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(GNSS) Chapter 1-Introduction1

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12 views5 pages

(GNSS) Chapter 1-Introduction1

to read

Uploaded by

Sufiyan kedir
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3. < Ly ~ 1. INTRODUCTION TO GNSS CHapTeR I: INTRODUCTION GNSS oe Se s@[Link] OVERVIEW + GNSS [GLOBAL NaviGATION SATELLITE SrSteM| _ pernimion © CONSTELLATION OF SATELLITES PROVIDING SIGNALS FROM SPACE THAT TRANSMIT POSITIENING AND THING DATA To GNSS RECEIVERS, ‘+ THE RECEIVERS THEN USE THIS OATA TO DETERMINE LOCATION. = GNSS provides global coverage. Examples of GNSS include Europes Calls, the USA: NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia Globanaya Navigatsionmya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) and China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. + GNSS TYPES < |, GPS-->CLoBAL osiTioNNG sySTEN-3USA + NaWieaton SET Tinh Axo Ranches NAVSTAR — 24 ormmetious SaTELTEs (6 spanes) oman at 2,000 wt acto 2, GLONASS-->GLORALNAYA NAVIGATSONNAYA SFUTHIROVAYA SISTEMA GLONASS -->RUSSIA 24 onmariona sateusres Ormiig a ~900 wt aL +S ovr oira. raves Each wie © sareusres $3. GALILED--DEUROPE 1, BEIDOU-SCHNA. apt ge goers usa | ars [oe" fussn| uonass | 30 ae Exrepetn Union| one 7 = ‘Chna)~asman = o[ = [spe onl ane n + [5 Ina os + 7 sos CHAPTER |. INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Contents «Introduction + History of Development of GES * Objective of GES * Global Positioning System Architecture * Space Segment * Control Segment * User Segment “as Pini of GS 1.1 Introduction += GPS is a setellite based navigztion system ~ » By the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) + Initiated in 1973 first launch in 1978 + Its primary mission is to previde passive, real- time, 3-D positioning, navigetion and velocity data for land, air, and sea-based strategic and tactical forces of the US military operating anywhere in the world. + Later made available to civilian users = Now it isa dual-use system accessed by both military and civilian users. 1.1 Introduction * GPS provides continuous positioning and timing information: ‘Anywhere in the world Under any weather conditions * GPS is a one way ranging passive system + Shortened form of NAVSTARGPS Where NAY stands for Navigation; cont... S for System 7 Tor time Dr A or And [Link]/ R for Renging GPS for Global Positioning System | 1,2 Historical development of GPS + GPS is a direct product of the "space race" of the 1960's + Actually it is the result of the merging of two independent programs that were begun in the early 1960's: ~The US Novy TIMATION Program and ~The USA Force's 6218 Project Another system similar in basic_concept to the current GPS was the US Navy's TRANSIT(6 orbit planes, 6 satellites, 1100 km above the earth) program, which was also developed in the 1960's + The first US pronouncement regarding civil use of GPS came in 1983 © After Korean Airlines Flight 007 was strayed over the territory of the Soviet Union 1.2 Historical cone + As a result of this incident, in 1984, President Ronald Reagan announced the GPS availability for international civil use «On December 8, 1993, the DoD and DoT formally declared Initial Operational Capability (IOC) NAVSTAR GPS was capable of sustaining the Standard Positioning Service (SP§). + On April 27, 1995, the US Air Force Space Command formally declared GPS met the requirements for Full Operational Capability (FOC) The constellation of 24 operational satellites had successfully completed testing for military capability Event Cel cet TisrMsysiomect Ted Fret Block I satelite was installed and activated. ost er ee THE |Final deactivation of SA and improvement of accuracy of EM cian users trom 100 to 20m. pre ~~ © Providing passive, 1.3 Objectives of GPS + The main cbjectives of GPS: real-time, 3-D positioning, navigation, velocity and timing data for users anywhere in the world RMS error * 10m in position, * OLIV in velocity 100s in time + Keeping the military advantage of the US DoD providing :wo levels of GPS positioning and timing services: Precise positioning service (PPS) ‘Standard position service (SPS) Objectives cont.. Precise positioning service (PPS) * The most precise autonomous positioning and ~ timing service * It uses one of the transmitted GPS codes, known as P(Y)-code * Accessible by authorized users only + Expected positioning accuracy is 16m forthe horizontal component 23mm for the vertical and 100 nanoseconds fr time at 95% probabilty evel * Access to PPS is restricted in two ways: Selective svalablt(SA): an rteoral degradation ‘Angi spoofing (AS): an itenonal enrypton of P- Objectives cont. Standard position service (SPS) + Less precise than PPS * It uses the second transmitted GPS code, known, as the C/A-code + Avallable free of charge to all users worldwide, authorized and unauthorized. * Originally SPS provided positioning accuracy of: 100m fo- the horizontal component 156m fo- the vertial and 167 nanoseconds for time at 95% probability lev!) NB: “Tis was achieved ne Une affect of SA ‘fear the deactivation of SA, the SPS autonomous positioning accuracy is comparable to PPS. 1.4 Global Positioning System architecture + The Glotal Positioning System consists of three major segments: san — Control Segment User Segment 1.4.1 The Space Segment + Consists of the complete constellation of orbiting NAVSTAR SPS satellites. + Each GPS satellite transmits : Two sine waves (also known as. carrier frequenciss) ‘Two digital codes » Navigation message + The codes and the navigation message are added to the carriers as binary biphase modulations. = Carriers and the codes are used mainly to determine the distance from the user’s receiver to satellites. = The navigation message contains, along with other informatior, the coordinates of the satellites as a function of time. Space Segment cont +The transmitted signals are controlled by highly accurate atomic clocks onboard the satellites. + Each satellite weighs approximately 900 kgs and is about 5m wide with the solar panels fully extended. + The base size of the constellation includes 21 ‘operational satellites with 3 orbiting backups, for a total of 24. + To ensure continuous worldwide coverage, 4 satellites are placed in each of 6 orbital planes Space Segment cont elf an elevation angle of 10° is considered 4 — 10 GPS satellites could be visible anywhere in the world. GPS elevation angle ‘Space Segment cont. + GPS satellite orbits Nearly circular (elliptical max. e of about 0.01). Have an inclination angle of about 55° to the equator. ° Semimajer axis of a GPS orbit is about 26,560 km + Aktude of about 20,200 km above the Earth’ surface. GPS orbital period is about 12 sidereal hours (approximately | | h58 min, solar time). * Sidereal day the time it takes for Earth to make one Complete revolution in relation to 2 specific star, equal to 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.1 seconds 1.4.2 The Control Segment + A worldwide network of tracking stations. The primary task is tracking the GPS satellites: To determine and predict sate lite locations + System integrity Behavior of the satellite atomic clocks Atmospheric data The satel ite almanac Other considerations. «This information is then packed and uploaded into the GPS satellites through the S-band link. Centrol Segment cont. * The GPS control segment consists of ‘Mester Con Staton ‘Montring Stxions end Ground Control Stations (Ground antannas) located at strategie spots around the worid Master Control Station: * Located near Colorado Springs, Colorado. + MCS is the central processing facility of the control segment + Manned all the times +All data from the tracking stations are transmitted to the Master Control Station where it is processed and analyzed * Ephemerides, clock corrections, and other message data are then transmitted back to ‘one of the ground control station for subsequent transmittal back :o the satellites * Also resronsible for the daily management and control of the GPS satellites and the overall control segment Monitoring Stations: + Unmanned * Located at strategic spots around the world: Colorado Springs (with the MCS) » Hawa Kwajalein (part of the Marshall Islands group in the Western Pacific) Diego Garcia (off of the southern tip of India) Ascension Island (off the West Coast of Africa) * Each monitor station is equipped with high- quality GPS receivers and a cesium oscillator * Continuous tracking of all the GPS satellites in view. Ground antennas: * The GPS observations collected at the monitor stations are transmitted to the MCS for processing. * Then the outcome of the processing is sent to one of the ground control stations to upload it to the GPS satellites. * To perform this task there are three upload ground antennas co located with the monitor stations at : Ascension Island ~ Diego Garcia and ° Kwajalein. 1.4.3 The User Segment « Air, land. and sea-based GPS receiver units that process the NAVSTARGPS satellite signals and compute the position, time and/or velocity of the user. * Users consist of both military and civil activities For almost unlimited number of applications in a variety of air, sea, or land-based platforms Geodete surveying applications represent a small percentage of current and potential GPS users User segment cont. 1.5 Basic principles of GPS elf the distances from 2 point on the Earth (a GPS receiver) to three GPS satellites are known along with the . satellite locations, then the location of the point (or receiver) can be determined by resection. The user's position (3D) is determined by the _ resected intersection of the observed ranges to the three satellites. Basie principles cont *ln actual practice, at least 4 satellite observations are required in order to resolve timing variations (receiver clock offset). * Adding more satellite ranges will provide redundancy and more

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