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Understanding Computer Programs

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9 views5 pages

Understanding Computer Programs

please read thank you

Uploaded by

Leo Jariel
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction To Computing

Introduction to Computing, the Internet and the Web


• Hardware and Software
➢ Computer perform the calculations and make logical decisions faster than
humans.
➢ Computer consists of various devices referred to as hardware.
➢ Computer programs process the data under the control of sequences of
instructions.
➢ Computer programmer is the people who create a software program to
guide the computer through ordered of actions.

• Moore’s Law
➢ is an observation apply to the amount of memory, secondary storage data,
and processors speed that computer have for programmers.

• Computer Organization
➢ Input Unit
- Input Devices
- The receiving section that obtains information.
➢ Output Unit
- Output Devices
➢ Memory Unit
- RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)


➢ The section that performs calculations such as addition, substraction,
multiplication, and divisions.
➢ Decision mechanisms.
➢ Part of the CPU.

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)


➢ The “Administrative” section coordinates and supervise the operation of the
other sections.
➢ The CPU tells the input unit when information should be read into the
memory unit, tells the ALU when information from the memory unit should
be used in calculations and tells the output unit when to said information.
➢ Multi-Core Processor implements multiple processors in a single integrated-
circuit chip.
➢ Dual-Core Processor has two CPUs and a quadcore processor has four
CPUs.

• Secondary Storage Unit


➢ The storage of a Computer (SSD, HDD, Flash Drives, and SD Card)

• Data Hierarchy
➢ is a form of data items processed by computers that becomes larger and
more complex in structure from the simplest data items called “bit”

• Characters
➢ is the set of all the characters used to write programs and represent data
items.
➢ computers process only 1s and 0s, so a computer’s character set represent
every character as a pattern of 1s and 0s.
➢ C supports various character sets (“Including Unicode”) that are composed
of characters containing one, two or four bytes (8, 16 or 32 bits).
➢ Unicode contains characters for many of the World’s languages.
➢ ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set-
the popular subset of Unicode that represents uppercase and lowercase
letters, digits and some common special characters.

• Fields
➢ Fields are composed of characters or bytes.
➢ A field is a group of characters or bytes that conveys meaning.
For example:
- a field consisting of uppercase and lowercase letters can be used to
represent a person’s name, and a field consisting of decimal digits
could represents a person’s age.

• Records
➢ Composed of several related fields can be used.
➢ In a payroll system, for example: The record for an employee might consist
of the following fields (possible types for these fields are shown in
parenthesis).
➢ Employee identification number (a whole number)
➢ Name (a string of characters)
➢ Address (a string of characters)
➢ Hourly pay rate (a number with a decimal point)
➢ Year-to-date earnings (a number with a decimal point)
➢ Amount of taxes withheld (a number with a decimal point)
- A record is a group of related fields. In the preceding example, all the
fields belong to the same employee. A company might have many
employees and a payroll record for each.

• Files
➢ A file is a group of related records.
➢ File contains arbitrary data in
➢ a file is viewed simply as a sequence of bytes.

• Database
➢ is a collection of data organized for easy access and manipulation.
➢ relational database the data is stored in simple tables.
➢ Table – includes records and fields.
➢ For example, a table of students might include first name, last name, major,
year, student ID number and grade point average fields.

• Big Data
➢ Big Data applications deal with massive amounts of data and this field is
growing quickly, creating lots of opportunity for software developers.
Machine Language, Assembly Language, and High-
Level Language

• Programmers
➢ Write instructions in various programming language some directly
understandable by computers and others.

• The Three General Types of Languages:


➢ Machine Language
➢ Assembly Language
➢ High-Level Language

• Machine Language
➢ Machine Languages generally consist of strings of numbers (ultimately
reduced to 1s and 0s) that instructs computers to perform their most
elementary operations once at a time.
➢ It is a machine dependent (a particular machine language can be used on
only one type of computer).
➢ For example, here’s a section of an early machine-language payroll
program that adds overtime pay to base pay and stores the result in gross
pay.

• Assembly Languages and Assemblers


➢ Assembly Languages are used by the programmers English like
abbreviation to represent elementary operation.
➢ Is a type of low-level programming language that is intended to
communicate directly with a computer’s hardware.
➢ Assemblers is converting early assembly-language programs to machine
language at computer seed.

• High-Level Languages and Compilers


➢ Were developed in which single statements could be written to accomplish
substantial tasks.
➢ Allow to write instructions that look almost like every day English and
contain commonly used mathematical notations.
➢ Compilers are converting high-level language programs into machine
language.
• Interpreters
➢ Interpreter programs is developed to execute high-level language programs
directly, avoid the delay of compilation, although they run slower than
compiled programs.

The C Programming Language

• C Language
➢ Evolved from two previous languages, BCPL and a B. BCPL was
developed in 1967 by Martin Richards as a language for writing operating
systems and compilers. Ken Thompson modeled many features in his B
Language after their counterparts in BCPL, and in 1970 he used B to create
early versions of the UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories.
➢ It was evolved from B by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories and was
originally implemented in 1972. C initialize and cam widely known as the
development language of UNIX.

C is Built for Performance


Application Description
Operating Systems C’s portability and performance make it desirable for
implementing operating systems, such as Linux and portions of
Microsoft’s Windows and Google’s Android Apple’s OS X is built
in Objective-C, which was derived from C.

Embedded Systems Embedded systems include navigation systems, smart home


appliances, home security systems, smartphones, tables, robots,
intelligent traffic intersections and more. C is one of the most
popular programming languages for developing embedded
systems, which typically need to run as fast as possible and
conserve memory.
Real-time systems Real-time systems are often used for “mission-critical”
applications that require nearly instantaneous and predictable
response times. Real-time systems need to work continuously-for
example, an air-traffic-control system must constantly monitor the
positions and velocities of the planes and report that information
to air-traffic controllers without delay so that they can alert the
planes to change course if there’s a possibility of a collision.

Communication Systems Communications systems need to route massive amounts of data


to their destinations quickly to ensure that things such as audio
and video are delivered smoothly and without delay.

Common questions

Powered by AI

ASCII is a subset of Unicode that represents uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and some common special characters using 7-bit binary numbers. Unicode expands on ASCII by providing a larger character set that includes characters used in many of the world's languages, encoded in one, two, or four bytes. This makes Unicode advantageous in programming for internationalization and localization of software applications, as it allows developers to support a wide variety of characters and symbols in programs .

Big data applications present challenges for software developers, such as the need to handle vast amounts of data efficiently and ensure data security and integrity. Developers must also create systems that can process data at high speeds and scale with growing data demands. However, the opportunities in big data are significant, as they drive innovations in data analysis, predictive modeling, and intelligence, creating diverse career opportunities and the potential to influence business strategies across various industries .

In computer organization, the input unit is responsible for obtaining information and putting it into the system, while the output unit handles displaying or producing the results of computations performed by the computer. The memory unit, particularly the RAM, temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU and other units require to perform tasks. Together, these units coordinate to ensure the effective processing and retrieval of data .

The evolution from machine language to high-level languages significantly enhances programming efficiency and accessibility. Machine languages are machine-dependent and difficult for humans to read and write, consisting of binary code. High-level languages, however, allow programmers to write instructions in more intuitive, English-like syntax, enabling rapid development and understanding. Additionally, high-level languages facilitate portability across different systems and reduce the cognitive load on programmers, as compilers and interpreters can translate them into machine code efficiently .

Hierarchical data structures are crucial in computing as they define the organized format by which data is processed, stored, and retrieved. This structure begins with the simplest data items, like bits, and becomes more complex, forming bytes, characters, fields, records, tables, and files. An example is employee payroll data, where individual bits form characters, which combine into fields such as names and IDs, further forming entire records for each employee, which are stored in databases .

The C programming language has had a significant impact on the development of operating systems due to its performance and portability features. Originally implemented in 1972, C became widely adopted for system-level development, including UNIX. Its ability to produce efficient compiled code makes it ideal for performance-critical applications. C remains relevant today, particularly in developing operating systems such as Linux, embedded systems, real-time systems, and high-performance computing environments, where speed and memory efficiency are crucial .

Assembly languages differ from machine languages in that they use symbolic representations or mnemonic codes, such as abbreviations, to denote instructions that are simpler for humans to understand, whereas machine languages consist of strings of binary numbers (1s and 0s) that directly control a computer's operations. Assemblers play a crucial role by converting assembly language instructions into machine language, which enables the computer to execute the instructions efficiently .

Moore's Law is an observation that the amount of memory, secondary storage data, and processor speed that computers have for programmers tend to double approximately every two years. This implies that as hardware specifications such as memory capacity and processor speed improve, computers are able to perform tasks faster and handle more data, thereby increasing the efficiency and capability of software programs .

Multi-core processors are significant in modern computing because they allow multiple processing units (cores) to be deployed on a single integrated-circuit chip, which can enhance computational output and efficiency. Unlike single-core processors, which must handle one task at a time, multi-core processors can perform parallel processing, executing multiple tasks or processes simultaneously. This leads to improved performance for multitasking, faster computing, and better energy efficiency .

Databases are vital for managing large datasets because they provide a structured and efficient means to store, retrieve, and manipulate data. Relational databases organize data into tables consisting of rows and columns, allowing for easy access, manipulation, and relationship mapping between different datasets. This tabulated structure facilitates complex queries, data integrity, and better consistency, making relational databases an important tool for handling big data applications .

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