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Review Module – Compression Members (ASD/LRFD)

SLENDERNESS RATIO, SR
𝐾𝑙
𝑆𝑅 =
𝑟

EULER’S CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝐾𝑙)2

EULER’S CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

𝜋 2𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑆𝑅)2

END FIXITY FACTOR / EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR

a. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to x – axis.
b. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to y – axis.
c. Compute the Euler’s critical buckling load.
d. What is the minimum length of column without exceeding the
proportional limit?

NSCP 2001 (Allowable Stress Design - ASD)

SECTION 505 – COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION
MEMBERS

502.8.1 For members whose design is based on compressive force, the

slenderness ratio 𝐾𝑙/𝑟 preferably should NOT exceed 200. If this limit
is exceeded, the allowable stress shall NOT exceed the value obtained
from Equation (505-2).

505.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS

SITUATION 1. A build-up section with unbraced length of 6 m, used as
a compression member, has the following properties:
505.3.1 On the gross section of axially loaded compression members
Assume that one end of the column is fixed and the other pinned (k =
whose cross-sections meet the provisions of Table 502-1, when 𝐾𝑙/𝑟,
0.80). Assumed both ends are pinned and proportional limit is 240 MPa.
the largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment is less
E=200GPa.
than 𝐶𝑐 , the allowable stress is:
I-Beam Properties: (𝐾𝑙/𝑟)2
A = 22000 mm2 [1 −
2𝐶𝑐2
] 𝐹𝑦
d = 730 mm 𝐹𝑎 = 5 3 𝐾𝑙/𝑟 1 (𝐾𝑙/𝑟)3
(𝟓𝟎𝟓 − 𝟏)
bf = 310 mm + ∙ − ∙
3 8 𝐶𝑐 8 𝐶𝑐3
Ix = 295 x 106 mm4
Iy = 30.6 x 106 mm4 Where:
2𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐶𝑐 = √ (𝟓𝟎𝟓 − 𝟏𝒂)
𝐹𝑦

Properties of each C-Section: 505.3.2 On the gross section of axially loaded compression members,
A = 7350 mm2 d = 380 mm when 𝐾𝑙/𝑟 exceed 𝐶𝑐 the allowable stress is:
tw = 15 mm x = 24 mm
Ix = 65 x 106 mm4 Iy = 5.08 x 106 mm4 12𝜋 2 𝐸
a. Determine the effective slenderness ratio with respect to the strong 𝐹𝑎 = (𝟓𝟎𝟓 − 𝟐)
axis. 23(𝐾𝑙/𝑟)2
b. Determine the effective slenderness ratio with respect to the weak
axis. NSCP 2010/2015 (ASD & LRFD)
c. Determine the Euler’s critical buckling load. SECTION 505 – DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION
d. Determine the minimum length of a column having this section so as
not to exceed the proportional limit. Design Compressive Strength 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛
Allowable Compressive Strength
Ω𝑐
SITUATION 2.
Built up column 12 m long consists of W 350 x 110 with two plates welded
𝜙𝑐 = 0.9 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω𝑐 = 1.67 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
to form a box section. With respect to x – axis column is fixed, y – axis
column is braced at mid height. Use the theoretical k values
505.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF
Properties of W 350 x 110 MEMBERS WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
A = 12,340mm2 tf = 15 mm Poportional limit = 310 MPa
Ix = 315 x 106 mm4 bf =250 m Iy = 49 x 106 mm4 The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the
tw = 12 mm limit state of flexural buckling.
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𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑. 𝟏) Properties of W 14 x 142

A=26967.69 mm2
The Flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows: d=374.65 mm bf=393.70
mm
tf=27.00 mm tw= 17.27 mm
kL E
1. When  4.71 or (Fe  0.44 Fy )
r Fy Ix= 695.11 x 106 mm4
Iy= 274.71 x 106 mm4
𝐹𝑦 Sx=3719.18 x 103 mm3
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [0.658 𝐹𝑒 ] 𝐹𝑦 (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 − 𝟐) Sy= 1396.18 x 103 mm3
rx=160.53 mm
ry= 100.84 mm
kL E
2. When  4.71 or (Fe  0.44 Fy ) (Use the recommended k
r Fy values)
1. Compute the critical slenderness ratio.

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒 (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 − 𝟑) Using NSCP 2001

2. Compute the allowable axial stress.

Where: 3. Compute the capacity of the column section.

Using NSCP 2010

Fe = Elastic Critical buckling stress determined according to Eq.
4. Compute the allowable axial stress.
505.3-4, Section 505.4, or the provisions of Section 503.2, as
applicable, MPa. SITUATION.
A W14x90 steel column is used to carry an axial dead load of 600 kN
𝜋 2𝐸 and live load of 1900 kN. The column is 9m long and is pinned at the top
𝐹𝑒 = (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 − 𝟒)
(𝐾𝑙/𝑟)2 and bottom in both axes. Additional support has been added with lateral
and torsional bracing about the y-axis and midpoint respectively.
SITUATION. Determine the adequacy of the column section given Fy=345 MPa.
A compression member is 3 meters long and pinned at both ends.
Effective length factor k = 1.0. The section is made up of two- 150mm x Properties of W14x90
100mm x 10mm angle of unequal legs with long legs back to back and A=17097 mm2
separated by a gusset plate 10 mm thick. Use A-36 steel, Fy= 248 MPa Ix=415.8x106 mm4
and E= 200,000 MPa. Iy=150.7x106 mm4

Properties of one angle 150mm x 100mm x 10mm Using:

A = 2400mm2 tf = 16 mm 1. NSCP 2015 LRFD
Ix = 5.576 x 106 mm4 x = 23.75 mm NSCP 2001 ASD
Iy = 2.026 x 106 mm4 y = 48.75 mm
NSCP 2001 (Allowable Stress Design - ASD)
1. Determine the minimum radius of gyration.

Using NSCP 2001, COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING (Sec 508.2)
2. Determine the safe axial load of the compression member. 508.1.2 This Section pertains to doubly and singly symmetrical
3. If the length is increased to 6 meters, determine the safe axial load members only. See Section 505 for the determination of 𝐹𝑎 and
Section 506 for the determination of 𝐹𝑏𝑥 and 𝐹𝑏𝑦 .
of the compression member.

Using NSCP 2010, 508.2 AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING

4. Determine the allowable axial capacity of the compression member 508.2.1 Members subjected to both axial compression and bending
with Ω𝑐 = 1.67. stresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the following requirements:
5. Determine the design axial capacity of the compression member When 𝑓𝑎 /𝐹𝑎 > 0.15
with 𝜙𝑐 = 0.9. 𝑓𝑎 𝐶𝑚𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ 𝑓
+ ≤ 1.0 (𝟓𝟎𝟖 − 𝟏)
6. If the length is increased to 6 meters, Determine the allowable axial 𝐹𝑎 (1 − ) 𝐹 𝑎 𝑓
(1 − 𝑎 ) 𝐹
′
𝐹𝑒𝑥 𝑏𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑦
𝐹𝑒𝑦
capacity of the compression member with Ω𝑐 = 1.67.

SITUATION. 𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦

+ + ≤ 1.0 (𝟓𝟎𝟖 − 𝟐)
A W 14 x 142 is used as a column having length of 9 m long. It is hinged 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
at the upper end and fixed at the lower end but there is a lateral bracing
perpendicular to the minor axis of the W section at the 5.4 m above the When 𝑓𝑎 /𝐹𝑎 ≤ 0.15, Equation (508-3) is permitted in lieu of Equations
bottom support. It is assumed to be pinned connected at the bracing (508-1) and (508-2):
point. Using A-36 steel Fy=248 MPa and the NSCP specifications. Es= 𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
200 GPa. + + ≤ 1.0 (𝟓𝟎𝟖 − 𝟑)
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

508.2.2 In Equations (508-1), (508-2) and (508-3), the subscripts x and

y, combined with subscripts b, m and e, indicates the axis of bending
about which a particular stress or design properly applies, and
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𝐹𝑎 = Axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force NSCP 2010/2015 (ASD & LRFD)
alone existed, MPa
𝐹𝑏 = Compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending SECTION 508 - DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED
moment alone existed, MPa FORCES AND TORSION
12𝜋 2 𝐸 This Section addresses members subject to axial force and flexure
𝐹𝑒′ = about one or both axes, with or without torsion, and to members
23(𝐾𝑙𝑏 /𝑟𝑏 )2
subject to torsion only.
𝐹𝑒′ = Euler stress divided by a factor of safety, MPa. As in the case of Fa, Fb, and
0.60Fy, F’e may be increased 1/3 in accordance with Section 501.5.2. The interaction of flexure and compression in doubly symmetric
𝑙𝑏 = The actual unbraced length in the plane of bending members and singly symmetric members for which
𝐼
𝑟𝑏 = The corresponding radius of gyration 0.1 ≤ 𝑦𝑐 ≤ 0.9 ,
𝐼𝑦
𝐾 = Effective length factor in the plane of bending
𝑓𝑎 = Computed axial stress, MPa that are constrained to bend about a geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be
𝑓𝑏 = Computed compressive bending stress at the point under limited by Eqns. 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b, where Iyc is the moment of
consideration, MPa. inertia about the y-axis referred to the compression flange. mm4.

508.1.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and

COLUMN CURVATURE COEFFICIENT, 𝑪𝒎
Compression
The coefficient applied to the x or y axis of bending term in the
interaction equation (508-1) and is dependent upon column curvature 𝑃𝑟
caused by the applied moments. This value shall be taken as follows: 1. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 ≥ 0.2
𝑃𝑐
a. For compression members in frames subject to joint 𝑃𝑟 8 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
translation (sidesway), + ( + ) ≤ 1.0 (𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟏 − 𝟏𝒂)
𝑃𝑐 9 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
𝐶𝑚 = 0.85
𝑃𝑟
b. For rotationally restrained compression members in frames 1. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 < 0.2
braced against joint translation and NOT subject to transverse 𝑃𝑐
loading between their supports in the plane of bending.
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4(𝑀1 /𝑀2 ) 𝑃𝑟 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
+( + ) ≤ 1.0 (𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟏 − 𝟏𝒃)
2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
where 𝑀1 /𝑀2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the Where:
ends of the portion of the member unbraced in the plane of Pr = required axial compressive Strength, N
bending under consideration. 𝑀1 /𝑀2 is positive when the Pc = available axial compressive Strength, N
Mr = required flexural strength, N-mm
member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in
Mc = available flexural strength, N-mm
single curvature. x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis bendin

SITUATION 1.
The figure below shows a framing plan of a warehouse. The columns are 7
meters long and are rigidly attached to the base and pin-connected at the top.
𝑀1 𝑀1 Sidesway is uninhibited about the x-axis (K=1.20) but prevented about the y-axis
= (+) = (−) through cross braces (K=1.0).
𝑀2 𝑀2
𝐃𝐎𝐔𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄
Properties of the W-Section columns:
(REVERSE CURVATURE) A = 10000 mm2 Ix = 225 × 106 mm4
d = 350 mm Iy = 25 × 106 mm4
bf = 200 mm rT = 55 mm
t f = 15 mm Fy = 248 MPa
t w = 10 mm rx = 150 mm
E = 200 GPa ry = 50 mm

c. For compression members in frames braced against joint

translation in the plane of loading and subjected to transverse
loading between their supports, the value of 𝐶𝑚 may be
determined by an analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the
following values are permitted:
i. For members whose ends are restrained against
rotation in the plane of bending,
𝐶𝑚 = 0.85

ii. For members whose ends are unrestrained against The following loads for column (1) has been obtained from analysis,
rotation in the plane of bending, Axial Load, P = 70 kN
𝐶𝑚 = 1.0 Moment at the base, Mx = 30 kN ∙ m, My = 0
Assume that the columns are compact with respect to bending.
a. Determine the allowable axial compressive stress in column (1).
b. Determine the ratio of actual to allowable axial and bending stresses in column
(1).
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c. If My = 15 kN ∙ m, determine the total ratio of actual to allowable axial and

bending stresses in column (1).

SITUATION 2.
A W 250x58 column carries an eccentric load of 200 kN with an
eccentricity from y axis = 75mm and eccentricity from x axis = 50mm.
Fy = 400 MPa, Fbx = 0.60Fy, Fby = 0.75Fy. Assume k = 1.0 Cm = 0.85
Unsupported length = 6m
A = 7420 mm2 Sx = 693 x 103 mm3 rx = 108 mm
Ix = 87.3 x 10 mm Sy = 186 x 10 mm
6 4 3 3 ry = 50.4 mm

a. Determine the allowable axial compressive stress.

b. Determine the interaction value for both axial and bending.