= Example 2: A particle is shifted from point (0, 0, 1m) to point (1m, =f) and F,()-2)+2h)N. Find the work done by the 1m, 2m), under the simultaneous action of several forces. Two of them are F,(2i +3] resultant of these two forces. Solution: Work done by a constant force equals to dot product of W-F-ar => W= (F4+h): 47 f the force and displacement vectors, Substituting the given values, we have We (aia Jak): G4 jtkye 34141 = 8d ple 3: Ifyou push a smooth box of mass 10 kg by a force of 10 N through a distance of Sm. Find tig work done by you. 410kg ITTTTTTTTTTTTTTTETTTTTTTTT ‘Solution: The work done by you on the box is W = (Fcos0°)s = Fs = (10 N)(5 m) = 50 Nm = 50d +N FJ 40kg TTT ple 4: Calculate the work done to move a body of mass 10 kg along a smooth inclined plane (8 = 3¢ with constant velocity through a distance of 10 m. Solution: Here the motion is not accelerated, the resultant force parallel to the plane must be zero. So F ~ Mg sin30° = 0 => F = Mg sin30° N. a & d=10m W = Fdcos0 = (Mgsin302) d coso® mgsin30°: Brig 10x | x 10x1=500u . mgoos30?ple 5: In Fig. (), the man walks 2 m carrying a mass of 16 kg on his hand. In Fig. (ii), he walks the same distance pulling the rope behind him. The rope goes over a pulley, and a mass of 15 kg hangs at its other end. In which case is the work done so greater? solution: In first case, the person need to apply a horizontal force to move the block horizontally & a vertical force to balance the weight. Work done by vertical force to move the block horizontally will be zero so net work in first case by person will be Fy,, x. In second case, work done by person will be equal to work done by tension which will be mg x. To move the block horizontal in first case, a very 1um force can cause this displacement $0, Weare © Weease 0) 15ka| ple 6: A man pulls a 10 kg block 20 m along a horizontal surface at a constant speed with a force F as shown in figure. If y, = 0.5 then find the work done by the man on the block. Solution: As acceleration =0 So, F cos 53° = 4,N But N= 100 -F sin 53° 3 4 Therefore F @) = 045 10-+()] = F=50N Work done = (F cos 53°) (s) S (s0x2) (20) = 600 J Example 7: agit ‘A.10 kg block placed on a rough horizontal floor is being pulled by a constant force of 50 N. Coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor is 0. e block over a displacement of 5m. acting on th Solution: Forces acting on the block ar normal reaction (N = 100 N) by friction (f = 40 N)Perera CU @1__A block of mass 5 kg is displaced from (0, 0, 0) to (im, 2m, 3m) under a constant forgs F = (61-2) +K)N. Find the work done by this force. Q2 Calculate the work done by the force F = (31 -2] + 4k) N in carrying a particle from point (2m, 1m, 3m) to point (3m, 6m, -2m). 3 A body moves a distance of 10 m along a straight line under the action of a force of 5 N. Ifthe work done is 25 joules, find the angle which the force makes with the direction of motion of the body. Calculate the amount of work done in raising a glass of water weighing 0.5 kg through a height 7 of 20 cm. (g = 10 m/s’) @5 If the given system is released from rest, find the work done by tension force on block B in first ‘one second. (g = 10 m/s’) ala 3kg]8 @ my (2) 164 (@)- 244 (4) - 360 Q6 Find the work done by gravity when we lowered a point mass upto height ‘h’ 2 . &) A block of mass m is taken from point A to point B under the action of a constant force F along a quarter circle of radius R. Work done by this force is : R B a 2 A Bd FR aan Oy (4) arr. ee= ‘Solution: asx=(t- 3) ( ve Keat- 3) de= ait spat at | av asNap at Since F = 2m = constant Work done by a constant Force = Fd cos @ displacement = Xue. So, work = 0 Example 10: A block is constrained to move along x-axis under a force F = 2x + 3x’. Here, F is in newton and x is in meter. The work done by this force when block is displaced from x = 1m to x= 2 m,is: (104 (2) 154 (3) 20 (4) 404 ‘Solution: @ Work done, W= [Fdx= flox+9e)dx S PS} (2] (2° + 2°) - (7 +1) =(448)- (141) = 105 1 or Particle of mass 0.6 kg travels in a straight line with velocity v = ax”? where a = 5 m‘"s". What is the work done by the net force during its displacement from x = 0 to x = 2m?aC) A particle moves along the x-axis from x = F = 2x, Find the work done in the process ;, under the influence of a force given by tox = a) Position—time variation of a particle of mass 1 kg is x = (2t” + 3) m. Calculate the work done by (C) the force in first 2 seconds, ga A force F = (10 + 0.5x) N acts on a particle in x direction, where x is in metres. Find the work done by this force during a displacement from x = 0 to x = 2. 4 F=(2xi+3yj)is working on a particle which moves from (0, 0) to (2, 0) along x axis and (2, 0) to (2, 2) along y axis. Find the work done by the force. Q5 A body of mass 6 kg is under a force which causes displacement in it given by S = = metres where tis time. Find the work done by the force in 2 seconds. ‘A body of mass 4 kg travels in straight line with velocity v = pe What is the work done by net force during its displacement from x = #1 to x= 3m? 5. Graphical Methods of Work Calculation: 51 Force - Displacement Curve Suppose a body, whose initial position is {, is acted upon by a variable force F and consequently the body acquires its final position %. From position f to +d? or for small displacement di, the work done will be F + di whose value will be the area of the shaded strip of width d?. The work done on the body in displacing it from position F, to 7, will be equal to the sum of areas of all such strips. Thus, total work done, w= Saw = SF.a7 = Area of p.p,NM The area of the graph between curve and displacement axis is the work done. Note : To calculate the work done by graphical method, ‘assumed the direction of force and displacement as : the graph must be plotted between F cos) and For any body subjected to a force, Fema & dw = Feds. 50, Work = m [a-d8 = mass (it diagram Corresponding to the force-displacement ‘ shown in adjoining diagram, calculate the work done by the force in displacing the body from x = 1/em £0 é { ‘Solution: a0 OO | ork = Area between the curve and dlaplacement axis = 10 +29 +10 = 20 ergs. Work = Area between the cu pi a Dependency on Frame of Reference A force does not depend on frame of referenc rences, ids on frame o “therefore, work of, rolarence frame. For example, consider a man with a suitcase standing in a lift that Is moving ip. in the Teference frame attached to the lift, the man applies some force on the bag but the displacement of the bag is zero, therefore work due to this force on the bag is zero. However, tn a reference fremé attached to the ground the bag has dieplacemant equal 9 sis Sisal and the force applied by the man does a non zero work. j of reference (inertial) force does not change while displacement may «and js assume to have same value in all ram f reference and may assume differen a force depends on choice of references, but displacement depen Values relative to different reference frames. with change of frame change; so, the work done by a force will be different in different frame, e.8. GU> dU F =—VU =~ grad(u) = -| i+ Sj 2K gr | tiny lites | * If force varies with only one dimension (say along x-axis) then F =< _ 4U Sd dx = fau- 4 * Potential energy may be positive or negative (Potential energy is positive, or even zero, if force field is repulsive in nature (ii) Potential energy is negative, if for » if Force Field ig a ttracti * ifr t (separation between bod Y and f * If tU4, force field is repulsive; no cent ive in nature,DU ig negative so Fis int G: slope Gis AEPOINED : slope 4U is positive eo F Is negative: AE point G: SIOPS dx ix = 0 and = di EU = Umax? Ge At point & it point dx i It is the point of unstable equilibriu Negative Neutral Equilibrium After a particle is slightly displaced from i equilibrium is said to be neutral equilibrium. Point H corresponds to neutral equilibrium equilibrium position if no force acts on it then y => U=constant ; WU au aU ao, x ax? Example 22: The potential energy for a conservative force system is given by U = an — bx, where a a b Constants. Find out the (a) expression for force, (b) equilibrium position and (c) potential energ at equilibrium. Solution: (a) For conservative force eeu dx (6) At equilibrium (2x = b) = = 2ax +b F=0-2ax+b=0 (u -(2) - of 23: rod of mass ‘m’ and length '/' is placed in a horizontal position, Find the work done by ixternal force against gravity to alter its configuration from horizontal position to ve osition. Solution: Displacement between the positions of centre of m force of gravity) i é W = ~change in PE of the rod = mg.on Potential energy depends on the frame of reference but change in potential energy is independent of reference frame, Potential ‘energy should be considered to be a property of the entire system, rather than assigning it to any specific particle. It is a function of position and does not depend on the path. Whenever work is done by the conservative forces the potential energy decreases and whenever work is done against the conservative forces, potential energy increases. For regularly shaped uniform bodies, the potential energy change can be calculated by considering their mass to be centered at the geometrical center point. For Example > Rod Je] Jt For a uniform vertical rod of length L a Example 24: “a body is dropped from height 8 m. After striking the surface it rises to 6 m, what is the fractional loss in kinetic energy during impact? Assuming the frictional resistance to be negligible. v2 (2) v4 @ve 4) v8 Solution: Fractional loss in kinetic energy loss kinetic energy _, loss inpotential energy _ mg(8-6) _ 2 _ 1 = inital kinetic energy ~ initial potentialenergy ™g(@) 84 Example 25: Solution: ‘A chain of mass m and length L is held on a frictionless table in such a way hanging below the edge of table, Calculate the work done to pull the hit Required work done = change in potential energy of chain Now, let Potential energy (U: are respectively 5 mM L Required work done = U, ~ ULe 26: axis is gi The potential energy of a particle of Ub) = (§ ‘ speed. ‘Solution: tong the x= to move al mass 1 kg free particle is 2 ¥» then find its maxi if total mechanical enerey of the Potential energy U = = - *) “ For minimum U, x == positive ix and £U ~~ positive a? so at x = 1, Uis minimum. Hence Un, Total mechanical energy = Max KE + Min PE Max KE = 1 mv2,, =2-(-1) = § 2 me 2 3 Vines = ee rie Example 27: A block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth curved track AB joined to a surface. The rough surface has a friction coefficient of 0.20 with the block. If the slipping on the track from a point 1.0 m above the horizontal surface, the distance S on the rough surface, Calculate the value of S[g=10 ms]Q1 A ball looses 20% of its kinetic energy while colliding with ground, If it is dropped from a height of 10 m, To what height it will rise ? What will be the loss in potential energy of chain (mass m) when half of its length is grounded. For a particle U = x° ~ 3x”, If mass of particle is ; kg & its mechanical energy is 12 J then find the maximum speed of particle. Q4 If the ball is released from point A on the track find out the distance it will travel on inclined plane before it stops momentarily, t= 8m Smooth 14. Spring Potential Energy and Spring - Block System Work Done by Spring Force + Work required to stretch a spring by a length x x,=0 =x and 0=0° we fax Fakx We fkxdx ; «Work required to stretch a spring from a length x, to x ? X,=% and 0=0° Then x, w ‘frax+ Power is a scalar quantity with dimensions [M'L"T”"] + Slunit of power is u/s or watt: * Thorsepower = 746 watts = 550 ft- b/s. Graphical Analysis i) ot wont weit time, inte, eres instantaneous power ‘Average power” we [pdt engl es i Hee oe eae Fig.(a) Fig.(b) Fig.(c) + Area under power-time graph gives the work done. W = [Pdt (See Fig. a) + The slope of tangent at a point on work-time graph, gives instantaneous power (See Fig. b) + The slope of a straight line joining two points on work-time graph gives average power between two points (See Fig. c) Efficiency Machines are de: and other dissipative forces work performed by the machine is always less than the energy ned to convert energy into useful work, however because of frictional effects supplied to the machine. The efficiency of a machine is given by. work done energy input Example 3: / 1 body of mass m starting from rest from the origin moves alon ig the x-axis with a constant power (P). Calculate the : (i relation between velocity and time (ii) relation between distance and (ii) relation between velocity and distance ; Solution: eee () P= Fv = may = mov cet 6. A force F=(si-jsae)N dleplaces a particle upto d = (31+3}-k)m, calculate work done, () Zero (280 @a (120 A body of mass m is esplaced from pont | 7, A(S, 1, 2) to point B(4, 3, 3) under the effect (6i+21-i)W, calculate work of a force done by the force. @ s7u @o @eu 8 (4) 220 A person of mass m is standing on one end of a plank of mass M and length L and floating in water. The person moves from ‘one end to another and stops. Work “"hR) by normal force is : () Mel (2) met c WME “o A.2 kg mass lying on a table is displaced in the horizontal direction through 50 em. The work done by the normal reaction will | 49, be- Mo (3) 100 erg (2) 100 joule (4) 10 joule A body of mass M tied toa strings lo string will be... oo 3 mes 3 OFZ Find work done by friction for disp (i) ung + Fsind).S (2) —1y(mg + F (2) uylmg - Fsin0).S (4) -1y(me ~ Hy ™ [aaa The work done against gravity in kg mass at 1 m height in 1s will be (494 (2) 98. (3) 196 J (4) None of the ‘A force of 10N displaces an object If work done is 50J then directio make an angle with direc displacement will be :~ (1) 120° (2) 90° (@) 60° (4) None of2. {ts.) (1) Mex A> Mee @- Mex (4) Mex? Work Done by Variable Force and Graphical A particle is moved from a_ position 7 = (3i+2]-6k) metre to a position i = (141+ 13} 94) metre under the action of a force F = 4i+j+[Link] work done is equal to (325 (2) 645 @ 960 (a) 464 ‘A body of mass 10 kg is displaced from point A(2, 1, 3) to point 8(3, 3, 4) under the effect of a force of magnitude 20 N in the direction of (61 + 8]). Calculate W.D. by the force :- (224 (2) 20/65 @4ay (4) Zero A rope is used to lower vertically a block of mass M by a distance x with a constant downward acceleration g/2. The work done by the rope on the block is : eee ain " A force F= (3x" + 2x - 7)N acts on a 2kg body as a result of which the body gets to x = 5m. The work displaced from x done by the force will be : () 384 @) 704 (3) 15 J. (4) 270 J ‘A force F = Kx’ acts on a particle at an angle of 60° with the x-axis. The work done in displacing the particle from x, to x, will be: : 0 se @ 5 (6-%) | @) £(8-%) @ £(8-) | 2 Figure gives the acceleration of a 2.0. kg body as it moves from rest along x axis while a variable force acts on it from x = Om to x = 9m. The work done by the force on the body when it reaches (x= 4m and (i) x= 7m shall be as given beloy a(m/s*) (1) 21J and 33 J respectively (2) 21 J and 15 J respectively (2) 42 J and 60 J respectively (4) 42 J and 30 J respectively Calculate the work done for following F-d curves 4 100} * FN) ) Tien (P) 100 J | ee Cal FIN) gh. ® Tay fas (1354 im) > igh -®) 18d rrorti : ou () (A =P); (B - Qs (C - Qs (O-R) (2) (A P)s (8 ~ R); (C - R)s (0 ~ Q) 3) AP) (8 - P) (C- Q; (0 -R) (A= Ps: (B- Ps (CR) (O-Q)h between kinetic energy A force acts on a 30 gm particle in such a | 28. The grap! ity Vis - way that the position of the particle as a velocity t function of time is given by x = 3t - 4t” + t*, . where x is in metres and t is in seconds. The work done during the first 4 second is: () (2) ~ () 5.28 J (2) 450 mJ v= . (3) 490 ms (4) 530 mJ vil mn mn (3) (4) If the momentum of a body is increased n times, its kinetic energy increases. Viged (1) n times (2) 2n times (3) vitime (4) n’ times 26. If the kinetic energy of a body is dout 21 If KE. increases by 3%. Then momentum its initial kinetic energy, will increase by- momentum of the body will be = () 1.5% (2) 9% @3% (4) 2% 0 aoe (2) V2 times a if KE, body is increased by 100%. Then (Aes percentage change in ‘P’ 2 () 50% (2) 41.4% (4) none of these (3) 10% (4) 20% 27. 23. Two particles of mass 1 kg and 5 kg have kg are dropped together from a ae Peper calculate ratio of their building. After a fall of 30 aa Oe towards earth, their respect pase wun energies will be in the ratio of M14 (31: V2 24. 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