DATA

ADMINISTRATION
Chapter 1
Introduction: what is a DBA
01.
What is a
DBA?
A DBA is the information technology
responsible for ensuring the ongoing
operational functionality and efficiency of
an organization's databases and
applications that access those databases.
Why learn Data
Administration?
• The DBA is responsible for designing and maintaining an
enterprise's databases.
• This places the DBA at the center of the business.
• The DBA has the opportunity to learn about many facets of
business and how business uses data.
• From a technology standpoint the DBA has many
opportunities to learn about new and interesting
technologies as they are adopted by the organization.
Table Mean Salary for DBAs
between 2006 and 2011
 Salary for DBAs
According to a salary study by Global
Knowledge and TechRepublic, the average
salary for a DBA is $78,468, while the
average salary for managers is $87,261.

- For full-time employees working as a

DBA, the average salary is in the $80,000
range
DBA as a
Management
Discipline
The term discipline implies
planning and then implementing
according to that plan.
❖ Creating the Database Environment ❖ Backup and Recovery
❖ Database Design ❖ Disaster Planning
❖ Application Design ❖ Storage Management
❖ Design Reviews ❖ Distributed Database Management
❖ Database Change Management ❖ Data Warehouse Administration
❖ Data Availability ❖ Database Utility Management
❖ Data Integrity ❖ Database Connectivity
❖ Database Security ❖ Procedural DBA
❖ Soft Skills
Database,Data,System
Administration
 Data Administrator

Data administrator is a person who is responsible

for processing data into a convenient data model.

Responsibilities :
Filters out relevant data
Monitor the data flow throughout the organization
Designs concept-based data model
Analyze and break down the data
 Database Administrator
Database administrator is a person who creates
updates and maintains the database.

Responsibilities :
Create and design a database
Analyze and monitor database requirements
Ensures data security
 System Administrator
is an information technology professional who
supports a multiuser computing environment and
ensures continuous, optimal performance of IT
services and support systems.
DBA Tasks
 DBA Tasks
A DBA must be capable of performing many tasks to ensure that
organization’s data and databases are useful, usable, available,
and correct. These tasks include:

Performance Monitoring and Tuning

Database Design
Ensuring availability
Database Security
Backup and Recovery
Data Integrity
DBMS Release Migration
 Database Design
The first task that most people think of when they think about DBAs is the
ability to create well-designed databases.
To properly design and create relational databases DBAs must understand
both relational theory and specific implementation of the RDBMS, and able to
transfer a logical data model into a physical database.
The DBA must ensure that the database design and implementation will
enable a useful database for the applications and clients that will use it and
good performance.
Performance Monitoring and Tuning
Database performance is the rate at which the DBMS supplies
the demand for the information.
there are five factors influence database performance:
• Workload: that is requested of the DBMS define the demand.
• Throughput: defines the overall capability of the compute hardware and software to
process.
• Resources: hardware and software tools at the disposal of the system.
• Optimization: all types of systems can be optimized, but relational queries are unique
in that optimization is primarily internal to the DBMS.
• Contention: is the condition in which two or more components of the workload are
attempting to use a single resource in a conflicting way
As Contention increases, Throughput decreases.
 Ensuring availability
Availability of data and databases is
often closely aligned with performance.
Ensuring database availability is a
multifaceted process (two component)
1. keeping the DBMS up and running.
2. minimizing the amount of downtime
required to perform administrative
tasks.
 Database Security and Authorization
Only authorized programmers and users have access to prevent security breaches and
improper data modification.
It is the responsibility of the DBA to ensure that data is available only to authorized users.
the DBA works with the internal security features of the DBMS.
Security must be administered for many actions required by the database environment:
• Creating database objects, including databases, tables, views, and program
structures.
• Altering the structure of database objects.
• Accessing the system catalog.
• Reading and modifying data in tables.
• Creating and accessing user-defined functions and data types.
• Running stored procedures.
• Starting and stopping databases and associated database objects.
• Setting and modifying DBMS parameters and specifications.
• Running database utilities such as LOAD and RECOVER.
 Backup and Recovery
The DBA must be prepared to recover data in the event of a problem.
Most recoveries today occur as a result of application software error &
human error.
Data recovery include three types to be prepared for recovery:

Recover to current
Point-in-time recovery
Transaction recovery
 Data Integrity
A database must be designed to store the correct data in the correct way
without that data becoming damaged or corrupted. the DBA implements
integrity rules using features of the DBMS.
Three aspects of integrity are relevant to our discussion of databases

Physical Integrity
Semantic integrity
Internal DBMS integrity
 DBMS Release Migration
DBMS products change quite frequently
The DBA is also responsible for
managing the migration from release to
release of the DBMS.
The task of keeping the DBMS running
and up-to- date is an ongoing effort that
will consume many DBA cycles.
Types of DBAs
There are DBAs who focus on logical design
and DBAs who focus on physical design,
DBAs who specialize in building systems and
DBAs who specialize in maintaining and
tuning systems,specialty DBAs and
general-purpose [Link],the job of DBA
encompasses many roles.
 Types of DBAs
System DBA
Database Architect
Database Analyst
Data Modeler
Application DBA
Task-Oriented DBA
Performance Analyst
Data Warehouse Administrator
 System DBA
A system DBA focuses on technical rather than business
issues, can include the following:
• Installing new DBMS versions and applying maintenance fixes
supplied by the DBMS vendor.
• Setting and tuning system parameters.
• Tuning the operating system,network,and transaction processors
to work with the DBMS.
• Ensuring appropriate storage for the DBMS.
• Enabling the DBMS to work with storage devices and storage
management software.
• Interfacing with any other technologies required by database
applications.
• Installing third-party DBA tools.
 Database Architect

Some organizations create a separate position, database architect, for

design and implementation of new databases. The database architect is
involved in new design and development work only.
Typical tasks performed by the database architect include:

Creating a logical data model.

Translating logical data models into physical database designs.
 Database Analyst
There is really no set definition for this position.
Sometimes junior DBAs are referred to as
database analysts. Sometimes a database
analyst performs a role similar to that of the
database architect.
 Data Modeler
A data modeler is usually responsible for a subset of the
DA's responsibilities. Data modeling tasks include the
following:

Collecting data requirements for development projects.

Analyzing the data requirements.
Designing project-based conceptual and logical data models.
Creating and updating a corporate data model.
Ensuring that the DBAs have a sound understanding of the data
models.
 Application DBA
The application DBA focuses on database design and the
ongoing support and administration of databases for a
specific application or [Link] application DBA is
likely to be an expert at writing and debugging complex
SQL and understands the best ways to incorporate
database requests into application programs.
 Data Warehouse
Administrator
Data warehouse administrators must be capable DBAs,
but with a thorough understanding of the differences
between a database that supports OLTP and a data
warehouse,requires experience with the following:

Business intelligence, query, and reporting tools

Database design for read-only access
Data warehousing design issues such as star schema
Data transformation and conversion
Data quality issues
staffing consideration
• How Many DBAs
• DBA Reporting Structures
 How Many DBAs!?
One of the hardest things to determine is the optimal
number of DBA Many organizations try to work with fewer
database administrators on employees, and the idea is
that having fewer employees reduces cost. But this
assumption may not be true. Overworked DBA employees
may make mistakes that cause downtime and operational
problems that far exceed the cost of a salary.
 There are many factors that affect the
number of administrators, including:
Number of databases
Number of users
( This leads to more problems,which increases the complexity of the dba mission)

Number of Requests
( As more requests are placed online, additional pressure is put on the database
in terms of performance, availability and required resources)

□ The increase the number of tools available and the degree of their
integration, the less complex the DBA's tasks.
 DBA Reporting Structures

Different companies have taken different

approaches to the structure of DBA [Link] is
considered one of the best ways to create an
interface data resource management (drm).
Typical DBA reporting
structure
This group reports
directly to the CIO but
may report through the
systems programming
unit, data center, or
technical support.
 Multiplatform Environment
When your organization supports multiple database management
systems, the DBA group must set instructions on the database
management system that should be used in [Link] guidelines
should take into account the following:

Features of each DBMS

DBMS skills for application developers
Programming language support
Features and characteristics of the operating system
Networking capabilities of the DBMS and family of operating systems
 The Impact Of New
Technology ON The DBA
For good or ill, technology is constantly changing and with it
the roles of those who occupy it, too. This is no different for
a DBA than for a developer, administrator, or analyst.

Many new technologies have appeared, including:

Procedural DBA: Triggers, Stored Procedures
Cloud computing
Internet: e-DBA

With these developments, the question begins whether we still

need database administrators or not. Despite the changing role
of the DBA, there is still a very strong need for someone who
specializes in data management.
Procedural DBA: Store Procedures, Triggers
Stored Procedure:
A stored procedure is a prepared SQL code that you can
save, so the code can be reused over and over again.

Triggers
It serves as a security for database tables, through which we
can know the updates that were made to the data
(delete - modify - add) with specifying the modification time
Cloud Computing

The evolution of the cloud has changed the

way database administrators approach their
work.

❑ Planning ability
❑ Backup and restore database
❑ Training and continuing education
Internet: From DBA to e-DBA

Businesses of all sizes are using Internet technologies to

speed up business operations. In fact, e-business has
evolved as a new term to describe the transformation of
major business processes using Internet technologies.

Modern organizations use the web to communicate with

their partners and Customers, to communicate with their
back-end databases, and to perform transactions
(e-commerce).

E-business is the integration of traditional information

technology with the Internet. This integration Creates
smarter work.
 DBA Certification
Professional certification is offered by the leading DBMS
vendors IBM, Oracle, Microsoft, others.
General concept: a certified DBMs should be capable of
performing DBA tasks and duties.
Certification will make you more employable
But passing a test is not always a viable indicator of being
able to perform a complex job like DBA.
THANK’S