Chapter No. 03 History of Pakistan Pre-Partition Question No. 08 Hindi-Urdu controversy 1867 This event occurred when British decided to replace Urdu which is written in Persian script with Hindi written in Deo-Nagri script, in lower courts. Muslims all over India started to agitate against the step taken by the Government. On the other hand Hindus were celebrating on the replacement of the Language. This event also sparked disturbance in many localities across India. Muslims were surprised by the reaction shown by the Hindus, because till then both Hindus and Muslims stood with each other against British. Hindus had started to lean towards British, while Muslims were facing hardships at the hands of British. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan took notice of the event and observed it. He then started to think about the two nation theory, that Muslims and Hindus are two different nations which have totally different history, culture, religion and language ete, Although they have lived together with each other for more than eight centuries but still they have not learnt to tolerate each other, After some interval of time in history both communities found themselves face to face against, each other over some issue. Question No, 09 Formation of “All India National Congress” 1885 It was formed by a retired British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume in 1885. The main purpose of this party was to provide Indians a platform to voice their grievances and demands to the British Government, It welcomed people of all castes and color. British wanted to avoid any other confrontation like the War of Independence 1857 in future, The first meeting of the Congress was held in Bombay when Lord Dufferin was viceroy. It was attended by 72 delegates. Womesh Chandra Banerjee was elected as the first president of Congress. By 1907 the Congress party got split into two sections first under Bal Gangadhar Tilak (the extremist) and the second under Gopal Krishna Ghokle (the moderates). Sir Syed Ahmed Khan at this moment advised Muslims not to join Congress. He was not against politics but he believed that Muslims were not fully prepared to indulge themselves into politics. He believed that Muslims at that time had other imrortant than politics 27challenges which need immediate attention. He said that Hindus are more advanced and educated than Muslims. They will easily overpower Muslims in politics, He also predicted that Congress will become a Hindu party neglecting Muslims. To provide Muslims a platform to work on education and divert their attention from polities he established Mohammedan Education Conference in 1886. Time proved the fears and predictions of Sir Syed when Hindus objected on the partition of Bengal in 1905 which was in the favor of Muslims. Question No, 10 Partition of Bengal 1905 Bengal at the start of the twentieth century had Bengal proper, Biharm Orrisa and Cholta Nagpur. It was the most populous Province in British India, having an area of 189,900 square miles, with a population of 78.5 million (7 carore 85 lacs)10. This was nt the first time that British had discussed or planned to bifurcate this particular area of India. The size of Bengal according to British was too much for a single governor to handle and administer. They 4 ‘most of the Muslims lived in the Eastern Bengal and Hindus dominated the Wester Bengal. led Bengal into two provinces, Fast Bengal and West Bengal. Before the partition the Partition took effect on 16th October, 1905. After the partition Muslims got almost full ‘majority in the new province East Bengal This partition sparked a reaction from Hindus, who were not in the favor of sharing power with Muslims and agreeing to any favors for Muslims. Prior to the partition in all provinces Hindus had majority and Muslims were in minority, so when the Muslims got majority in one province it was not acceptable to Hindus. On the other hand Muslims felt relieve. This was the first time during the British Rajl1 that Muslims as a community received some benefit out of the government. They welcome the decision, The main advantage to Muslims was that now they did not have to compete with the Hindus of Calcutta who were head and shoulder above the Muslim merchants economically and had a control over markets. 1 Why the partition was done? 2 Why Hindus did not like it? And, Why Muslims welcomed it? 3 How Hindus and Congress opposed it? Or why the partition was reversed? 281 Why the partition was done? Bengal was the largest province of India which had the largest population and area. Due to its size and population it was becoming difficult to administer it. So administer it properly the Viceroy decided to divide into two smaller provinces under two Governors. The population was about 70 million, Another political reason can be drawn out of the activities of Congress and behavior of British Government. Since the establishment of Congress in 1885 the demands of Indians were increasing day by day, Congress was dominated by Hindus and Muslims had a very small number in it. British wanted support for them amongst Indians and they thought that by giving political, administrative and economic favor to Muslims they might be able to receive support from Muslims, which might be helpful against Congress. This is exactly what happened after the partition. Muslims were in favor of it and Hindus rejected it completely. 2 Why Hindus did not like it? And, Why Muslims welcomed it? Before the partition the Hindus were in majority. Hindus had more than half of the population in Bengal, most which was located in the Western part of the province. The Muslims had the second largest population and most of them were located in the Eastem part. After the partition East part of Bengal became under the majority of the Muslims and the Wester part was still dominated by the Hindus. Congress and Hindus were unable to tolerate Muslim majority in any of the provinces of India, Secondly Hindus were claiming that by drawing lines on the holy land of Hindus British have committed a sin and dividing any piece of land on India is like cutting holy deity12 in two halves. For Muslims, it was a sigh of relief. Finally the mission of Sir Syed was accomplished to some extent. He always wanted to bring Muslims and British closer for the benefit of Muslims. It was the first time after the War of Independence 1857 that Muslim community got any benefit out of the British Government. Muslims were enjoying majority in one newly created province in India, 3 How Hindus and Congress opposed it? Or Why the partition was reversed? Congress and Hindus were against this decision since the beginning. They wanted to reverse it at any cost. The following events and action show how they were able to pressurize British to reverse the partition. 29i Sawadeshi movement: “Sawadeshi "In this movement Congress a Hindi word which literally means “of our ow asked their fellow countrymen to boycott British goods and buy only Indians goods, They thought this way British would suffer financial losses and they would be forced to reverse the partition, ii, Violence across country: Initially British were able to sustain pressure of agitation and Sawadeshi Movement. But after some time Hindus got more frustrated and violent in their demand, Some extremist Hindus Started to conduct attacks on goverment officials. They even attempted to assassinate the Viceroy of India Lord Minto twice, but he survived both times, iii, Delhi Durbar: King George V became king of England on 6th May 1910 after the death of his father. He chose India for his coronation ceremony because it was the most prized possession of the British monarchy. When Indians came to know about this Idea of the king they threaten to Kill the king if he tries to come to India, Before this could happen the British Goverment took firm action to avoid this situation by reversing the partition and shifting the capital from Caleutta to Delhi. Sir John Jenkins a member of Viceroy’s Council ad ed to reverse the partition of Bengal and to shift the capital of India to Delhi. Both of these suggestions were accepted by Viceroy and implemented, When King came to India the capital was Delhi and there he announced the reversal of the Partition of Bengal on 22nd June 1911, Question No. 11 Simla deputation, 1906 and the formation of Muslim League (1906) After the partition of Bengal the Muslims of Sub-continent felt alone. The reaction of Hindus against the partition was very strong and anti-Muslim. At that time some prominent members of Muslim community thought that the time has arrived for Muslims to take some action towards safeguarding their rights. Therefore Sir Agha Khan II] led a delegation of some prominent members of Muslim society of India to meet Viccroy Lord Minto in Simla in October 1906. There they demanded separate electorates for Muslims and weightage for Muslims in different councils. The meeting ¥ - + success and brought future izpes for Muslim politics 30India. The Viceroy assured that he would convey the demands to House of Commons, Separate electorates were finally granted to Muslims in Minto-Marly Reforms 1909. ‘The formation of Muslim League (1906) The political system and culture was introduced in India by British in the last quarter of nineteenth century. In 1885 the formation of Congress started the process of politics in India. At that time Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised Muslims not to take part in Congress. The reason ‘was that Muslims were not aware of politics at that time. Muslims were ignored time and again by the British and Hindus in the India. The Indian Councils Act of India 1891 also proved that Hindus would dominate the politics and will leave Muslims behind. Since the start of 20th century Muslims had started to feel the need of a separate political party or a group. In 1901, in a meeting at Lucknow, Nawab Vigar-ul- Mulk stressed on the formation of a political party for Muslims of India The Hindu attitude towards Muslims after the Partition of Bengal proved that Hindus cannot work for the rights of Muslims and Muslims need to make a political party of their own. The annual session of the, “Mohammedan Educational Conference”, was held at Dhaka in 1906. Many prominent members of Muslim society of India were present there. Afier the meeting the Nawab of Dhaka, Nawab Vigar-ul-Mulk arranged another meeting to discuss the prospects of a political party of Muslims. He chaired the meeting and in this meeting the every agreed on the need to form a separate political party. The early objectives of the League were, i, To protect the rights of Muslims ii, To cultivate friendly relations with British iii, To prevent the rise a hostile feelings in the hearts of Muslims for other communities and in the hearts of other communities for Muslims. ‘The formation of Muslim League was inevitable duc to the behavior of Hindus and Congress. After its formation Congress blamed the League as the representative of British and said that British have made Muslim League to divide Indians and to counter Congress. Change of Objectives by Muslim League: After the reversal of partition of Bengal in 1911 during Delhi Darbar, the leadership of Muslim League was shocked and felt betrayed by British, During the movement against the partition Muslims were curious about the future of East Bengal (a Muslim majority area) and 3they wete satisfied by British that it will remain separated no mater how many tactics would be utilized against it, On this assurance Muslim League during its earlier Years into politics decided to side with British if they continue to favor the community across India, The decision to re-unite East and West Bengal was an eye opener for Muslims. They realized that British are not there to provide relieve to anyone their only motif is trade, profits eamed from it and the revenues from India. During 1911 and 1912 the leaders of Muslim League Wanted to deviate from earlier objective of the League which said to cultivate friendly relations with British, Question No.12 Morley Minto Reforms 1909 British introduced legislative reforms after 1892 in 1909. These reforms are known as Indian Councils act 1909 or Morley Minto reforms. Lord Minto was Viceroy and Lord Morley was the Secretary of State for India. Salient features of these reforms are as under, i The separate electorates were given to Muslims in the Provinces where they were in minority, 50 in large province. Hii The number of central council was increased t0 be 60 members. ‘These reforms were very important for Muslims in two aspects. i, Firstly in it the Separate Electorates were officially granted to Muslims which meant a ‘teat Vietory for early Muslim Polis ii. Secondly the part.‘on of iengal was not reversed a these reforms which ant 32ignore their advice. On the other hand Congress was very ‘unhappy with these reforms, They also refused to accept these reforms for the following three reasons. 1 It did not grant self: rule fo Indians which was the demand of Congress before these reforms. Lime in same city. Lucknow was chosen for this purpose. After Conducting their own sessions both conducted a common session, | For the first time the Congress agreed tothe right of separate electorates for Muslims. They Concerned with that law agrees to it. ‘Hi Muslims were given the 1/3 seats in the councils where their ratio was 1 33'¥. In another demand it was asked that any act or law assed by a large majority in any Provincial council should become a binding on the government V. Provincial autonomy was asked in all provinces, \s Both parties agreed that they will protect the rights of minorities living in their areas, “This agreement between the two major political organisations may be regarded as the most string expression of Indian nationalism so far achieved within the bounds of British India, And it was only achieved by major concessions on both sites, The Congress at last conceded Separate Moslem electorates. It even acquiesced in their introduction in the Punjab and the Central Provinces, where they had not hitherto existed, Seats, moreover, on the Councils only three-quarters of the seats to which they would have been entitled on a purely numerical basis, and in the Punjab only nine-tenths ; but in both these Provinces this was a great increase on the extent of Moslem representation under the Morley-Minto Reforms : in Bengal have on a population basis : in the United Provinces and Madras, for example, a 14 and 6-15 Per cent Moslem population would have a 30 and 15 per cent representation. Moslem Strength at the Centre was similarly increased by the allotment of one-third of the elections to the Council to separate Moslem constituencies, The Moslems, itis true, were to surrender the additional advantage they had obtained in 1909 of also voting in general electorates; but by {he mote conservative or communal-minded among them this may well have been regarded 85 no Toss, since it emphasized and secured the distinction between the two communities, A final safeguard and, however it might work in Practice, a notable departure from the pure doctrine of “majority rule * was provided by the application of the device adopted in the Congress constitution. No bill or resolution affecting a community should be proceeded with three-fourths of the representatives of that ‘community were opposed to it, 34Question No. 14 Khilafat movement (1919-1924) Different aspects to be covered in this topic; 1. Why did the Khilafat movement start? 2. The movement was week from the start 3. Events of Khilafat Movement, 4. The reasons for its failure, 1 Why did the Khilafat movement start? tas apolitical movement launched by the Muslims of sub-continent ‘There were two main reasons behind Khilafat Movement i, Protection of Ottoman Empire and Caliph and ii. To join all the Mustims of the world under single caliph like the early days of Islam by ro- establishing the system of Caliphate, ‘The First World War started in 1914, Indian Sub-continent was under the tule of British. The Second group was led by Germany. In the German group a very important ally was Turkey, Turkey was the seat of Caliphate of Muslims, “Caliph” means “successor or “representative”. British asked Indians to fight along with them in the war against Germany. The Muslims of India refused to fight against Turkey which was supporting Germany. After the reversal of Partition of Bengal in 1911 Muslim League lost confidence in British and started to build friendly relations with Congress. On behalf of this friendship Hindus also refused to fight for British. To further convince Indians British said that their main enemy is ot Turkey. They further assured that after the war Turkey would not be treated harshly. On behalf of this assurance Indians decided to support British, of the loosing countries harshly through different treaties. The first treaty which affected Turkey was the “Armistice of Mudros” signed on 30th October 1918. According to this treaty Turkey accepted defeat in the war and surendered Hejaz, Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica, The allies also got control over Dardanelles and the Bosporus the two traits of Black sea, which lie within the boundaries of Turkey. Then Treaty of Sevres in 1920 August 10th further humiliated Turkey. It broke the Ottoman Empire and reduced the control Turkey to the city of Istanbul and surrounding territory and to part of Asia Minor, 35‘The Muslims of India felt that they have been cheated by British In 1919 they started to raise ‘heir voice against this harsh treatment of Turkey. They also reminded British about their Promise in which they said that Turkey would be left alone after the war When these early attempts did not work then people like Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Shaukat Ali Jauhat, Abul Kalam Azad ete. started a fill fledge movement to pressurize British Another long term or wider goal of the movement was to unite all Muslims of the world against anti-Muslim forces such as west, 2 The movement was weak from the start ‘The movement was weak from the start, The basic reason behind the movement was the ‘estoration of Caliphate in Turkey, but on the contrary the people of Turkey wanted to get rid of Caliphate and make Turkey a republic under the leadership of Kamal Ataturk. So the claim of restoration from outside by design became week. 3 Events of Khilafat Movement ‘The movement started with few people but shortly it gained momentum and mass in India ‘The first session of Khilafat conference was held 1919 December, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan along with Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali Jauhar: established Khilafat Committee, 30 March Gandhi had given a call of general strike all ‘across Indian, which was later, delay to April 6. However in Delhi strike was conducted on 30 March and violence erupted. As a ‘esult some Hindus and Muslims died. The next day in Namaz Janaza of Mastims in Jama Musjid Delhi Hindus emerged to show solidarity with Muslims against British. There Sawami Shardhanand and Arya Samajh leader. arrived and he was asked to take the pulpit to Pulpit in such an important mosque. First Khilafat conference 23 and 24 Nov. 1919 in Delhi 19 Jan. 1920 Khilafat deputation of 35 went to meet viceroy led by Ansari Khilafat delegation led by Muhammad Ali went to England and met Lloyd George PM England on 17 Marck ‘20. 364 The reasons for its failure: ) Hijrat Movement 1920 | 1920 some religious leaders and the leaders of Khilafat movement declared Indian Sub- Continent a “Dar-ul-Harb”. It means a place where Muslims cannot live their lives according {0 the teachings and practices of Islam. Around 20000 Muslims from Sind, Punjab and N.W.F.P migrated to Afghanistan, the nearest “Dar-ul-lslam”. They sold all of their belongings and other house hold to go to Afghanistan. When they reached there the {0 start a new life. In other words it was a complete failure and brought humiliation for the leaders of Khilafat movement. People lost their confidence in the leadership, 5) Chaura Chauri incident 1922 to any violent movement, He ‘Was a strong follower of the theory of ' “Ahinsa™, meaning non- Wolenee, With the departure of Gandhi all the Hindus supporting the movement also left and the movement became weak because now only Muslims were supporting the cause. © Proclamation of Republic in Turkey 1924 Since the end of World War Ia movement for demoeraey in Turkey started, I aimed the monarchy or Caliphate in Turkey. The last Caliph signed a very humiliating ‘realy with the victorious powers and it eaused unpopularity for the Caliph. Finally, in 1924 the movement got successful under the leadership of Kamal Ataturk, The people of Turkey abolished Caliphate and declared Turkey # Republic. When the people of Turkey themselves abolished Caliphate then the demand to restore Caliphate from other countries made no sense. 37Question No. 15 ALLAMA IQBAL's Presidential Address December 1930 Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal ranks amongst the Muslim intellectuals who left a deep impact on history. He inspired Muslims of the Sub-Continent and beyond. He infused a moving spirit and identity in the Indian Muslims. He presented a framework of their political future and talked how that would help to achieve the goal of Ummah, He resented a vision and dream in his Allahabad Address, 1: Background after 1857, especially in the 20th century. To Muslims, the key issue remained ‘separate identity.” They tied their level best to make the rival nations Understand that the Muslims are & Separate nation having different culture and civilization, interests and rights. The Two Nations theory could not fascinate the Hindus and the British Peoples because they believed 'P “ermitorial nationalism.’ The Hindus desired to absorb them in their majority but they Could not face the arguments of the Muslim intellectuals. By 1930, Muslims had developed a Sense of identity and political demands Iqbal delivered his Presidential address in this background, {abal’s stay in Europe, 1905-08, helped to crystallize his thoughts. He retumed to India in 1908 and started work on the roots of Muslim dectine and the mechanism to uplift the + Title of Sir was conferred in 1922 * Member Punjab Legislative Council (1927-1930) He delivered lectures on Islam in Aligarh, Hyderabad and Madras (1928-29). At Allahabad, he presided over the meeting and delivered his famous address, 38The Address, December 1930 He explained that Islam offers an ethical order, socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization, It isa living, dynamic force that hes @ profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslims. With the force of Islam the scattered and disoriented people have been tumed into an organized force. The Muslims are not willing to submerge their religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of domination from Hindus. If the British want any sort of internal harmony it would be impossible unless the communal question is settled. It's historical reality that India 'S & continent inhabited by diverse people. No political arrangement may be acceptable Without recognizing this reality, * Ifthe Muslims have an opportunity to develop in accordance with their Islamic civilization and tradition, they would be willing to sacrifice their lives for India, * Federalism cannot sueceed without recognizing the national identity of the Muslims, * Territorial redistribution of British India on the basis of religion has become a need of time. * Punjab, NWEP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into a state, self-government within the British empire or without it, The formation of such a consolidated North Western Muslim state appears to be the final cestny of the Muslims, atleast of North West India, To India, it will offer peace and security due to internal balance of power. * Islam is a people building force in India that has given moral consciousness and political identity to the people. Importance {abal’s address isa forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim case in India, Why should they be treated as a political entity rather than a minority? 39al adjustments will enable the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideals and serve the cause of Ummah. * Redistribution of territory developed later on concept of Muslim homeland, * He further expressed these ideas in LETTERS TO JINNAH from May 1936 to November 1937, He talked of a separate federation of Muslim, provinces, The North-Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitled to self-determination like other Nations in India and ouside. Shariah's development is impossible without a free Muslim state or states. He advised the Muslims to be above self-interest and devote themselves to Islam * In difficult times, Islam has saved the Muslims, * Faith, culture and historical traditions are more important than patriotism, Question No. 16 Election of 1937 These elections were very important forthe politics of India in general and politics of Muslim League in particular. The results of these elections were in favor of Congress and Muslim League got its wakeup call. Congress was able to secure victory in 8 out of 11 provinces. On the other hand Muslim League was unable to form Government in any of the provinces, To make the things worse there were other Muslim local political parties which got victory in Provinces but not the League. In 5 out of 8 Congress provinces they had fall majority to form government and in the other three they formed coalition governments, In Punjab Sir Sikandar Hayat won the elections under his Political party Unionist. In [Link]. Dr. Khan Sahab secured victory under his political party Red Shirts but he formed Soverment with the help of Congress. In Bengal, Fazul-ul-Hag formed Government with the help of Independent Muslim candidates. The only significant victory for Muslim League was in those provinces where Muslims were in minority, In Muslim majority areas the League failed comprehensively. Congress Rule and difficulties faced by Muslims (1937-39): After a comprehensive victory Congress was able to form their goverment in 8 out of 11 Provinces. In 5 of them they formed single party government and in other three they formed coalition governments, Before taking oath Congress party mace it sure that there is no check on their ministries that is why they said that they will not take oath until British assure that the govemors the provinces will not use their cmergeticy powers. 40After forming goverment Congress brought all the changes they wanted to without considering the feeling of other communities’ particularly Muslim community. Immediately after taking control Congress started to pass draconian laws which were offensive to Muslims. Many Muslims living in the Congress provinces started to complain to Muslim Teague. In March 1938 a committee of 8 members was formed to find out about the Srlevances of Muslims. The chairman of this committee was Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur. The report came out in November 1938 which identified and discussed the atrocities of Congress. Then another report came out in March 1939 known as Shareef Report which Served the same purpose, Lastly Fazul Haq Report was prepared to find out the atrocities faced my Muslims in provinces under Congress Ministries, Following are the findings of these reports which describe the true picture of Muslims of Hindu majority areas; 1. Ban on Azan: ‘The congress ministries banned “Azan” on loud speakers in their provinces. This was a step Which infuriated Mustims living in these provinces. Muslims are bound to observe “Namaz” and “Azan” isthe call for it. By aking this step they showed that they do no care about other religions. 2. Ban on slaughtering of cows: Cow is one of those animals which ate not forbidden by Allah for Muslims. 1 also is main meat souree for Muslims across the world, On “Eid-ul-Azha” Muslims sacrifice animals in the path of Allah and cow is the main choice of most. 3. Disturbances during worships in mosques: The congress supporters and Hindus used to conduct noisy processions during the ‘nam: time which was disturbing Muslims. Then in some places it was reported that some fanatic Congress supporters threw dead pigs in Mosques. 4. Edueation Policy: ‘A new education policy was introduced under the ttle of Wardha Scheme. There were many new Proposals which were not acceptable to Muslims living in Congress Provinces. The religious education was not allowed at any level. This way the Muslim families thought that their children will slowly get far from their religion. Then the Hindy principle of *Ahinsa’ as Propagated on a large scale according to which one should not resort to violence at any Cost. On the other hand Islam also teaches about the peace but it also tells Muslims to fight in the naris of Allah, Jihad ifsoime _< tries to wage war against you a15. Schools and colleges: Students of schools and colleges were supposed to pay respect to the portrait of Gandhi on ‘heir way into the building. This was again an act which Muslims cannot accept. Then in Schools and colleges the practice of making thread by ‘throwing wheel was adopted. This was 4 political symbol of Congress which was started by Gandhi 6. Wande Mataram: A Hindu nationalist song was written by a Bengali writer. This song gave the message that India is a sacred land only for Hindus and all the other People including Muslims are outsiders. Day of Deliverance 22nd December 1939; qm September 1939 World War II started and again England was involved in it. The Sovemment of England asked for support in the war from Indians, The people of India "eplied that they will only support British inthis war if they get complete independence from British rule, When British government did not accept this demand Congress party resigned from all of their provincial ministries, ‘Hanah considered this resignation as good news for all the Muslims who were living under Congress government. He declared that on 22nd December 1939 all Muslims will celebrate Pay of Deliverance. The main reason for this celebration was that now Muslims would not have to face all the atrocities and hardships of Congress rule any more Question No. 17 Pakistan Resolution 23rd March 1940 ‘The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore on 22-24 March 1940. The Lahore Resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Ch. Khaliquzzaman that finally approved on March 24, 1940. Jinnah rightly expressed his valuable remarks about the Political circumstances of India and the Muslims stand. He said. “Indian problem is not communal but international. No Constitution can work Without recognizing this reality. Muslims of India will not accept a constitution that establishes a goverment of the Hindu majority on them, If Hindus and Muslims are placed under one democratic system, this would mean Hindu Raj. a2Text of the Resolution: * They decided that the Federal system under Goverment of India Act, 1935 wes not acceptable for the Muslims. * No revised constitutional plan would be acceptable unless it was framed with their approval and consent. * Adjacent units where Muslims are in a majority, as in Northwest and East, should be constituted as Independent States where the constituent units will be autonomous and sovereign. * Protection of minorities would be given priority Significance: This Resolution did not specify any demarcation of the territory but it defined the future plan of struggle for the establishment ofthe Muslims states (later the word ‘states’ was replaced by ‘state" in 1946) in the Northwestern and Eastern areas where the Muslims were in overwhelming majority. It also intended to give importance to the autonomy of the states, There was no use of the word Pakistan but Pakistan was kemel of the Resolution 2