DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT
CESURV30
INTRODUCTION
» Distance measurement is regarded as the most
fundamental of all surveying observations.
» Distances are not necessarily linear, especially
if they occur in the spherical earth
» For relatively small distances, we can consider
straight line as one existing in the Euclidean
(geometric) space.
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 2
METHODS OF
MEASURING
DISTANCES
1. Pacing
2. Odometer Readings
3. Optical Rangefinders
4. Tacheometry (Stadia)
5. Subtense Bars
6. Taping
7. Electronic Distance Measurement
8. Satellite Systems
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 3
PACING
» Pacing is a practical measure of distance.
» Pacing consists of counting the number of steps, or paces, in a
required distance.
» No equipment is needed for pacing.
» Pacing offers relatively low accuracy.
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 4
PACING
Pace Pace Factor
» Length of a step in » Ratio of the measured
walking distance to the number of
paces made by an individual
» May be measured from to cover the measured
heel to heel or toe to toe distance.
𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐵𝐸𝑅 𝑂𝐹 𝑃𝐴𝐶𝐸𝑆
ODOMETER READINGS
» Converts the number of revolution of a wheel of known circumference
to a distance
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 6
OPTICAL RANGEFINDERS
» Operated by looking through the lens, adjusting the focus until a
distant object viewed is focused, whereupon the distance to that
object is obtained
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 7
TACHEOMETRY (STADIA)
» Sometimes called Tachymetry which
means swift measurements
» This is a surveying method used to
quickly determine the horizontal
distance to, and elevation of, a point.
» Stadia observations are obtained by
sighting through a telescope with two or
more horizontal cross wires at a known
spacing.
» Stadia was introduced in 1771 by James
Watt.
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 8
TACHEOMETRY (STADIA)
» Its precision depends upon the
following factors:
o Refinement of the instruments
o Skill of the observer
o Length of the measurement
o Effect of refraction
» This method employs the use of
the following instruments:
o Stadia rod / Leveling rod
o Telescope / Theodolite
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 9
TACHEOMETRY (STADIA)
» Distance formula: » Additional Notes:
o K = 100 if not given
o S = upper reading – lower reading
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝑐 o C = 0.3 for externally focusing
instrument
where: K = stadia interval factor o C = 0 for internally focusing
s = stadia interval instrument
c = stadia constant o Assume internal focusing if not given
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 10
TACHEOMETRY (STADIA)
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 11
SUBTENSE BARS
» This indirect distance measuring procedure involves using a theodolite
to read the horizontal angle subtended by two targets precisely spaces
at a fixed distance.
» The length between the two targets is commonly 2 meters.
» By using trigonometry, the following formula can be derived:
1m
θ/2
θ/2
1m
HD
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 12
SUBTENSE BARS
» This indirect distance measuring procedure involves using a theodolite
to read the horizontal angle subtended by two targets precisely spaces
at a fixed distance.
» The length between the two targets is commonly 2 meters.
» By using trigonometry, the following formula can be derived:
1
𝐻𝐷 =
𝜃
tan
2
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 13
TAPING (OR CHAINING)
» Taping or chaining is a method of measurement utilizing a steel tape
or synthetic tape.
» It is fairly quick, easy and cheap, and hence is the most common form
of distance measurement.
» Taping accessories:
o Range poles
o Chaining pins
o Plumb bob
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 14
TAPING (OR CHAINING)
Level or even ground Sloping or uneven ground
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 15
TAPING (OR CHAINING)
» Breaking Tape
o On steeper slopes where the length of the tape cannot be held
horizontally , shorter distances are measured and accumulated to
total of a fill tape length.
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 16
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
2. If the corrected length of the line is 621.6m, determine the relative precision.
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 17
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144
𝑥1 = 4
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 18
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144
𝑥1 = 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 19
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144
𝑥1 = 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
100 𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 20
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144
𝑥1 = 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
100 𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝐹 = 0.6944444 𝑚/𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 21
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144 894.5+892+891.5+895
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 =
4 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
100 𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝐹 = 0.6944444 𝑚/𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 22
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144 894.5+892+891.5+895
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 =
4 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥2 = 893.25 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
100 𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝐹 = 0.6944444 𝑚/𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 23
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144 894.5+892+891.5+895
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 =
4 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥2 = 893.25 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
100 𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑃𝐹 𝑥2
𝑃𝐹 = 0.6944444 𝑚/𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 24
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144 894.5+892+891.5+895
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 =
4 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥2 = 893.25 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
100 𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑃𝐹 𝑥2
𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 0.6944444 𝑚/𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐿 = 0.6944444 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 893.25𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 25
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
Solution:
143+146.5+142.5+144 894.5+892+891.5+895
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 =
4 4
𝑥1 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥2 = 893.25 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
100 𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 144 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑃𝐹 𝑥2
𝑚
𝑃𝐹 = 0.6944444 𝑚/𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐿 = 0.6944444 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 893.25𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐿 = 620.3125 𝑚
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 26
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
2. If the corrected length of the line is 621.6m, determine the relative precision.
Solution:
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 27
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
2. If the corrected length of the line is 621.6m, determine the relative precision.
Solution:
𝑇𝐿−𝑀𝐿
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑇𝐿
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 28
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
2. If the corrected length of the line is 621.6m, determine the relative precision.
Solution:
𝑇𝐿−𝑀𝐿
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑇𝐿
621.6−620.3125
𝑅𝑃 = 621.6
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 29
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
2. If the corrected length of the line is 621.6m, determine the relative precision.
Solution:
𝑇𝐿−𝑀𝐿
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑇𝐿
621.6−620.3125
𝑅𝑃 = 621.6
1
𝑅𝑃 = 482.796
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 30
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 (PACING)
» CE Board November 1998
» A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveying with the following data: 143, 146.5, 142.5,
and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the following data: 894.5,
892, 891.5, and 895.
2. If the corrected length of the line is 621.6m, determine the relative precision.
Solution:
𝑇𝐿−𝑀𝐿
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑇𝐿
621.6−620.3125
𝑅𝑃 = 621.6
1
𝑅𝑃 = 482.796
1
𝑅𝑃 = 480
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 31
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 (TACHEOMETRY)
» A stadia rod, held at a distance point B, is sighted by an instrument set-up at A. The upper and
lower stadia hair readings were observed as 1.506m and 0.742m, respectively. If the stadia
interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument is external focusing, determine the length of the line
AB
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 32
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 (TACHEOMETRY)
» A stadia rod, held at a distance point B, is sighted by an instrument set-up at A. The upper and
lower stadia hair readings were observed as 1.506m and 0.742m, respectively. If the stadia
interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument is external focusing, determine the length of the line
AB
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 33
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 (TACHEOMETRY)
» A stadia rod, held at a distance point B, is sighted by an instrument set-up at A. The upper and
lower stadia hair readings were observed as 1.506m and 0.742m, respectively. If the stadia
interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument is external focusing, determine the length of the line
AB
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 1.506 − 0.743 cos 0 + 0.3
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 34
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 (TACHEOMETRY)
» A stadia rod, held at a distance point B, is sighted by an instrument set-up at A. The upper and
lower stadia hair readings were observed as 1.506m and 0.742m, respectively. If the stadia
interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument is external focusing, determine the length of the line
AB
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 1.506 − 0.743 cos 0 + 0.3
𝐷 = 76.6𝑚
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 35
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 36
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 37
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 3.6 cos 3𝑜 30′ + 0.3
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 38
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 3.6 cos 3𝑜 30′ + 0.3
𝐷 = 359.6285 𝑚
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 39
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 3.6 cos 3𝑜 30′ + 0.3
𝐷 = 359.6285 𝑚
𝐻𝐷 = 𝐷 cos 𝜃
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 40
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 3.6 cos 3𝑜 30′ + 0.3
𝐷 = 359.6285 𝑚
𝐻𝐷 = 𝐷 cos 𝜃
𝐻𝐷 = 359.6285 cos 3𝑜 30′
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 41
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 3.6 cos 3𝑜 30′ + 0.3
𝐷 = 359.6285 𝑚
𝐻𝐷 = 𝐷 cos 𝜃
𝐻𝐷 = 359.6285 cos 3𝑜 30′
𝐻𝐷 = 358.9577 𝑚
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 42
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (TACHEOMETRY)
» CE Board November 1998
» A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia constant and
stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was inclined at an angle of
3𝑜 30′ with the horizontal, determine the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod.
» Solution:
𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 3.6 cos 3𝑜 30′ + 0.3
𝐷 = 359.6285 𝑚
𝐻𝐷 = 𝐷 cos 𝜃
𝐻𝐷 = 359.6285 cos 3𝑜 30′
𝐻𝐷 = 358.9577 𝑚
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 43
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (SUBTENSE BARS)
» The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0𝑜 24′ 17“ 0𝑜 53′ 26“ 0𝑜 18′ 25“ 0𝑜 10; 49“
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 44
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (SUBTENSE BARS)
» The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0𝑜 24′ 17“ 0𝑜 53′ 26“ 0𝑜 18′ 25“ 0𝑜 10; 49“
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar
Solution:
1
𝐻𝐷 = 𝜃
tan2
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 45
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (SUBTENSE BARS)
» The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0𝑜 24′ 17“ 0𝑜 53′ 26“ 0𝑜 18′ 25“ 0𝑜 10; 49“
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar
Solution:
1
𝐻𝐷 = 𝜃
tan2
1 1
𝐻𝐷1 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 24′ 17“
tan2 tan
2
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 46
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (SUBTENSE BARS)
» The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0𝑜 24′ 17“ 0𝑜 53′ 26“ 0𝑜 18′ 25“ 0𝑜 10; 49“
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar
Solution:
1
𝐻𝐷 = 𝜃
tan2
1 1
𝐻𝐷1 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 24′ 17“
= 283.1351 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 47
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (SUBTENSE BARS)
» The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0𝑜 24′ 17“ 0𝑜 53′ 26“ 0𝑜 18′ 25“ 0𝑜 10; 49“
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar
Solution:
1
𝐻𝐷 = 𝜃
tan2
1 1
𝐻𝐷1 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 24′ 17“
= 283.1351 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
1 1
𝐻𝐷2 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 53′ 26“
= 128.6716 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 48
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (SUBTENSE BARS)
» The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0𝑜 24′ 17“ 0𝑜 53′ 26“ 0𝑜 18′ 25“ 0𝑜 10; 49“
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar
Solution:
1
𝐻𝐷 = 𝜃
tan2
1 1
𝐻𝐷1 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 24′ 17“
= 283.1351 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
1 1
𝐻𝐷2 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 53′ 26“
= 128.6716 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
1 1
𝐻𝐷3 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 18′ 25“
= 373.3291 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 49
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (SUBTENSE BARS)
» The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0𝑜 24′ 17“ 0𝑜 53′ 26“ 0𝑜 18′ 25“ 0𝑜 10; 49“
Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar
Solution:
1
𝐻𝐷 = 𝜃
tan2
1 1
𝐻𝐷1 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 24′ 17“
= 283.1351 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
1 1
𝐻𝐷2 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 53′ 26“
= 128.6716 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
1 1
𝐻𝐷3 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 18′ 25“
= 373.3291 𝑚
tan2 tan
2
1 1
𝐻𝐷4 = 𝜃 = 0𝑜 18′ 25“
= 635.6383 𝑚
tan2 tan 2
2023 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 50