Heat Transfer Concepts by Dr. Singh
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at201548Heat Transfer Concepts by Dr. Singh
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at201548HEAT TRANSFER
Wednesday : 08:30 – 9:25
Room : SH
Thursday : 09:30 – 10:25
Friday : 10:30 – 11:25
Dr. Dushyant Singh
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Jalandhar, Punjab, India – 144027
Email: dushyants@[Link]
Contents
Topic Cover For Today
•Introduction to Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics Vs. Heat transfer
•Types of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
•Application of Heat Transfer
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 01 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Introduction
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer
Is it Thermodynamics study topic Is it Heat Transfer study topic
Definition : Definition :
Thermodynamics is a basic Heat Transfer is a science
science that deals with that non-equilibrium
energy. phenomenon.
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 02 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
What is Heat?
Heat is Disordered Motion
Heat : Energy transfer by stimulating particles with
incoherent/disordered motion. m m
♂ ♂ ♂ ♂
♂ ♂ ♂ ♂ ↑
If provide heat in block so that Tinti. = 0oC Tfinal. = 1oC
Increases Temp. by 0 o C to 1 o C
Heat
But, Block didn’t move but energy has been transferred.
• K.E ↑ If heat added, then Particles can be moves in disorder motion
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 03 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a mechanical engineering topic, which deals
with the science of motion (dynamics) and/or the transformation of
heat (thermos) and energy into various other energy – containing
forms.
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 04 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Formulation of Heat Transfer
The formulation of a heat transfer idea is based on definitions of concepts
and statements of natural laws in terms of thermodynamic laws.
𝑊 𝑄ℎ
𝜂𝑖 = =1−
𝑄ℎ 𝑄𝑐
Heat Losses
𝑄ℎ1
𝑊1 𝑄ℎ1
𝜂𝐴 = =1−
𝑄ℎ1 𝑄𝑐
𝑄ℎ > 𝑄ℎ1
Δ𝑇 = (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝐶 )
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 05 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers as well as variation of temperature.
The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher Temp. medium to
the lower Temp. one
Heat can be transferred in 3 Diff. modes
Radiation
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 06 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Forms of Energy
Energy can exit in Macroscopic Microscopic forms
numerous forms: forms of energy: of energy:
Those related to the molecular
Thermal structure of a system and the
Related to the motion &
Mechanical the influence of some degree of the molecular activity.
Kinetic external effects such as: Internal energy, U: The sum of all the
microscopic forms of energy.
Potential P.E = 10 kJ
Electric K.E = 0 kJ
Chemical
Nuclear P.E = 7 kJ
K.E = 3 kJ
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 07 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Different
•Thermodynamics tell us:
How much heat is transferred (Q)
How much work is done (W)
Final state of system
•Heat Transfer tell us:
How (with what modes) is transferred (Q)
At what rate (Q) is transferred
Temperature distribution inside the body
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 08 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Topic Study
𝑄 = 𝑊 + ∆𝐸 𝑊=0 ∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 (KJ)
∆𝑈 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑚 𝐶(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝐹 )
T1 = 100oC
𝑄
T2 = 75oC 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
T3 = 50oC
T = 25oC
Ti TF m C Time Q=U Q/t
o o o
( C) ( C) (kg) (KJ/kg C) (Sec) (KJ) (KW)
100 75 1 4.2 60 104.5 1.7
75 50 1 4.2 120 104.5 0.87
50 25 1 4.2 300 104.5 0.35
313.5
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 09 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Heating Study
Q: 1.2 kg of liquid water initially at 15oC is to be heated to 95oC in a teapot
with a 1200-W electric heating element inside. Specific heat water, c = 4.18
kJ/kg.K
Objective → Determine how long it will take for the water to
be heated?
𝑄 = 𝑊 + ∆𝐸 𝑄 = 0 + ∆𝑈
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 = 1.2 × 4.18 × (95 − 15)
𝑄 = 401.28 (𝐾𝐽)
This answer get from thermodynamic
𝑄
= 1200 (W)→ J/s
𝑡 This solution got from heat transfer
𝑡 = 334.4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 knowledge
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 10 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Modes of Heat Transfer
A distinction is made between conduction, radiation and convection.
Conduction Heat Transfer Method
Fourier Law
Radiation Heat Transfer Method
Stefan–Boltzmann law
Convective Heat Transfer Method
Newton’s law of cooling
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 11 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Application
More Cooling
System Design
“Q”
Need Temp.
Control
“Q”
Good
Insulation
System
Design
“Q”
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 12 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Selected Areas of Heat Transfer Application
Aircraft and
Rocket
Cooling of Automobile propulsion
Electronic Engines
Equipment ST- GT
Power
Compressors, Combustion Alternative Production
systems Energy
Pumps
systems
Biomedical Applications
Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning system
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 13 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
HW
Q: A 10 cm diameter copper ball is to be heated from 100oC to an average
temperature of 150oC in 30 minutes , Refer Figure. Taking the average
density and specific heat of copper in this temperature range to be =
8950 kg/m3 and Cp = 0.395 kJ/Kg oC, respectively , determine (a) the total
amount of heat transfer to the copper ball, (b) the average rate of heat
transfer to the ball , and (c) the average heat flux.
Dr. Dushyant Singh, Department of ME 14 Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar
Common questions
Powered by AITemperature distribution is a key concept in heat transfer as it determines how heat spreads within a material or system. Dr. Singh emphasizes this aspect to explain how heat transfer processes affect temperature gradients, which are crucial for engineering applications like designing HVAC systems .
The heat transfer rate, expressed as Q/t, is significant as it quantifies the speed of energy transfer between mediums. Dr. Singh shows its calculation and application in scenarios like heating and cooling systems, which rely on understanding how fast energy moves to achieve desired temperature changes .
Dr. Singh highlights applications in biomedical engineering, power production, and aircraft propulsion. These areas benefit from heat transfer knowledge by improving efficiency and enabling the design of systems like compressors and combustion engines, illustrating how theoretical understanding translates into practical advancements .
Dr. Singh describes heat flux as the rate of heat energy transfer per unit area, using it to calculate how energy moves into a copper ball. It involves determining the amount and rate of heat transferred, as well as the flux when heating materials to a specific average temperature, vital for materials engineering .
The fundamental difference is that thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transferred and the work done in processes, focusing on equilibrium situations. In contrast, heat transfer deals with the rate of energy transfer in the form of heat and the temperature distribution within a system, which involves non-equilibrium conditions .
Dr. Dushyant Singh defines heat as energy transfer by stimulating particles with incoherent or disordered motion. When heat is added to a system, it increases the kinetic energy of particles, causing them to move in a disorderly motion .
The three modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct transfer through a material, as described by Fourier's Law. Convection involves the movement of fluid and relies on Newton's Law of Cooling, and radiation involves energy transfer via electromagnetic waves, explained by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law. These principles are applied in areas like cooling systems and electronic equipment .
Natural laws, particularly thermodynamic laws, form the foundation of heat transfer concepts. They define how energy is transferred, including descriptions of heat losses and efficiency using equations like 𝜂𝑖= 𝑊/𝑄ℎ, which are crucial for understanding the transfer rates and distribution .
Dr. Singh uses the equation Q = mcΔT to find the energy required to heat the water. For a 1200-W heater, the calculation shows the time needed is 334.4 seconds, demonstrating how the heat transfer knowledge is applied to determine the heating time in practical scenarios .
Macroscopic forms include energy related to motion and external effects such as potential and kinetic energy. Microscopic forms relate to molecular structure and activity. The total internal energy, U, is the sum of these microscopic forms, showing how different energy types contribute to a system's total energy state .