder dese device. —Auc_temporae oh clentronic. “4 crests & jest cart ast oF ee a lent okt canbe Wee | —ie Neade in _temninal || fo_to he 3 tnles Ve, then mole Son | Avrough sxe. Ee appogake. I y tooktom vows ef nsies__ ane ccomecked I Tnoaaentally a sel fa the _aitdle_term I sitet et __seatital __enchere xVovtalble__ Paver Surely _ I _ A yortable power sus oh ! fadudes “ome ne \ ads Ne at pu velkaye, | a _ some tine? she exmentt. Se p rane ___sfhen -accomplisned - paeatis_ meter Sy “may | als _ he a ____ ano: eoatell Yyoltage a oli xa on) akotens! omer ete, a A pore ntl _con___be gen on — pater _o Morduiare acute uhticl__eonverts 7 NC supply ov skapalowo Ae. —___#, __sice versa N yartable power et | 3 wich facilis the Sp ovary __odtuttmentt “the _desral__oatpr “vstage _ TFs “kp contell, 2 Digitek _Malhimeter = _ A agjtal ~eaullameter » -ke vostelele pause sage 7 is TY conmertd Ae Crete Aw sodieb i 4S Ard. Ensure __ ato __meter pul Peed — Reaged inthe Rouce dh “Ys Sek = Voriolle Sec. _voltage_ . tonto &__siustteel Ah | Se Gradual age fe Nase oak | S- Grad inex yo a contol 2 v nore. nad mek aaing __! __Rncrease $ ‘Thexeosed volkage tO _ - - _Lndicated by meter q leave. ha teatro xo Wis voltage. Te Any sukpak Pom ~he stpply ~ is eine, aa a e ety ‘y _b- Wor _remove._ “the meter Reads Avom ert AS \B _ a “Remove _ he Stosting, Lines between sede 7 fey Ce Sex wa “nultimettr 40 read WL Na cumtentt Upto. Zomh,. - _ —G= _Comeck meter between Soltek A __ WB ‘now _indieate “he corn ovsin: ssa yy 1K.O resistor fox an oy a de . ~ AO YV Neke We curvenb- Fate —__| § ed ta aca apport pation aa) Wo ee — _ kes 14 & ———ae [eq ee Re Lf socket 3. ti — akan ate. __meter _Yeads. from the _ _ Soclee KS a AUD sek Me rnviltimeker, +o Sod ad exnenk_ up tooo ft eens _ Necomeck in _ socked I'S Ev measure — no _averene Annosl a. ote _ value © xeeord table 2. Vue Remvle_ ve ae Mates _ & We _mekens ends eo __ = Sore now ___completl Asdlox rom DC ex _supAl Ny, | S-&k We Sutter a veoad denne —upl ay | Qe a _meosure _vesdtoance i Ri & a by. ee We__meter Yends to sodsa — vy P & bee 7 Ra, _ | be Record thee volves ia _table. 2, — | —Brecaulons i __ ~ while dmbing with edecdte cit handle apparnhss tae _ Male Sure. nection) ane Regn. _xead\ io 9 can ful Y ___|____ Dbseor Conclusions t—_ ee . - as “experiment i JeamC elboly { owe _ real Spoord, DMM Swe a paste _eNeckvead _comporien> a wel ae We = ohm meker._ | vole om __estimakia Object oO Color coding a xesistor & _Lolerance._'o cor | codtag method, | sth _onats Raw — expesim toy _ a Me yeleavienship between _ Hate “eurventt a yesistance in Cua To. i Peet at tf olor Co Colored of Resi stor “peMeory 2 a i ia We “Resistor yolWes are marked Rad the. bo = nresstor using a Senter tband. “Tris —_usi_sive_ he volue of _vesistonee _ aswell as TR Laleanee. Me band —_ | eolest 40 “Me end sh scessbor pod iM | alten as bandh 1, _ cose of Seve mee bonds, wo bonds ave_ Sari fieantt Valrey thy And trond 4 a _maultip Wer ie number 4 Zeros &erie a | the Sant band % “he tolerance bond, te ‘fferent_fro_d erent colour “Me tolerance of The _vesistor_ ~ aonakes new cle itt tothe aetuah —__, vaked _fesstonce value for evtample_ tS |_of Ane specified resistance value The poner ___ OX _iqaltarkes how much _power Ae esr con safle, rolleolte. Re siskos ove morleed wit “ne. | edkor bands These bands are f defeert, _____| colors + _ - =| fete Bnd Bands: —___|___— Fst band & second bond cce-presentt Mme Get second Aiohts Se Ne! xeswtonee value jn Wrd wand » calheck vaults pliexr band. Te vepesents She numbers Stein _RLX0 Fillewing oO Ft two digits. Fourth bond indicates Me. _Aderomee of Ae OUD shor _eyampe _“Aslerame, | ot he resistor For _enomple_ +t Sto + ld__), silver fy 4 [Or — &_ otrer Thom, ood 7 siver _wui\\_be + Aor}... 4-4 Btn Bondiyin bandits Ane erperted yeboi bili | ReMoble ts a __tadgtaiton ef yo __ Srpecced _nmber of _ components _ashnk on indteasion | wi nto __ Noager hove __resptonse__valy Ser. Too ay of use, _ ohnls_J Sous ____Ohm’s Now stake Anak: ta _ costs te chratl cumen > Aired propatened, _ > apie deltane Staves ——_|_er ationah S40 4 resistance. _ TeV | RK | RE x , YF TR r TN alton» RE Me vesistonee | Se__otending Xe ons ow current is —_,—ditecdhy _ Lona) to Ae voltae ass sre" Aner Ne Ablkage_dvop also _—merecve s_ provides “ne _xesistonte — yemain —__,__ tome | tonstant &__ turrrente__ deevene ay __xesstonee Ineveopey t voltae _ Xemoiq __ Coastoantl .| Mattexto)_ nae _doeys ons Louw __one_ yo Sold 40 be __ohnie_or _Nntor becouse ____forentsad__diffexence. {ant ge) —cenost_ hs ~___ Keminads_Vortes. _Sneoety “wit Ae _velre __ sf __turreenit_Alowinsy Attu co | wi ‘em 4 = | | | e Rowex’ Supply = 5 Restos _o \loltemeker ~ © Bread Board « Multimeker —____ Procedure t= - _____Ae Conductor yestonce Ri, ornmeter, _______vorfalble___ Power suppl Rrreostate, TT emnestsd an ay caret: ae Wty he _modult__ power sane fh - starting ines ‘between \ sodtets AB Ee pertween 14 AO as own in We eure, We “connects: LR Xo He. _varialble.__ power, supp. : | be Set multimeter eontrod TO WEY QOX —}—de— ange 2 “then conmeeK the meter xo socltel AS E418 ont “nok meter ~__palorty > as ndteadeol__ia__-qure. TRESS ental De_volkane 4 —_ eenteol\ to minimum __&___seahen. _Nhe. |, maeduley —powersuppy on.__Sz_Genew : _nexense _Ae__Volttaqe _ ourou Csnton\ note Ahalk__ meer” reading iZ Aneceoses Tneceases voltage. _ +2 40 os — XN a + ye Pe\ > ein apply to Ra + _ Ss See “Ane__meker ds Son soc _\8, a Be Sele mult meter to ean be. crit i _ UR hd _ aomhk,_ A= Commeck_ Me meker belween seclek vat -—howiag Anroush KW Resistor Aor _an. _ oo vollaoe = Avv- ee TAC A tke 10 appropm _ . an ha rere PRR : For Ry vesnwve shorting Rinks From eee ae _ VA 8 Lace ie belween_ i eres A ake - oe Repeat ot a ne are Steps her Ro, SWS $ i *§ dled tronic, aR ovasnys anh. ,Moalee__suve ceaneckinn 9 Opserve_ Reaching — —_Jeamed sad “Me nekone ba sins ne. eadking, Aecnohore, - a Sy second, porta use Nove. Vertied — ohors dow Ata eevee 8 ___| ane a eae te Ne le | TR.VagiaeLe Resistor. _|| fh “yextstor Xsan adectrtc_ Avice, which, wlfors or bloclts “he Liew 2 current. A yortolole reywtonce ts. one which donot posses “— value Ey vesistonee yotner alue con be controled s Qe needs a harqe _turvent “ACS__restttance value Sowere &__in ~ BMev case. -the___vahue _con_‘be exensed, - _ Wwo one___conmectech__imn_Seviess_unere_ Rye yortolole _yesistor_usse_ wegetaate con be | eontedted — _Myo__lenob __plared on | ane yy. A 2V de sappy > _aetross Me _vesstor -6xe_opert ends only, Creer Brncenn i resist ors Ry & Ry beJ osed fe sm eatin os 6 @ et —- — | OM _ MeteR . - | — 4s connected ocxoss WS OTs We acks 4 caltulake she _value of - revivronee_ by movins, “Melb, 3) is wed Ave Me wwstaiion at voltmeter, eee | Xe calewdabe yoltage aero Ra, Neo Lo Jom i» _eonmeckedl in sigs _afher _ i M8 point a _ Reoceduve. t= RESISTANCE: re Fist eof adh Aurn ont he DMM _ 4 _— sek eX veh ve sista ie Placing he Lens _of DMM on | keemaats US SAT we us calen\ _ | he Koka —Weststanee _aevoss Ras hts ____| itt — eome | Me 1s Monkimum _ ~volue Me _vessotor Ro. (Power 3 gsc srovided ) i ree Now remove Oe Kewninal — Svom WS ead) | also sek he tenon | atone. _ Seve. _ | Ane zero points place “he. Sead 24 Uibo _rerm “Now __shoste voting “MWe__Tenob r seston akpe After _veadings plot__.qrapla _ Wetween Ma My By SMa nine ota aia a wr xemove Me Sead Axom Rew inal _&__tnsext_zato YsS_Kewninad || sf Mo xesistor Ra, also _vemoin. \ veep | Ahe__lenvo ok point Ma _ be Te DMM sl hw vests Kornee ak | |_point \A____geeross._ ~cevmnina)s US yaa he lencb__antidockwse, a sending» at different. pain |nike weadhes zero paints __ xesstonce &_~ controll sexting,, - _ i NOL TAGE + oe 7e To measure the voltage accross Ra fist L |-of _alt_eonect_a, _wsive_in__ Texmiaks U-3 TG UN AD sho event Ra; sul ““pecuroke value of voltage com ‘be caleulobe, ___ Lye A voltmeter is. setup _{ roaneterl Bess Se Wed he Meads DMM Wb & 47 : Wa aes 4o__99 owas 5 | xyen oN We wht meter Gee DMM xo__nead)__volltage_- a she lend ack nero pein | by Nacing, aie seefoying, “helene? __eloelienise._ & _| ete __sreadtiny aiff paiel> Ri |e ose. A_—_—_—_|—— {22 Remove “he end ____|_ between _ MS___&4__ Stow readin) to —=clycuwtse_-ti\\_ ere” _psfale, ie Ake Aol _Madings 5 prot a 4 Jo\ __tonttroll__ setting =e Nso observe He Dany wigs sien —snge [postion (ays” By ie i Conclusion s “now we ore able! to “find The value 2 ‘Alter ge ening Anis aon “fee = varialle. vesstor, VCS —cHorateststey vse We can ade | aks resistance” Value according to ou— seers 13. |sep laoau, —— an AY aaa ~f Orr's Low” — _| _| AW ent : Cavrent __eectriel hm? Jour, With the hel ——+-sf differed. yesistance ‘to Sind ‘he releakion_ | belween —voitare. TH current: To. sey sey the. baie too ef | & ____Dhn’s Jos ctates ahah i oenees | “MWe current wa a vesistive enent, ___| + See propationsl ve Us appieal Soon a - — _ Lev “we . _ Wher e Ve 4 proporbionalll! constant — ware Tf Vs voltage , RAs _vesstonee arcording +o ohm Saw current 7 303i" ‘ou Oo _aiweuit is divect\ Ls wpition 78 Ne voltoge. As cument ne Aye__veltoae dso” IMexenses — ms he vesistarte _-Yermsins Ganson: a Ber a neststowe ty vorted the current also Vortes _‘inventy _, Le neveove in verdtonce, i ae| decrease in curren obeys \ - voltage | ey rent “one Soeonly aged Ao eth et _ Graen of ohmic ~ conduct > _ -stvaight Me. _ = Makeria)s _ ulhida does not dbe: is Jos | —are__calltec NON OFIMIC _ContnpetoR as the. | turent voltage ove nl near 4 - ee pastionel Gpagn fit non- ohmic conddetor curvech, + Brim (satel Multimeter ) Comecting wires tt Power cupps 2 OI opted ey Board. _ | Procedure: "Foe Ra - »_ 1) Mate _comections according to Mepre : civeuit _ctaeyvamn, ig 8 Congect_ Ae" voltmeter %__ ammeter | accordingdy, be oon” the __ pore ue xead Wo —_|_vottemetcer _%__ommmeter_eredaings caste Mem, a pe ®)Inexeove We voltage, xo aay check. | the ammeter a ejay erie vents| When, _jnerease, ‘he, valtage. +0 wy Se “also | uwike the yeod ci ammeter: {I pew A) Continusly factene “he voltone Ae cy LE step & cove {thy vorite “he current. \Ne have __eeatcinud _inexease _ta_curvent ox__continuse _ change 19 Voltage. 7 | | Heh LL vy aan for RS — te ety. — | _ TG R — tL 4. Malee She connections _ acceso to “cheat _ Aiaarorn a 4 Sota voltmeter Tammeter ia the COUNT _ EES SS \x¢ B) Aoply __2volts —— _checle the _amme ter w: ~ _yeadiag i a Noble Aweltase “to __Uvolts_ | & “yonite_ Te teasing, - - a | ev) Contino. _tnexecse ~ "We _ _valtage, okey i | by skey pk dition. ef Dvolt» tach nae) &, xi ke 2 te vead ing ats Ones ne “Nove {he endings. Sor Q Ra, ure he Feronha_ “Rey 40. | Ssad “ae value 4 resistance in The, cytuit. Resiskance —_vst!__be_constanlt “19 Q “also i S Alter ay ey pains _ 1 et Ther | akan! jbee — belweey voltage iy canvent | Conelusivn : . ‘Wrough AMis — eriperimen use ' found ‘\hod We! yolage a eyerenk — ove | ieee Proportional Aw” eae eer accxoss la fred value ef XeMylanee, Bw keep | yond | We Vesistanee same we a SNe nt Mae aaph oaainst voll age x coven ,| Experiment: 05 __—| Study &_verificatton _ef _Kcchol _ trent dow. (lec). tes To stad S_vesily, Ae Wechelf iP _ Cuwrente__Jow and sto check. vatdty { Ana etunitte to _Aind ‘coming us | ___| outccomins exevents-_ SS Rerohe\ Current: - A parallel eke a closeol’ etreutt. A __wslnte __eurventt_ dhiywhes voltage vermin - same across add “he _ lovanches.s whereas she Cocrentt {a the treat The sum Te propert, ot moterial to resist he ee dow 4 ewerertt 7 cabled as veastontes wolereas 4 resstarre cogstor i a device “which offers a _speeific resistance ean DE Aa a carats [in Parathed —_efeeukt se rotod | ___|_eeypt Sent ves tance _tan_ toe. foun by | Aomahar, : - = mal aba Re Ra ReCorrente Aho each vesistor will pe J _ Ai tdea! Volloge.__aevosy__xesstove ts || fares i — Keel Covent: Law I TWis Sow stake hak: — {h (Re coderbrie wr at ol the cumenk —_ enterinia ani ants 119, a specific | Nede ts always 2eXO", | Th athe uomas _ — Surm of faconing, eonertes (eniesing a — node tt é ya) “to gam ot andgping Lerbting) cCorents ———— Wis Yow % usecl 40 — deseribes how a hare —_cuvent_enters & deove Oo node on wre. s \ - “Te etree bean, usec 40 hid Next We CL cont tg — i oa supply, Resistance ie 40 | _sevies § sther Ro, “Ra, Rain parable! | vit ead olen, Meo Rs & Rie are i woe wit adh other. Nodes are. | tndioies as 31132) 3° HN 3-d0 __ | & shown Mya diagram, Maltineter > Se peer Supply SS Balmer Cran > bony iy wry |Procedure: Le Fret La Aa\ce ath “M | evi > vea i — DMM eto. | ¢ MW the registers —_connectech ta We eireuit 5, we are to _meapure_ “Metr_values | with Awe Welp a} DMM, | | 2 Tim _ON “he DMM 4 set Te _to_wesistonee | measurements. - _—_____| __|2 By _tonnecting the Reads _aeross. Whe Aw | ends! 9h sre sitpre _we con _get ‘the actuat | Naluee } 2 Now. Bs shown adhe _ciecaile Atocgam ne __sesistors _(_ Ra Rea Ru) cre connected | 4 arralel —_ comioimaditon 4 So caleulake the |_ Value —2ayxivalente rrexistemee__loy_asing_ fomudo.s connecting “the _Panana_cadle> to. | BN) we _can__evmplete nO . 2 [aye etree & measure the yesstonee. by DMM — bs we ee, Ris & Ruy we __ parable 5 we will colealabe uivalente _vesivtonee 4" using _ Loemudar — _a usiag DMM, — __togerent__mecsure ment, 3 Met xf | : 2 power supply “hen cNeale. ‘Me Adal. 5 _oynrentt ia “he wed by usin anes Ss Teka current must be eora)__ tO _turerent _eough ane Ra 4 ee (eur is), ofp fiack hoe eurvedtt agaist Rip , remove The | _eoanerctiin. wire & tnseak the Sends -amme te, 10 _fna Aho carrentt ‘Akyroushh ve Sistr _ Te Mo same steps for Ra qe Rea. |» Te sum total ef enerent Aireagh Ris R ——+ $+, Ra & Ry will be. equa) 40 | Ts JARn, ee rk a vind he eament “rough Rs ER — —t ey ‘esl som otal will be equa) to ds. | Conelusion sn ot Trough Wis experiment we have. _ Neified Ker b using DMM, trainer veyrtors, tt wt a vauesXi #06 Study ee verifertion 4 (wey | Nectives , Ht Yo studs ver KVL & tO checle ae validity in.o attr toting oti Kens Ye sistenees &_Ahu» {ding voltoge chop across “them, | _ Series Cavett. Sevies civeutt “is the one ia which Cuwent — vemains same or constant across each ¢ omporient te voltage crop is aiffe en aernss all Component <. Resistance. We Prope Ay ot wntesial sto epose he Too f° tervent cabbecd veistanice fe aripone ov device ts callecl ve siston. fa sort sc inet CMe total — vesitamee cane found using Tomula, ‘ Rye Rie ReRye aR Cawent fein, “Wr ough Sevies TN Same surchere as voltage olivicle «.Tis Jaw — staie> MMok + « Ne. sum af ali the voltages across each es L_t3_ equal to Me total supply Voltage. oR : Som af Voltage dvop = Tota Voltage. Wis Yaw. 4S used cto fad. athe : voltage Avop 6A a etree mmol. 9 a Loop. - _Cireni & Bie> yam + ee creuit bein used do veri const 0’ tov de power supply» 1g ; L ResStance C Rx) to be connected ¥ Sewies with (Rw) Le Rs) Arough ode (3-83, 312, 343) TD compete | MWe erent connect the vecle RY) to (aa). 03-8) 40 (2n), Ap pescathS + > Diaited Multimeter — SMM, — Trainer Crewe > Be. Power rare a => Connect ing | Ban, uoties:> Frest of all take the eqyippemen 8 _ __|__eheclt he - — ali a 7 Toke DMM &4 Set te ‘To catulae | Nhe __resivtonee. _ _ | > Use Dwi cormect he -end_peint 4 _ —f_ Ru _coltlodte the __resistance. % if _ | mete _ clown. . Hi 1-7 Raain conmect Me lnnotos of me to Row ey pte the value © some process ox Ris. >! Now alee. connections aceoralins to — ihe cireent diagram, . => After Malena, Connection _covcectley 5 give. — Power ‘To Me_ suppl (40%) set ik on _ Ne bee power sxpply: =? Now sek the" Umm to dined the current (Be covrent) po the — evameter 1 Me etre so Wek ies Lm sevies tty Ae ctreait, | Note “he value Corrent 9 MMe ireuiic —uohich\ will be came. | acress alk the cemponents [restitons a Ws trent a Now chanae ‘he OMIM _ sertting ‘To - —_eolenlake vel qe (develtage)—19 We, —__| — etreuth. . 7 | Connect ‘Whe — \tnvbs a DMM fo Power —_|__supply_ 9 porallell Sc "mote the value,| Same process vail be ve pentecd ust (Ra) resistor connect Me nbs ef BM | |W parallel to Qu %, note down value. Now caleuloke Ane. a (Ra) a = Ric)__wine, _ kame. nme. — __| After notin’ down odd “the values a (Rx , Raw, Qe) “Dw _ app the KVL to Ane ctvensih — | Rr = Bota volta 2 suppl NN Ry = vol ede ° wl | Nw = voltae deep ot Vas Vis = 4 w Qs oo = Vr = Vin Vw + Vis_ / — - A\r-Vn + Viu- Vis =0 | Conelusion « - oa Vrouan Ais vipesiment we. | | vert Me KVL by sina SM | a en n voltage Suppl 8 usin ott Ke ____|__alues. 4 xerstury