GRADE 7 Brownian motion: The continuous random movement
Pure substances are substances that are made up of particles of matter is known as Brownian motion. It
of only one kind of particle and have a fixed or was discovered by Robert Brown. This motion arises
constant structure. due to the multiple collisions of the particles with
other continuously moving particles in the medium.
Pure substances are further classified as elements and
compounds. As temperature increases, kinetic energy increases.
The greater kinetic energy results in greater molecular
An element is a substance that consists of only one
motion of the gas particles. As a result, the gas
type or kind of atom. An element is a pure substance
particles dissolved in the liquid are more likely to
as it cannot be broken down or transformed into a
escape to the gas phase and the existing gas particles
new substance even by using some physical or
are less likely to be dissolved.
chemical means. Elements are mostly metals, non-
metals or metalloids. Compressibility is the measure of how much a given
volume of matter decreases when placed under
Compounds, on the other hand, are also pure
pressure. If we put pressure on a solid or a liquid,
substances when two or more elements are combined
there is essentially no change in volume. The atoms,
chemically in a fixed ratio. However, these substances
ions, or molecules that make up the solid or liquid are
can be broken down into separate elements by
very close together.
chemical methods.
The density of a substance is the relationship between
States of Matter
the mass of the substance and how much space it
takes up (volume).
MEASUREMENT
Accurate measurements are crucial as they ensure
that the results are reliable and that decisions made
on the basis of these measurements are sound.
Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the
correct value for that measurement.
Evaporation happens when a liquid turns into a gas. Estimate measurements, you are using your own
knowledge to make a reasonable or educated guess.
Deposition is the laying down of sediment carried by
wind, flowing water, the sea or ice. Hypothetical measurement process is a method used
to collect data or observe a phenomenon in a
Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns controlled and systematic way.
into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its
freezing point. Indicated tool – point out, show using any instrument
or simple piece of equipment that you hold in your
Condensation is the change of the state of matter hands and use to do a particular kind of work.
from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the
reverse of vaporization. How do you measure a sphere accurately?
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in If you are going to use a tape to measure a sphere,
the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a you should find a pi tape. When measured around the
liquid. true diameter of the sphere, it will give you the
diameter without having to do the math.
Sublimation, in physics, conversion of a substance
from the solid to the gaseous state without its A substance that is dissolved in a solution is called
becoming liquid. a solute.
A solvent is any substance, usually liquid, which is
capable of dissolving one or several substances, thus
Temperature is measure of hotness or coldness. creating a solution.
A solute dissolves in a solvent when it forms STUDY:
favourable interactions with the solvent.
- States of Matter
- Scientific Method/Investigations
A homogeneous mixture is a gaseous, liquid or solid
mixture that has the same proportions of its
components throughout a given sample. It is uniform
in composition throughout. There is only one phase of
matter observed in a homogeneous mixture. Example:
sugar and water.
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the
composition is not uniform throughout the mixture.
Vegetable soup is a heterogeneous mixture. Example:
pizza
Concentrations of solution
Divide the mass of the solute by the total volume of
the solution. Write out the equation C = m/V, where m
is the mass of the solute and V is the total volume of
the solution.
The concentration of a solution helps us to determine
the collision speed between particles in a molecule or
compound. This will in turn determine the rate of a
particular reaction and the conditions in which
equilibrium can be maintained for the reaction.
Solubility is an ability of a substance to dissolve.
A thermometer is an instrument that
measures temperature.