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Structural

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14 views25 pages

Structural

University of Cambridge engineering notes

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cbzwxctdjq
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Structures Data Book 1999 Edition Cambridge University Engineering Department 4. 2. Table of Contents Physical properties of structural materials Stress and strain Notation for stress... Strain definition Stress-strain relations for isotropic elastic solids Complementary shear Planar transformation equations for stress. Mohr's circle of stress Planar transformation equations for strain Mohr's circle of strai Principal stresses in 3 dimensions Yield criteria for isotropic solids... bbb RebELLo Beam behaviour CUED sign convention... Compatibility... Equilibrium. Elastic bending formulae Formulae for elastic analysis Piacie bending nee Torsion formulae Loa k ae Euler buckling Pinjointed trusses — statical determinacy Equation of virtual work Soil mechanics Definitions Classification of particle sizes. Groundwater seepage. Stresses in soils... es Strength of soil: Cohesion hypothesis (Tresca) W Friction hypothesis (Coulomb) oe @ © @ Typical properties and forms of structural materials "1 Mechanical properties of steel and aluminium u Mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP)..... cell Structural steel sections (hot-rolled)... : eri Aluminium sections (extrusions)... 20 Glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) sections (pultrusions) ee 22 1. Physical properties of structural materials Values to be used in calculations (further details in Materials Data Book and Section 8) i | Steel] Aluminium | Concrete” | Sofiwood’ | units | Alloy | along - | grain ‘Young's modulus _| £ 70 30 | 9 =| GPa Shear modulus G 26 13 ietete tte =| GPa Bulk modulus K[ 175. 69 14 =| 22 [GPa Poisson's ratio v| 0.30 0.33 0.15 le ermal expansion | @ 1 23 12 : [60 |x10*K™ Density el 7840 | 2700 2400 =| 1000 kg/m’ * Typical values For isotropic solids, o--#-. k 2(l+v)’ 3(1-2v) 2. Stress and strain 2.1. Notation for stress Ox is the normal stress on the x face acting in the x direction. tay is the shear stress on the x face acting in the y direction, In this data book, with the exception of Section 7, tensile stresses are defined as positive. 2.2. Strain definition Sq. is the normal strain in the x direction. Yey is the shear strain between the x and y faces. ou ov ey bx where: uv, v are small displacement components with respect to rectangular co-ordinates x, y. u Ex Hs Vay = ete. ox 7 2.3. Stress-strain relations for isotropic elastic solids buy — tom -Vvoyy Yo )+aAT ete. te=G ete. 9 where: ATis temperature change. For plane stress with the z face unstressed and A= 0, the inverse relationship is 2.4. Complementary shear From equilibrium of a small element, Ty =F, ay = Tye From its definition, Toy =Yyx ete, 2.5, Planar transformation equations for stress 6, t sy Su \B a From equilibrium of an elementary triangle, Cag = FxxC087O + F yySin?O + 27 -[Link] Tab = -OxxSinO C00 +0 yysinO cosO +r, [Link]'s circle of stress A plot of normal stress against shear stress on a face for varying @ gives a circle, provided a special sign convention is used: For Mohr's circle, shear stress is plotted positive when itis clockwise t (yy Ty) ‘The stresses on perpendicular faces, (Gj, ~fy) and (Gy, tx), plot at the opposite ends of a diameter. If new faces are considered at angle @ (see Section 2.5), the stresses on the new faces can be obtained by rotating the diameter of Mohr’s circle by 20 in the same direction, ki 2.7. Planar transformation equations for strain oe eo ty ~ By * ae By geometry, Eqq = Exx00S70 + 6y, Sin + 7 zysin cos Yab = ~26 x:SinO cosO + 2ey,sinO cosd + Yap(00s?6 - sin20) [Link]'s circle of strain A plot of normal strain against half shear strain for varying @ gives a circle, if the sign convention for shear strains is the same as for corresponding shear stresses: V2 euate 2), i Cp» pal (xy “ty! The strains in perpendicular directions, (é,x, ~Yig/2) and (4p, %px/2), plot at the opposite ends of a diameter. If new faces are considered at angle 6 (see Section 2.7), the strains in the new directions can be obtained by rotating the diameter of Mohr’s circle by 2in the same direction, 2.9. Principal stresses in 3 dimensions The principal stresses can be calculated as the eigenvalues of the stress matrix g, and the principal directions are the corresponding eigenvectors. Ox Ty =| Ty Fy tx ty Oz 2.10. Yield criteria for isotropic solids Tresca's hypothesis: max||o} ~09\,\0 -053| 503 -oyJ=¥ Von Mises! hypothesis: (6) ~ 02) +(02 -03)° +(03-o) = 2¥7 where: Yis the current yield stress in simple tension 1, 0, 3 are the principal stresses. 3. Beam behaviour [Link] sign convention CIS Dae pe rotation displacement sx 3.2. Compatibility ecu ds R where: x is the curvature R is the local radius of curvature 5 isa distance along a beam y is the angle turned by tangent to the curve. For a beam that has small transverse deflections v(x) from the x axis ay Lr ae 3.3. Equilibrium where: M is the bending moment Sis the transverse shear force w is the transverse external load per unit length of beam, 3.4, Elastic bending formulae where: 3.4.1. Longitudinal stresses 1 is the second moment of area about a principal axis through the centroid (see also Mechanics Data Book) y isthe distance from the centroidal axis ‘Ax is change of curvature from an initially unstressed configuration Z, _ isthe elastic section modulus Onax is the stress at the outermost fibre 3.4.2. Transverse shear Ifa free body is formed by cutting out part of the cross-section of a beam, where: @ is the total longitudinal shear force per unit longitudinal length of the beam (shear flow) ‘Ac is the area of the cut off portion of the cross-section A. is the first moment of area of the cut off portion about the centroidal axis. At the cut, the shear stress is on average: where: ref a 4a. isthe length of the cut in the plane of the cross-section, 3.5. Formulae for elastic analysis 3.5.1. Deflections for statically determinate structures —, a — a bn w= wl end rotation we 2ET WE ET ML EI end rotation we 16E/ we 2451 end deflection we 3EI we SEI ML 2ET central deflection we ABEL 3.6. Plastic bending For a beam fully yielded in bending, carrying no axial load, the neutral axis is at the equal-area axis, and = fivlaa where: M, is the plastic moment Zp isthe plastic section modulus. For cross-sections that can be easily split into regions that are fully yielded in either tension or compression, LAil yl where: 4; is the area of a region ‘yi. is the distance from the beam's equal-area axis to the centroid of the region. 3.7. Torsion formulae 3.7.1. Circular shafts For an elastic shaft, where: Tis the applied torque isthe angle of twist per unit length r isthe radius J isthe polar second moment of area. 3.7.2. Thin walled tubes (i.e. closed sections) of arbitrary cross-section By equilibrium, a T 134A By kinematics, ae fu ds 2A, For an elastic tube, ; 44; T=G— ie : where: g _is the shear flow =71 Ae isthe area enclosed by the cross-section. 3.7.3. Thin-walled open sections 7 =6Y 139 where: 5 is the length, and 1 is the thickness of a region of the cross-section; << b. 4. Euler buckling For a perfect elastic pin-ended compression member (strut), Pr ee L where: Pp is the Buler buckling load is the bending stiffness of the strut about the appropriate axis is the length of the strut ogeté where: og is the Euler buckling stress A isthe cross-sectional area of the strut kis the radius of gyration = 1/4 jointed trusses — statical determinacy For a pin-jointed assembly (Maxwell’s rule, modified): s-m=b+r-Dj where: the pin jointed assembly is in D dimensions (2 or 3) with b bars and j joints ris the number of restraints on joint displacement sis the number of redundancies (states of self-stress) ‘m__ is the number of independent mechanisms (degrees of freedom), 6. Equation of virtual work For a pin-jointed framework, for any system of external forces Wat the joints in equilibrium with bar tensions P, and any system of joint displacements 5 compatible with member extensions e, 1 _ eauilibrium set LW -s= YPe cetera forces mbes compatible set For other kinds of structure the equation is similar: external virtual work equals internal virtual work, provided that all the relevant contributing terms are included. On [Link].: force-displacement, and/or couple rotation, or pressure-swept volume, etc. On [Link].: tension-extension, and/or bending moment-curvature és, and/or oe 6V, or ry aV, ete. 7. Soil mechanics [Link] considered as Soil structure Voids ratio Water content: Degree of saturation: Unit weight of soil: For sands: where: Ip is the relative density of packing Gas__] {=O F Liquid W Solid (specific Wea GV ty gravity G, J Weights Unit weight of water %y= 9.81 KN/m? €nax is the maximum voids ratio achievable in a quick tilt test and, €nin_ is the minimum voids ratio achievable by vibratory compaction. 7.2. Classification of particle sizes Clay smaller than 0.002 mm (two microns) Silt between 0.002 and 0.06 mm Sand between 0.06 and 2 mm D equivalent diameter of soil particle Gravel Cobbles Boulders between 2 and 60 mm between 60 and 200 mm larger than 200 mm Dio, Deo, ete. particle size such that 10% (or 60 %) by weight of a soil sample is composed of finer grains 7.3. Groundwater seepage porewater Head pressure w Potential Hydraulic gradient i=-Vh datum Darey’s law for laminar flow: veki where: v is superficial seepage velocity k is coefficient of permeability Typical values: clays between 10"! and 10° m/s 1 micron

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