MARKING SCHEME Section-B

2024 -25
21 A. Exothermic/Displacement reaction/Redox reaction. (0.5) 2
Class X Science (086) Heat is evolved or a More reactive element displaces a less reactive
element or aluminium reduces iron (II) oxide to iron (0.5)
B. Double displacement / Precipitation reaction (0.5)
Section-A As there is an exchange of ions between reactants and products /
(Yellow) precipitate (of Lead iodide) is formed (0.5)
1 A. 2,2,4 1
22 S. 2
No. Feature Alveoli Nephron
2 B. a – (iii), b – (i), c – (iv), d – (ii) 1
1 Structure Balloon like structures Tubular structure
3 A. C2H5OH 1 and location present at the terminal ends present in kidneys
Alternate question for VI of bronchioles in lungs
A. Dilute acid 2 Function Exchange of gases Filtration of blood
to form urine
4 C. A has a pH greater than 7 and B has a pH less than 7 1

5 C. Displacement reaction 1 23 2
Students to attempt either option A or B.
6 1 A. Steps of synthesis of glucose in plants:
C. X is a non-metal and Y is a metal.
 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
7 B. Cooking of food 1  Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
8 D. carbon dioxide in human cells 1  Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
 Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an
9 B. contraction of left ventricle. 1 intermediate which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the
chlorophyll during the day. (0.5 x 4)
10 D. Longer small intestine. 1
OR
11 C. Posture and balance. 1 B.
 Salivary amylase – breaks down starch which is a complex
12 D. sex is not genetically determined in snails. 1 molecule to sugar.
 Pepsin – Helps to digest proteins in stomach.
13 B. A ray passing through the centre of curvature and incident obliquely. 1  Trypsin – It helps in digesting proteins to amino acids.
 Lipase – Breaking down of emulsified fats to fatty acids and
14 C. Red Violet 1 glycerol. (0.5 x 4)
15 C. It utilizes 10% of light energy and transfers the rest to the next trophic 1 24 A. The lens is a convex lens. 2
level. B. The image is virtual.
𝑣 ℎ𝑖
C. Magnification for lens = 𝑢 = = 2.
16 B. Enrichment of oxygen in the atmosphere. 1 ℎ𝑜
−30𝑐𝑚
=2
𝑢
17 A. A is true but R is false 1 Hence u = -15 cm
------------
18 B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A 1 For visually impaired students
19 B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A 1 A. concave lens (1)
B. correction of myopia and peepholes of doors or any other correct
20 D. A is false but R is true. 1 alternative. (1)
25 Student to attempt either A or B. 2 Cabbage/plant-> rabbit-> snake-> owl (Any other relevant food chain) (1)
A. P = VI (1) Pesticides are non-biodegradable and persist for long. So when humans
= 230 × 3.5 = 805 W consume plants or any animal that consume this plant, the pesticide enters
1
I ∝𝑅, so half the resistance means double the current. the food chain and keeps getting accumulated at each trophic level, thus the
Therefore, current in Y = 7.0 A. (1) organism in the last trophic level-human being has the highest concentration
of pesticide and this is called biological magnification. (1)
OR
B. For series total resistance is R+2R = 3R (0.5) Section-C
𝑉2
P1 = 3𝑅. (0.5)
27 A. Aqueous solution of magnesium oxide turns red litmus to blue. 3
2𝑅
For parallel total Resistance is . (0.5) Aluminium oxide is amphoteric and insoluble in water. Thus, it does
3
𝑉2 3𝑉 2 not change the colour of either blue or red litmus.
P2 = = . OR
2𝑅/3 2𝑅
𝑃1 2
= . (0.5) Magnesium oxide reacts with acid only whereas Aluminium oxide reacts
𝑃2 9
with acids and bases, which are amphoteric. (1)
------------ B.
For visually impaired students

A. The resistance will be lowest/minimum if all the resistors are (1+1)

connected in parallel.
The equivalent resistance in parallel combination is given by (0.5) - -- - - - - - - - -
1 1 1 1 1 For visually impaired students
= + + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑣 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4 A. Certain metals (like aluminium/ copper) are used for making cooking
(0.5) utensils as they are good conductors of heat and have high melting
Substituting the values, we get points. (0.5 + 0.5)
1 1 1 1 1 B. Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid. This
= + + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑣 3 6 9 12 is because HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H2
(0.5) produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides
12 + 6 + 4 + 2 24 2 (N2O, NO, NO2). But magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) react
= = = with very dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas. (1+1)
36 36 3
3
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑣 = = 1.5 𝛺
2 28 Students to attempt either A or B. 3
(0.5)
A.
(i) X = NaHCO3; Z = Na2CO3 (0.5+0.5)
OR
(ii) Decomposition reaction (0.5)
B. 𝑃 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 (0.5) (iii) Solution A (0.5)
𝑃 1000 (iv) Increasing order or H+ ions C<B<A (1)
𝐼=𝑉 = = 4.54 𝐴 (0.5)
220
We will be using fuse B with is rated as 5A. This is because it will be OR
able to sustain the current (4.54 A) passing through it. Whereas fuse B.
A will melt and break the circuit as the current exceeds its rating. (1) (i) As bee sting is acidic and wasp sting is basic. (1)
(ii) To change the nature of soil to (neutral or basic). (1)
26 Pesticides are non-biodegradable/ keep getting accumulated at each trophic 2
level, / persist for longer time/ and thus last trophic level has highest (iii) To protect sculptures from the effects of certain gases present in
concentration/ humans will have the highest concentration of pesticides/ environment and acid rain. (1)
leads to bio-magnification. (any 2 points) 29 ● In plants, the water is absorbed by the plants from the soil through the 3
------------ roots. Xylem tissue of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected
For visually impaired students to form a continuous system of water conducting channels. (1)
● During the day, when stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes
 the major driving force for the movement of water in the xylem. (1) current carrying wire. Hence when Mona moved the compass away from
● Evaporation of water molecules from the stomata creates a suction the current carrying wire, the magnetic effect was less on it and hence the
which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots to the stem and then to deflection was less. (1)
the leaves. (1)
B. Magnetic field strength is directly proportional to the current in the wire.
30 (Any letter which clearly indicated dominant and recessive ears, example, L 3 So, Mona could increase the current in the circuit to observe a greater
or E or any other) deflection in the compass needle. (1)
A. LL × ll C. The battery suggests that the current is going from top of the plane to the
F1= Ll bottom of the plane. Using the right hand thumb rule we can say that the
Ll X Ll magnetic field will be clockwise. (1)
1LL:2Ll:1ll. (2)
Section-D
B. No change in ratio/the ratio of F2 generation will still be 1LL:2Ll:1ll/ ratio
will be the same. 34 Student to attempt either option A or B. 5
As the cross is still between a pure dominant and recessive allele/
A.
genes/ traits/characters /as shown in the cross above. (1) (i) Keerthi’s thinking is correct as substitution reactions occur in
saturated hydrocarbons, hydrogen atoms are replaced with
31 A. Hypermetropia is a defect that causes difficulty in focusing on near 3 heteroatoms in saturated hydrocarbons. Whereas in unsaturated
objects, with clearer vision observed for distant objects. In Myopia hydrocarbons an addition reaction occurs, simple molecules are
distant objects appear blurry while near objects are seen clearly. (1) added across double and/or triple bonds. (1)
B. (ii) Methane and propane undergo combustion reaction in presence of
(i) The image shows a case of hypermetropia. (0.5) oxygen and produce large amount of energy. (1)
(ii) shortening of the eyeball or focal length of the eye lens becomes The lower homologue of propane is ethane has the following electron
too long. (0.5) dot structure:
(iii) No the concave lens would diverge the rays coming to the eyeball
and will push the image even further, but a convex lens should be
used which will help to converge the rays and create the image at
the exact place on the retina. (1)

------------
For visually impaired students
A. Hypermetropia is a defect that causes difficulty in focusing on near
objects, with clearer vision observed for distant objects. In Myopia
distant objects appear blurry while near objects are seen
clearly. (1)
B. High converging power of eye lens, elongation of eye-ball. (2)

32 A. 3
(1)
R∝𝑙
R∝
𝑙 ANY TWO CHARACTERISTICS
𝐴 - Difference in -CH2- / 14u molecular mass of any two adjacent
𝑙
R = 𝜌 𝐴. (1.5) homologues.
B. - Same general formula/ functional group
𝑙 - Similar chemical properties
R = 𝜌𝐴
𝐴 - Gradual change in physical properties (1)
𝜌 = R 𝑙 for A =1m2 and l =1m, we have (iii) The mixture of ethyne and oxygen in sufficient amounts undergoes
𝜌=R complete combustion to fire a clean blue flame. In pressure of
Hence resistivity is the resistance offered by a wire of length 1 m having a insufficient supply of oxygen or in presence of air, ethyne does not
cross sectional area of 1 m2. (1.5) undergo complete combustion and produces sooty flame. (1)
33 A. Magnetic field strength is inversely proportional to the distance from the 3 OR
 B. (iv) There would be minor changes/some variation during the process of
(i) ‘B’ is preferred for cleansing action. The calcium and magnesium salts copying of the DNA. (1)
present in underground water are precipitated with carboxylic acids.
OR
The Ca++ and Mg++ salts of sulphonic acid are soluble in water. ‘B’ is
a more effective cleansing agent in presence of Ca and Mg salts. (1) B.
(ii) (i) Nutrients /glucose/oxygen/ waste. (any two) (1)
 Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing
(ii) less surface area for nutrients (glucose/oxygen) to pass from mother
properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water, while the
to embryo slow growth. (1)
other end is hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons.
 The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain (iii) uterus; has thick lining with rich supply of blood to nourish the embryo.
carboxylic acids. The ionic end of soap dissolves in water while the (1)
carbon chain dissolves in oil. The soap molecules, thus form (iv)
structures called micelles where one end of the molecules is a) male child
towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside. This forms b) misused as if the foetus is female, some people engage in
an emulsion in water. The soap micelle thus helps in dissolving the aborting the child leading to female foeticide. (2)
dirt in water and we can wash our clothes clean
------------
For visually impaired students
A.
(i) Nutrients /glucose/oxygen/ waste. (any two) (1)
(ii) less surface area for nutrients (glucose/oxygen) to pass from mother
to embryo slow growth. (1)
(iii) uterus; has thick lining with rich supply of blood to nourish the
embryo. (1)
(Labelled fig - 1 + 2) (iv)
(iii) CH3COOCH3+ NaOH  CH3COONa+ CH3OH a) male child
b) misused as if the foetus is female, some people engage in
The process is saponification. (0.5 + 0.5) aborting the child leading to female foeticide. (2)
35 Students to attempt either option A or B. 5 36 Students to attempt either option A or B. 5
A.
(i) Vegetative propagation/ asexual reproduction. (0.5+0.5) A.
(i) p.d. across 4 Ω resistor = p.d. Across R2 as both are in parallel.
(ii) More crops in same time interval, genetically identical, flower fruit (0.5)
faster, no need to depend on pollinators. (1+1) 1.5 (A) × 4 (Ω) = 6 V (0.5)
(iii) Cross pollination, the pollen from anther will be transferred the stigma (ii) Total Current through 4 Ω and R2 = 2.0 A (given).
of another banana plant using agents like wind, water, or insects etc. Current through 4 Ω = 1.5 A (given) (0.5)
(0.5+0.5) Hence current through R2 = 2-1.5= 0.5 A
(iv) There would be minor changes/some variation during the process of Using Ohm’s law for R2 we get (0.5)
copying of the DNA. (1) 6 V= 0.5 A x R2
Hence R2 = 6/0.5 = 12 Ω (0.5)
------------ (iii) p.d. across R1 = Total p.d. - (p.d. across R2) - (p.d. across 2.0
For visually impaired students Ω) (0.5)
(i) Vegetative propagation/ asexual reproduction. (0.5+0.5) p.d. across 2.0 Ω = 2x2 = 4 V
(ii) More crops in same time interval, genetically identical, flower fruit p.d. across R2 = 6 V (calculated before) (0.5)
faster, no need to depend on pollinators. (1+1)
Hence p.d. across R1 = 12 − 6 − 4 = 2 V (0.5)
(iii) Cross pollination, the pollen from anther will be transferred the stigma Current through R1 = 2A (0.5)
of another banana plant using agents like wind, water, or insects etc. Using Ohm’s Law, we get
(0.5+0.5) R1 = 2V/2A = 1Ω (0.5)
 the time for which the current flows. Mathematically, it can be
Alternative method expressed as
(4 𝑥 12)
Total Resistance = R1 + (4+12) + 2 = 12V/2 A = 6Ω (0.5) 𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡
R1 = 6 – (3 + 2) = 1 Ω (0.5) ● H is the heat produced (in joules),
OR ● I is the electric current (in amperes),
B. ● R is the resistance of the conductor (in ohms),
(i) Use of P = IV (0.5) ● t is the time for which the current flows (in seconds).
I = P ÷ V = 24 W ÷ 12V
(ii) Let the equivalent resistance in series be denoted by 𝑅𝑠 and
Current in lamp A – 2 A (0.5)
(ii) Voltmeter reading = 12 V (0.5) that for parallel be denoted by 𝑅𝑝 . Total voltage of the circuit is
Lamp A and Lamp B are in parallel. given by 𝑉 in both cases and the time is denoted by 𝑡.
Hence p.d. across the arm containing A = p.d. across arm  𝑅𝑠 = 2 + 4 = 6𝛺
containing B 1 1 1 3 4
 𝑅 = 2 + 4 = 4 , 𝑅𝑝 = 3
= 12 V (from a) (0.5) 𝑝

(iii) p.d. across R2 + p.d. across B = 12 V. (0.5) 𝑉2 𝑉2

 𝐻𝑠 = 𝑡, 𝐻𝑝 = 𝑡
p.d. across B = 6 V (given) 𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑝
𝐻𝑠 𝑅𝑝 2
Hence p.d. across R2 = 12 V - 6 V = 6V (0.5)  𝐻𝑝
= 𝑅𝑠
= 9

Current through R2 = Current through B = 3A (given) (0.5) SECTION – E

Use of R = V/I
R2 =6V/3A = 2Ω (0.5) 37 A. A - Sodium chloride 4
(iv) Current through R1 = Total Current = 3A+2A = 5A (0.5) Y - Chlorine gas,
p.d. across R1 = 15V -12 V = 3V Z - Hydrogen gas,
R1=3V/5A = 0.6 Ω (0.5) M - Sodium metal,
P - Sodium ethanoate &
------------ R - Ethyl ethanoate/ester (0.5 X 6 = 3)
For visually impaired students
Student to attempt either subpart B or C.
A.
(i) Ohm's Law is the law, which states that the electric current (I) B. Any activity similar to the given figure (1)
flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage
(V) applied across it and inversely proportional to the resistance
(R) of the conductor. Mathematically, it can be represented as: (1)
𝑉 ∝𝐼
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (1)

(ii) Let the energy consumed by the fans be 𝐸𝑓 and the energy
consumed by the electric press be 𝐸𝑝 .
100 ×4
 𝐸𝑓 = 𝑃 × 𝑡 = = 0.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ
1000
500 ×2
 𝐸𝑝 = 𝑃 × 𝑡 = = 1 𝑘𝑊ℎ (1)
1000
 Total energy consumed in 1 day = 𝐸𝑝 + 𝐸𝑓 = 1.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ
Total energy consumed in 60 days = 1.4 × 60 = 84 𝑘𝑊ℎ.
Total cost = 84 × 𝑅𝑠. 6.5 = 𝑅𝑠. 546.00 (2)
OR
OR C. Chlor alkali process
B. The process is called the chlor-alkali process because of the
(i) Joule's Law of Heating states that the amount of heat produced products formed from chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide. (1)
in a conductor is directly proportional to the square of the electric
current passing through it, the resistance of the conductor, and
 ------------ D.
For visually impaired students i) Although both plants and animals show electrical–chemical means
A. to convey the information from cell to cell but unlike nerve cells in
animals there is no specialized tissue in plants for conduction of
ETHANOIC ACID ETHANOL
information. (0.5)
Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates: No reaction ii) In animal cells, change in shape occurs because of the specialized
Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen proteins found in muscle cells; plant cells change shape by changing
carbonates to give rise to salt, carbon dioxide and
the amount of water in them. (0.5)
water. The salt produced is commonly called
------------
sodium acetate. For visually impaired students
2CH3 COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Students to attempt either subpart A or B.
A.
(1+1)
● Bending of shoots of plants is a response to the stimulus and a
B. Ethene
directional, growth-related movement.
C2H5OH ------Hot Conc Sulphuric acid--- CH2=CH2 + H2O (1) ● When growing plants detect sunlight, a hormone called auxin,
C. In combustion reactions oxygen is added hence all combustion reactions synthesized at shoot tip helps the cells to grow longer.
are oxidation, whereas in oxidation reactions, energy may or may not be ● When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses to
released (along with the products), hence all oxidation reactions are not the shady side of the shoot.
combustion reactions. (1) ● This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells of the shoot to grow
longer on the side of the shoot which is away from the light. Thus,
38 Students to attempt either subpart A or B. 4
plant appears to bend towards light. (0.5 x 4 =2)
A.
OR
● Bending of shoots of plants is a response to the stimulus and a
B.
directional, growth-related movement.
● Leaves of ‘Touch me not’ plant respond to the stimulus by showing
● When growing plants detect sunlight, a hormone called auxin,
growth independent movement.
synthesized at shoot tip helps the cells to grow longer.
● These plants use electrical–chemical means to convey the
● When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses to the
information from cell to cell.
shady side of the shoot.
● Movement happens at a point different from the point of touch.
● This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells of the shoot to grow
● Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them,
longer on the side of the shoot which is away from the light. Thus,
resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in changing shape.
plant appears to bend towards light. (0.5 x 4 =2)
(0.5 x 4 =2)
OR
C. Growth of pollen tubes towards the ovule is an example of
B. chemotropism whereas bending of shoots towards sunlight is an
● Leaves of ‘Touch me not’ plant respond to the stimulus by showing example of phototropism. (1)
growth independent movement. D.
● These plants use electrical–chemical means to convey the i) Although both plants and animals show electrical–chemical means
information from cell to cell. to convey the information from cell to cell but unlike nerve cells in
● Movement happens at a point different from the point of touch. animals there is no specialized tissue in plants for conduction of
● Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them, information. (0.5)
resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in changing shape. ii) In animal cells, change in shape occurs because of the specialized
(0.5 x 4 =2) proteins found in muscle cells; plant cells change shape by changing
C. Growth of pollen tubes towards the ovule is an example of the amount of water in them. (0.5)
chemotropism whereas bending of shoots towards sunlight is an
example of phototropism. (1) 39 A. Real Image (the final image is formed due to the lens at the eye-piece) 4
(1)
 B. Concave Mirror (1)
Student to attempt either subpart C or D.
C. A converging lens is used at the eyepiece to collect the rays from the
plane mirror and help the viewer to see a real erect image of the star.
(2)
OR
D. The plane mirror laterally inverts the image formed by the curved
mirror and its position helps to direct the rays towards the eye-piece.
(2)
------------
For visually impaired students
A. Convex lens. (1)
B. Converging property. The lens can converge parallel rays to one
point. (1)
Student to attempt either subpart C or D
C. To correct hypermetropia, lenses of telescopes, microscopes and
slide projectors. (2)
OR
D. If the object is kept between the optical centre and the focus the image
obtained is virtual, rest in all cases the image is real.

**********