Material science
Chapter 2 :
Atomic structure &
Interatomic Bonding
All materials made up from atoms .
Atoms consist of protons , ,
neutrons and electrons .
nucleons
[Link] gand neutrons has a neutral charge .
Mass
,
-_
Massu > f.
8FM8Ztteg g masse >
9. llktosafkg
6 Atomic number : number of protons in an atoms .
gtzenporeeerfafiou
C Symbol 12
Carbon Name C
12.011 Atomic of atomic f- the atom 6
average
mass : masses - .
Isotopes : blooms have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons .
Carbon -12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
Carbon :
% % I
6 protons 6 protons 6 protons
6 neutrons E- neutrons 8 neutrons
Isobars sea
.
Different atoms have the same atomic mass .
% Yak %[Link] Her [Link] .
MP Ifp Ffp protons neutrons
*
Hp Zop
24in 21h 20h 23h 22in nucleons
Bohriilodel :
neueleus
•
•
Protons Nuebrons
> +
•
z
•
orbital electrons
• BOBE
.
• a
n
-
- I
,
•
÷÷: Number
toneless
M@rbifg
• • ''
Electron Energy State :
rest K : 2e
Increasing s : 2e n- s
p:6e L : 8e n=2
d : doe M :t8e nss
[Link] KLM N
s a. shells f :I8e N :32en=4
sp
spd Subshells
2W
>
spdf .
Is
Es Zp 7- Element configuration
3s3p3d
I
2 He Is
'
'
-
Us Hp 4cL Uf
252,06
'
5p5d5f Ne
'
Is to Is
Gs top Gd
'
-
'
-
Fsfp 18 Ar 15252,06353ps
L L
36 Kr 15252106353,06453dB 4ps
stable
elements
<
[Link]
>
a
E. leebronegabivify
"
donate electrons "
aeeepb electrons
"
"
* ions - ions
Range
smaller Electronegativity 0.8-4.0 Larger Electronegativity
Fr F
TI@ nie
>
Covalent
Bonds
>
Primary Beards > Nabeel:c
forces )
> secondary Bonds ( Vanderwall
Ionic Bonding :
Ionic Bonds are formed between fu unstable elements . .
They become stable after forming the bond .
Energy : Large
fan! uefae , Wace
[Link] ? E -4>
-
e-
e. tea:Legabiuity e'tcisohegabiviby Ionic Bonding are predominant
in ceramics
Covalent Bearding .
.
covalent Bonding are chemical bond that involves the sharing
of electron between atoms variable
pairs .
Energy :
it
j
.
.
it
=D HAD
Metallic Bonding :
Metabolic Bonding are formed between metals and
their alloys .
Energy variable
:
Secondary Bonding :
Secondary Bonding are the weakest type of boardings
small
* -
E - e-
Energy :
Properties From Bonding
.
As energy bond increases :
Helbing temperature increases . ( Requires higher Into
Fma Energy medb the material ) .
Elastic modulus increases .
( Requires higher force to bend
E- aEnergy the material ) .
Thermal expansion coefficient decreases .
A a -1
Energy
> Large Energy
>
Large Tm
ceramics ( ionic & covalent bonding ) .
>
Large E
> Small a
> Variable Energy
Metals ( halallie bonding ) s moderate Tm
> Moderate E
Moderate:regional properties
>
" small Tm
polymers ( covalent & secondary bonding ) small
,
>
Large d