DEEP
FOUNDATIONS
[Link].5-A ALIPALO
(MW 5:00-7:00 PM) BALLEON
AR 411 FRANCISCO
SY2024-25 MATA
FOUNDATIONS
A foundation is a structure
that helps to support a
building and transfers its
weight to the earth. It acts as
the stabilizing anchor to keep
things from settling or
collapsing. Additionally, the
foundation depends on the soil,
climate, and general
structure design.
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TWO TYPES
OF
FOUNDATION
1. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
2. DEEP FOUNDATIONS
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SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS
This type of foundation does not exceed
the safe bearing capacity of the soil. It is
also called open footing. When
constructing a shallow foundation, you
first excavate the earth, till the bottom
of the footing, then build the footing.
The entire footing is visible in this type of
foundation. It is mostly applicable to
lightweight buildings with perfect soil
conditions.
Shallow foundations are less technical,
making them more economical and most
widely used for relatively light stuctures.
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DEEP
FOUNDATIONS
Deep foundations are the type of
foundations that transmit the load of the
structure further down the earth in
comparison to shallow foundations. This
foundation's depth-to-width ratio is usually
more than 4 to 5, meaning the foundation is
submerged deeper than its horizontal
dimensions. This design factor is frequently
used by deep foundations to improve their
overall performance and load-bearing
capacity.
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TYPES OF
DEEP FOUNDATION
1. BASEMENT FOUNDATIONS
2. BUOYANCY RAFTS OR HOLLOW BOX
3. WELL FOUNDATION OR CASSIONS
4. PIER FOUNDATION
5. DRILLED SHAFT
6. PILE FOUNDATION
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BASEMENT
FOUNDATIONS
A basement foundation is an
architectural structure that basically
secures a house or other building
about a floor below ground level.
Nearly all foundations are sunk into
the ground to a certain extent, but
the distinguishing thing about a
specific basement style is that it
allows owners to create a “finished”
basement that can serve as a normal
room or multipurpose space beneath
the rest of the structure. Homes that
have basements are almost always
built on this sort of foundation.
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3 TYPES OF BASEMENT
FOUNDATIONS
FULL BASEMENT FOUNDATIONS
DAYLIGHT BASEMENT FOUNDATIONS
CRAWL SPACE FOUNDATIONS
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FULL BASEMENT
FOUNDATIONS
Full basement foundations cover
the building’s perimeter, and the
entire basement floor is
submerged on a level plane. Full
basements can either be finished
or unfinished; finished basements
are insulated and installed with
drywall and flooring, providing
living and storage space.
Unfinished basements are usually
not insulated and their walls and
floors are left bare.
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DAYLIGHT BASEMENT
FOUNDATIONS
Daylight basements are built when
the building rests on a slope: One
side of the basement is fully
submerged, while the other is
aboveground. Daylight basements
are ideal for homeowners who want
patios or basement-accessible
entrances, also called walkout
basements. As their name suggests,
daylight basements let in some
natural light and aren’t as
susceptible to mold or moisture.
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CRAWL SPACE
FOUNDATIONS
Though technically not a basement,
crawl spaces are important to consider
when choosing a foundation. Crawl
space foundations are elevated several
feet off footings, leaving a small
protected space (usually three or four
feet) between the ground and base of
the building. The foundation walls are
built partially underground and shorter
than basement foundation walls,
making crawl spaces a happy medium
between standard foundations and
basement foundations. They are deeper
than standard foundations and more
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BUOYANCY RAFTS
OR
HOLLOW BOX FOUNDATIONS
Buoyancy Rafts or Hollow Box
Foundations also known as the
floating foundations is a type of
deep foundation used in building
construction on soft and weak soils.
They are designed to provide a
buoyant or semi buoyant
substructure underneath which
reduces net loading to the desired
low intensity on the soil. Buoyancy
rafts can be constructed to be sunk
as caissons, and can also be
installed in open excavations.
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WELL FOUNDATION OR
CASSIONS
Wells and Caissons are large-diameter
foundations adopted in an underwater
situation such as bridge foundations in rivers.
Caissons are large width foundations which
carry the load of the superstructure through
a layer of weak soil to firm stratum at
considerable depth. Unlike pile foundations,
which rarely have diameters greater than 2
meters, caissons can have a width ranging
from 10-30 meters and can be found at
depths of 40 m or more. Caissons are used
extensively in river and marine underwater
construction. In particular, they are used as
foundations for bridges. Caissons are usually
prefabricated above the ground level and
above the water level and sunk to the
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bearing level as one single unit.
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PIER FOUNDATION
A pier foundation is a collection of large-
diameter cylindrical columns to support the
superstructure and transfer large super-
imposed loads to the firm strata below. It stood
several feet above the ground.
Pier footing transferred the load of the
superstructure to the underlying soil or rock. It
is constructed by digging a hole in the ground
and then filling it with concrete or stone.
It is also known as “Post foundation” of "Column
Foundation".
Piers are often used in areas where the ground
is not stable enough to support other traditional
foundation types.
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DRILLED SHAFT
FOUNDATION
Drilled shaft foundations are formed by
excavating a hole, typically 3 to 12 feet in
diameter, inspecting the soil or rock into
which the foundation is formed, and
constructing a cast-in-place reinforced
concrete foundation within the hole. The
foundation as constructed supports axial
forces through a combination of side
shearing and end bearing resistance.
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PILE FOUNDATION
A Pile foundation, a kind of deep
foundation, can be defined as a
slender column or long cylinder
made of materials such as
concrete or steel which are used
to support the structure and
transfer the load at desired
depth either by end bearing or
skin friction.
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ADVANTAGES
OF
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
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HERE ARE SOME OF THE KEY
BENEFITS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
Load Bearing Capacity:
Deep foundations transfer loads from a
structure to deeper, more competent soil
or bedrock. This is especially helpful in
weak or unstable soils when the weight of
the building cannot be supported.
Stability in Weak Soils:
Deep foundations provide stability and
integrity of the structure by reducing weak
or compressible soils to more stable layers.
This is essential to avoid settlement and
guarantee the long-term stability of
structures.
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HERE ARE SOME OF THE KEY
BENEFITS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
Mitigation of Settlement:
In regions with expansive or compressible
soils, settling problems can be a major
worry. Deep foundations assist in
minimising these problems. By reaching
stable soil layers or bedrock, deep
foundations lower the likelihood of uneven
settlement and related structural damage.
Flexibility in Design:
Deep foundations offer flexibility in
design, allowing engineers to tailor the
foundation system to the project's
specific needs. Different types of deep
foundations, such as piles or caissons, can
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HERE ARE SOME OF THE KEY
BENEFITS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
Seismic Resistance:
Buildings with deep foundations,
especially those extending into bedrock,
are more seismically resistant. When
there is deeper support, the effects of
ground shaking during an earthquake can
be lessened.
Resistance to Lateral Forces:
Sheet piles and diaphragm walls are deep
foundations that resist lateral forces. This
is especially important for constructions
near slopes or bodies of water, where
lateral soil movement is common. [Link]
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DISADVANTAGES
OF
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
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HERE ARE SOME OF THE MAIN
DRAWBACKS ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP
FOUNDATIONS:
Cost:
Deep foundations tend to be more
expensive than shallow ones due to the
additional materials, labour, and
equipment required for installation. The
cost of excavation, drilling, or driving piles
can significantly increase the overall
project expenses.
Time-Consuming Installation:
Deep foundation placement is typically a
time-consuming procedure. Project
timelines are impacted when piles are
driven or drilled into the earth more slowly
than shallow foundations.
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HERE ARE SOME OF THE MAIN
DRAWBACKS ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP
FOUNDATIONS:
Noise and Vibration:
Significant noise and vibration can be
produced during the installation of deep
foundations, mainly driven piles. This
might interfere with sensitive equipment,
disrupt surrounding structures, and
possibly result in complaints from
adjacent residents.
Risk of Subsurface Unknowns:
There may be occasions when it is
impossible to fully know or forecast the
underlying conditions beneath the
construction site. Unexpected
disturbances in the soil's composition or
the presence of boulders complicate the [Link]
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HERE ARE SOME OF THE MAIN
DRAWBACKS ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP
FOUNDATIONS:
Maintenance Challenges:
Accessing and maintaining deep
foundations can be challenging. If
issues arise, repairs or
modifications may require
specialised equipment and
expertise, adding to the overall
maintenance costs.
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HERE ARE SOME OF THE MAIN
DRAWBACKS ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP
FOUNDATIONS:
Maintenance Challenges:
Accessing and maintaining deep
foundations can be challenging. If issues
arise, repairs or modifications may
require specialised equipment and
expertise, adding to the overall
maintenance costs.
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STRUCTURES THAT
USED DEEP
FOUNDATIONS
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ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER, USA
Standing at 546 meters tall, One World Trade Centre is comfortably the tallest building
in America. Its foundations are extremely impressive as well, the concrete piles that
make up the understructure are 150 feet deep.
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BURJ KHALIFA, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Quite amazingly the Burj Khalifa, despite being the world's tallest building (828
meters), doesn't actually have the deepest foundations. Nevertheless, the 192
concrete piles have still been drilled down to a depth of 164 feet. The relatively
shallow piles in contrast to the height of the building are likely down to the lack of
earthquake risk and relatively low winds in Dubai.
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TAIPEI 101, TAIWAN
Taipei 101 is a jaw-dropping 508.2 meters tall, which made it the world's tallest
structure between 2004 and 2009. The foundations use 380 concrete piles which are
all 1.5 meters in diameter. Amazingly these piles were drilled 262 feet deep making
foundations one of the deepest on record.
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SHANGHAI TOWER, CHINA
This mega structure is 632 meters tall, making it the third tallest building in the world.
The area around Shanghai is infamous for its large and unpredictable earthquakes
and structures must all be able to cope with a large earthquake event. This made
designing the tower extremely complicated for the architects and the engineers as the
building would have to withstand huge forces. Their answer was to use 832 reinforced
concrete piles driven 282 feet deep.
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1. PETRONAS TOWERS, MALAYSIA
The Petronas towers are two identical 88-storey skyscrapers connected roughly halfway up by a footbridge. The
towers are a mind-blowing 451.9 meters tall and were officially the tallest buildings in the world between 1998
and 2004. The really staggering thing about the Petronas towers is today, in 2022, they remain the world's
deepest foundations, coming in at 400ft deep. 104 concrete piles make up the foundations and are designed to
spread the load of the huge building as the land around the structure is notoriously unstable.