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Types of DC Generators Overview

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Types of DC Generators Overview

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Home > DC Generator > Types of DC Generators

Types of DC Generators
By Linquip Team / Last Updated On: June 25, 2023
Table of Contents

1. Types of DC Generators
2. Separately Excited DC Generators
3. Self-Excited DC Generators
4. Download Classification of DC Generators PDF

Types of DC Generators – DC generators are electrical devices for converting


mechanical energy to electrical power. Cutting magnetic flux by the armature
produces EMF based on Faraday’s Laws and electro-induction. EMF is the cause of
current flow in the circuit.

MMF is required by a DC generator to establish flux in its magnetic circuit. Field


excitation is used to get the MMF required to establish flux in a dc generator’s
magnetic circuit. When a DC voltage is provided to a DC generator’s field windings,
current flows through the windings, creating a stable magnetic field. Field excitation
is the term for this. DC generators are available from a wide range of Suppliers and
Companies, as well as manufacturers and distributors, and Linquip has a large

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Types of DC Generators

DC generators are categorized into three main types based on the methods of field
excitation: Permanent Magnet, Separately Excited, and Self-Excited DC generators.
The first type excites the field coils by using Permanent magnets, while the
separately excited one includes an external force for excitation. A self-excited DC
generator includes another generator itself and field coils excited by it. The diagram
for DC generator types is as below, and the permanent magnet field is not included
because of not widely used in the industry.

figure1. Types of DC generators (reference: [Link])


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Permanent Magnet DC Generators

This kind of generator utilizing permanent magnets for creating the flux in the
magnetic circuit is known as the Permanent magnet DC generator and is the most
basic type of generator. There are an armature and one or many permanent magnets
placed around the armature. This type cannot supply much power due to the design
of the generator and does not employ it in industry applications. Permanent magnet
DC generators usually are used in small applications, the same as dynamos in
motorcycles.

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Figure 2 illustrates the basic form of the permanent magnet DC generators, and as
we know, voltage is created when the wire cuts the field and the amount of it is
dependent on the wire loops and the rate of rotation in the field. Also, the amount of
the voltage is the function of the angle between the magnetic flux and the moving
surface. As each loop rotates, the voltage varies from 0 to the maximum amount of
itself as the function of the angle and makes an absolute amount of sinusoidal
voltage. Increasing the number of loops at different angles makes the voltage to be
constant at its maximum value.

Figure2. Permanent magnetic DC generators (reference: [Link])

the induced voltage is calculated as:

Vind = Blv

where:

Vind = induced voltage, in V

B = flux density that is perpendicular to the motion, in Web/m2

l = length of the conductor, in m

v = velocity of the conductor, in m/s

Separately Excited DC Generators

An external DC source (e.g., battery) is used in this system for energizing field
magnets. As the rotation speed increases, it can provide a higher EMF and voltage in
the output. The circuit diagram for the separately excited DC generators is illustrated
in Figure 3, and the symbols are as below:

IL = Load current
Ia = Armature current
Eg = Generated EMF (Electromagnetic Force)
V = Terminal voltage
Figure3. Circuit diagram of the separately excited DC generators (reference: [Link])

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The generated power and the delivered power to the external force can be calculated
as:

Ia = Il = I
​ ​

V = IRa ​
Pg = E g × I
​ ​

Pl = V I

Self-Excited DC Generators

Self-excited DC generators have field magnets that are energized by their own
supplied current, and the field coils are connected to the armature internally. There is
always some flux in the poles because of the residual magnetism. As the armature
rotates, some current is produced, and this small current flows through the field coils
with the load, strengthening the pole flux. By increasing the pole flux, the EMF and
the current increase, and the accumulative process is continuing until the excitation
is necessary. Self-excited DC generators are classified based on the field coils and
their position as follows:

1. Shunt Wound Generators


2. Compound Wound Generators
3. Series Wound Generators

Shunt Wound DC Generators

The field windings are connected to the armature conductors parallelly to excite the
generator. Field windings are the insulated current-carrying coils that produce the
needed magnetic field for the excitation of the generator. A shunt generator excites
by residual magnetism in poles, and the field windings have the same voltage as the
terminals in the shunt-wound generator, while the actual value of this voltage
depends on the load and its speed. The circuit diagram for this type is as below:
Figure4. Circuit diagram of the Shunt Wound DC Generators (reference: [Link])

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where:

V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated EMF
Ish = Current flowing through the shunt field
Ia = Armature current
IL = Load current
Rsh = Shunt winding resistance
Ra = Armature resistance
Armature current Ia consists of two parts of shunt field current Ish and load current IL.

Ia = Ish + Il
​ ​ ​

When the IL is the maximum, the effective power for the load would be the
maximum. As a result, it is better to keep the shunt current as low as possible. So it
is reasonable to keep the resistance of the shunt high.

V
Ish = ​

Rsh ​

V = E g − Ia Ra ​ ​ ​

Generated power and power delivered to the load are:

P g = E g × Ig
​ ​ ​

P l = V × Il
​ ​
Series wound generators

The field winding is in series with armature conductors in series-wound generators.


Figure 5 is the circuit diagram for this generator. The current in the field coil is the
same as the load and flows in both. Field windings are designed with few turns and
use thick wires to have low electrical resistance. The circuit diagram for this type is
as below:

Figure5. circuit diagram of the series Wound DC Generators (reference:


[Link])

Ia = Il = Isc = I
​ ​ ​

V = E g − I 2 × Ra​ ​
Generated power and power delivered to the load are:

Pg = I\timesEg
​ ​

Pl = I\timesV

Compound Wound DC Generators

The output voltage and EMF depend on the load current in the series wound type,
and on the other hand, in the shunt type, the output is proportional to the inverse of
the load current. To overcome the disadvantage of both types, compound wound
generators are available, combining both series and shunt. The circuit of the
compound wound generators includes both series and shunt field wounding. There
are a series and a parallel winding with the armature and include two types of short
shunt compound wound generator and long shunt compound wound generator.

Long Shunt Compound DC Generators

In long shunt compound DC generators, the shunt windings are parallel with both
series field and armature. The circuit diagram for this type is as below:
Figure6. circuit diagram of the short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generators (reference:
[Link])

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The currents in the circuit are:

Ish =

V
Rsh ​

Ics = Il + Ish
​ ​
Ics = Ia
​ ​

The load voltage is equal to:

V = Eg − Ia (Ra − Rsc)
​ ​ ​

Generated power and the delivered power to the load are:

P g = IG × E g
​ ​ ​

P l = IG × V
​ ​

Short Shunt-Wound DC Generator

In short type, an armature is parallel with the shunt field windings, as shown in the
following figure:
Figure6. circuit diagram of the short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generators (reference:
[Link])

The currents in this system are:

Isc = Il
​ ​

V +Isc Rsc
Ish = ​

Rsh


Ia = Isc + Il
​ ​ ​

The load voltage, load power, and generated power are:


V = Eg − Ia Ra − Isc Rsc)
​ ​ ​ ​

P l = IG × V
​ ​

P g = IG × E g
​ ​ ​

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