MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Design II Project Report

MEDS201 / MNGD201
Semester 1, 2024

Design of a Pipes and Pipe Joints

Group:

Student Number Name of Student Signature

22117318 MT MKHIZE

22147165 L MAJIYA

22107627 S PHOOKO

22147185 S MEMELA

22249719 MT GUMEDE

22230992 B MSWANE

Submitted to : Mr. M. ZULU

 Submission Date : 06/05/2024

Subject Mark Examiner Moderator

mark Mark
1 Abstract [5]
A summary of the content of the project report 5

2 Introduction [10]
Background Knowledge 2
Clarity of the project 2
Justification of need 2
Knowledge 2
Referencing 2
3 Literature Review [20]
Correct use of literature/comparisons 4
Validity of literature 4
Clear comparison and development 4
The gap between what was done and your project Citations 4
and references. 4
4 Methodology [40]
i. Assumptions 5
The assumptions made to simplify the problem ii.
Calculations
20
Max values and all parameters.
All dimensions of each component
Selection of appropriate material using calculated
values and materials tables.
10
iii. CAD drawings
2D drawing (in specific orthographic projections with
all dimensions)
3D Drawing

5 Results /Table [3]

The summary of all results obtained.

6 Discussions [10]
Weighting of achievements

7 Conclusions & [5]

Recommendations
8 Reference List [5]

9 Report presentation, layout & neatness [7]

Total 100
Total Mark 100
 Declaration

We, Group 16, hereby declare that this laboratory experiment report is wholly our work and has not
been submitted anywhere else for academic credit, by either ourselves, other groups or another
person.

We understand what plagiarism implies and declare that this report embodies our ideas, words,
phrases, arguments, graphics, figures, results and organization except where reference is explicitly
made to another work.

We also understand further that any unethical academic behaviour, which includes plagiarism, is
seen in a serious light by the Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT) and is punishable by
disciplinary action as stipulated by the university rules and regulations.

Student Name : MT Mkhize

Student Number : 22117318

Student Signature :

Student Name : L Majiya

Student Number : 22147165

Student Signature :

Student Name : S Phooko

Student Number : 22107627

Student Signature :

Student Name : B Mswane

Student Number : 22230992

Student Signature :

Student Name : S Memela

Student Number : 22147185

Student Signature :

Student Name
: MT Gumede
Student Number : 22249719

Student Signature
:

I
Dates : 23/10/2024
Abstract

Provide at least 3 paragraphs of 6 lines that gives a summary of the design project. The summary must
outline everything about the project from introduction to conclusion.

II
 Table of Contents
Declaration .........................................................................................................................................................
I
Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................
II
List of Figures .....................................................................................................................................................
V
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................
V
List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................................
VI
List of Symbols ..................................................................................................................................................
VI
Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................................................................
VII
Chapter 1 - Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Project Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Description and origin ......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Design objective ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Design Need ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Design constraints ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.6 Design Importance ............................................................................................................................ 2
Chapter 2 - Design Project Management ..................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Planning and Scheduling .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Project Set-Up ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.1.2 Project timeline. ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Resource allocation ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3 Risk management plan ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.1 Risk identification ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.2 Risk analysis & planning ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3 - Literature review ....................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Functions of crushers ........................................................................................................................ 5
3.3 Application of crushers ...................................................................................................................... 5
3.4 Types of crushers ............................................................................................................................... 5
3.5 General History .................................................................................................................................. 5

III
 3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages ......................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 4 - Project specification .................................................................................................................. 6
4.1 Design scope description ................................................................................................................... 6
4.2 Design specifications ......................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 5 - Project analysis .......................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Assumptions ...................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2 Design calculations ............................................................................................................................ 7
5.1 Additional requirements ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 6 - Project design ............................................................................................................................ 9
6.1 2D Drawing. ....................................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 3D Drawing. ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 7 - Project material selection .......................................................................................................... 8
7.1 Material and selection ....................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 8 - Project results .......................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 9 - Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 11
Chapter 10 - Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 11 - Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 11
References .......................................................................................................................................................
12
Appendices .......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not
defined.

IV
 List of Figures
Figure 1: Vapour compression refrigeration ................................................................................................... 1
Figure 3: Project set up; ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 4: Stud drawing .......................................................................................................................................
9

List of Tables
Table 1: Project Timeline ...................................................................................................................................
3
Table 2: Summary of results ............................................................................................................................
10

V
 List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation Full word

List of Symbols

Symbol Symbol description

VI
 Glossary of Terms
Alphabet Word Meaning

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

VII
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Project Summary

Pipes and pipe joints are crucial in industrial, civil, and residential settings. They transport fluids,
gases, or solids from one place to another and are made from various materials. Pipe joint joints
connect different sections of pipelines and must be chosen and installed with care. Different types
of pipe joints, such as threaded, flanged, welded, and compression joints, exist. The right joint type
should be picked based on the application, pipe type, and operating conditions to construct leak-
proof and structurally stable pipeline systems.

In the early 1960’s the Swedish engineer Jan Webjörn developed the compact flanged connection
without gaskets, which could withstand higher pressure and bending moments than the adjoining
pipe without leakage. The Flanged joint It is one of the most widely used pipe joint in which the
flanges are connected by means of bolts. A design of such connections mainly depends on the
selection of a proper gasket/seal and its appropriate assemble by adequate loading. The basic
design data are: the nominal diameter of the pipeline, temperature, pressure and the type of
transported medium. Additional data are external loads, their alterations in time, required
tightness and durability of the joint.

Pipe joints are integral to any piping system because it is not possible to have a continuous length
of pipe for a pipe network. These joints can make or break a pipeline system depending on the
resulting durability of the technique used to form the joint. There are different materials of pipes
used in the pipeline industry depending on the need and the type of product that will be conveyed
through the pipe. Cast iron, wrought iron, steel and brass are the materials generally used for pipes
in engineering practice. The use of cast iron pipes is limited to pressures of about 0.7 N/mm2
because of its low resistance to shocks which may be created due to the action of water hammer.
Depending on the material of the pipe, different techniques are utilized to join it. Cast iron (CI),
galvanized iron (GI), copper pipes, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc. are joined together using threaded
pipe joints. Each pipe's given threads are screwed internally on one side and externally on the
other to link them.

Figure 1: Bolted Flange pipe joint

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 1.2 Problem Description and origin

The design of the first pipe and pipe joint was a pressing need for a dependable and effective
means of transporting liquids and gases. Early attempts at constructing pipelines were plagued by
problems like leaks, corrosion, and substandard workmanship, resulting in significant safety
concerns and environmental harm. However, pipe and pipe joint failures in industries still occur due
to many factors such as corrosion happening internally and externally, Mechanical damage, over
pressure, and the weld.

1.3 Design objective

• To design a circular bolt flange pipe joint to withstand challenging environmental conditions,
corrosion, and wear, providing a reliable and extended service life.
• The pipe joint must be able to withstand pressure of 55856 mm Hg and carry 80.78 kilo
litres of fluid.
• The aim of the flanged joint is to connect pumps, pipes, valves, and other equipment to
make a pipework system.
• Flanged joints offer a study and dependable connection between pipes or components. The
use of bolts and flanges ensure a robust joint that can withstand high pressure and stress.
• The raised rims or lips of flanges create a tight seal when bolted together, minimizing the
risk of leaks.

1.4 Design Need

The project on circular flange bolted pipe joints is essential in the field of mechanical engineering as
these components play a crucial role in various industrial applications. The proper functionality of
pipes and pipe joints is necessary to ensure the efficient transportation of fluids and gases in
industries. By conducting this project, we aim to analyse and improve the design, material
selection, and installation of pipes and joints to enhance the overall system performance and
prevent potential failures.

Additionally, understanding the importance of proper maintenance and inspection of these

components is vital for ensuring the safety and longevity of industrial systems. In conclusion, the
need for this project lies in the optimization of pipe and joint systems to enhance reliability,
efficiency, and safety in industrial operations.

1.5 Design constraints

• As a group, we are only allowed to have a maximum of 6 member.

• The due date set for the project is on the 6th of May 2024, hence we cannot exceed the
given deadline.
• The pipe and the pipe joint is to be designed to withstand a pressure of 55856 mm Hg, so
the type of material to be used in designing the pipe must also be able to withstand the
pressure of 55856 mm Hg.
• Limited budget may restrict access to certain resources or technologies.
• Time constraints could impact the ability to conduct thorough testing or analysis

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• Availability of skilled personnel may be limited, affecting the project's progress
• The bolts are not to exceed 27MPa
• Group members conflicts or lack of involvement could hinder decision-making and project
outcomes
• External factors such as weather conditions or market fluctuations could impact project
timelines
• Inadequate risk management strategies may leave the project vulnerable to unexpected
challenges
• Technology constraints could restrict the implementation of innovative solutions or tools.

1.6 Design significance

• The project provides valuable insights into the condition of pipes and pipe joints, identifying
potential issues that could lead to leaks or other problems.
• This project will help us with teamworking
• Understanding the structural integrity of pipes is crucial for maintaining infrastructure and
ensuring the safety of water supply systems.
• By analysing pipes and pipe joints, the project helps in preventing costly repairs or
replacements down the line, saving time and resources.
• Ensuring the proper functioning of pipes and pipe joints is essential for the overall efficiency
and effectiveness of water distribution systems.
• The project's outcomes can contribute to improving the reliability and longevity of water
infrastructure, benefiting the community and environment.

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 Chapter 2 - Design Project Management

2.1 Design work breakdown structure (WBD)

Pipe and pipe joints

Implementation Documentation
Research Phase Testing Phase
Phase Phase

Performance Testing Installation

Litrecture Review Report writing
Procedures

Maintenance Presentation
Material Selection Pressure Testing
Guidlines Preparation

Design Analysis

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2.2 Planning and Scheduling

2.2.1 Project timeline.

Table 1: Project Timeline
Activity Ideal Start date End date Responsible Actual Status
Duration member/s duration
Research and 4 days 28 Feb 2024 03 Feb 2024 L Majiya 3 days Completed
gather data. S Memela
Literature review 5 Days 03 Mar 2024 08 Mar 2024 MT Mkhize - Not
(Continuous) S Phooko Completed
B Mswane
Process 1 Day 16 Mar 2024 16 Mar 2024 MT Gumede - Not Started
parameter S Memela
selection
Experimental 4 Days 29 Mar 2024 31 Mar 2024 MT Mkhize - Not started
preparation
Pre-luminary 2 Days 06 April 2024 07 April MT Mkhize - Not Started
welding 2024 S Phooko

Pre-luminary 1 Day 08 April 2024 08 April 2024 S Memela - Not Started

Analyses of MT Mkhize
results
Design of final 1 Day 10 April 2024 10 April 2024 B Mswane Not Started
welding set-up L Majiya

Final welding 3 Days 12 April 2024 14 April 2024 MT Gumede Not Started
process
Final analyses of 1 Day 17 April 2024 17 April 2024 S Memela Not Started
results MT Gumede

Results 2 Days 22 April 2024 23 April 2024 L Majiya Not Started

interpretation
Conference 3 Days 25 April 2024 27 April 2024 B Mswane Not Started
paper/s

Report drafting 3 Days 01 May 2024 03 May 2024 S Phooko Not Started
and further L Majiya
research
Final submission 1 Day 06 May 2024 MT Mkhize Not Started

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 2.2.2 Project Network Diagram

Activity 1: Activity 2: Activity 3:

Literature Material Design
Review Selection Analysis

Dependencies: Activity 1 must be completed before Activity 2 and 3 can begin.

Testing Phase

Activity 4: Activity 5:
Performance Pressure
Testing Testing

Dependencies: Activity 4 and 5 can be conducted concurrently.

Implementation Phase

Activity 6: Activity 7:
Installation Maintenance
Procedures Guidelines

Dependencies: Activity 6 must be completed before Activity 7 can begin.

Documentation Phase

Activity 8: Activity 9:
Presentation
Report Writing Preparation

Dependencies: Activity 8 and 9 can be conducted concurrently.

By following this flow of activities, starting with the research phase, moving onto testing, implementation,
and finally documentation, the project on pipes and pipe joints can be successfully completed while
considering activity priorities and dependencies.

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 2.3 Project communication plan

Description Frequency Channel Audience Owner Goal Status

Project One-time In-person Project Group Ensure everyone Completed

Kickoff meeting team leader is on the same
Meeting page and
understands
project objectives

Progress Weekly Email Project Group Inform Not

Updates team leader stakeholders initiated
about projects
progress and any
issues

Testing As needed Meeting Project Group Review and discus Not

Results team, leader test result for initiated
lecturer decision making

Change As needed Email/Meeting Project Group Evaluate and Not

Requests team, leader respond to Initiated
stakeholders change requests
promptly

Final One-time In-person Project Group Present project Not

Presentation meeting team, leader findings, Initiated
lecturer conclusions and
recommendations

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 2.4 Risk management plan

Risk Likelihood Mitigation Impact Score

One of our group Likely The remaining Moderate Impact 12
member group members will
Deregistering have to split the
Mechanical duties of that
Engineering Design particular Student.
Laptop Crashing Unlikely Backup the Severe Impact 10
because Viruses project’s
from external Hard documents
drives
Laptop can get Very Likely Backup Severe Impact 20
stolen
Our group might not Likely Ensuring that Severe Impact 15
be ready for everything is done
Consultation on record time and
everyone is always
updated
A group member Rare Divide his/her Severe Impact 5
losing his or her life duties
Having different Likely Group leader must Minor Impact 8
views have the Final word

Chapter 3 - Literature review

3.1 Background

Provide at least 2 paragraphs background about the pipes and pipe joints. A paragraph should at
least be 5 to 6 lines. Please note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not purely
yours.

3.2 Functions of crushers

What are the functions of the pipes and pipe joints? Use the bullet or paragraph format to address
this. Please note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not purely yours.

3.3 Application of crushers

What are the applications of pipes and pipe joints? a bullet or paragraph format can be used. Please
note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not purely yours.

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 3.4 Types of crushers
List the types of pipes and pipe joints available. A picture must be provided for each type. Please
note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not purely yours.

3.5 General History

Cleary presents a history of pipes and pipe joints. A minimum 3 paragraphs of 5 lines are required.
The history mainly focuses on who, when, how, and what was the first Pipe and Pipe jointsto be
developed and designed. Please note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not
purely yours.

3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages

What advantages and disadvantages of pipes and pipe joints? A table format can be used for each
type listed in 3.4. Please note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not purely
yours.
Chapter 4 - Project specification

4.1 Design scope description

Provide specific details about your design (details like Design description, Design aim and goal,
Design iteration and sequence, Acceptance criteria, deliverables, exclusions, etc.). What is your
design all about and what criteria must it met? What benefit will it have on the world as a whole?
Specify the types of fluid to be transported. Specify the type of design process/s used and justify.
4.2 Design specifications

What are its main components, material made off and their functions?
How do you differentiate it from other designs?
Maintainability of it. What maintenance will be needed? Is it easily maintainable?
Where will it be used mostly?
Development of its idea (how was it developed and how did the idea be came true?)

NB: Please note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not purely yours. Please
use either, paragraphs, point or table format to address the questions above.

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 Chapter 5 - Project analysis
5.1 Assumptions

What are the things or values assumed to simplify the design problem?
5.2 Design calculations
Design calculation.

Provide calculations for your double Pipe and Pipe joints.

The required calculations are
• Forces on the elements.
• Design dimensions of Pipes and pipe joints. • Working stresses and
• Bending moments.

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 Chapter 6 - Project material selection
6.1 Material and selection
Use the table format to do the material selection for each component of your design. The material
used for the design and how was it selected (base your answers on Mechanical, Physical properties
). Please note references must be provided if the idea or statement is not purely yours.

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 Chapter 7 - Project design
7.1 2D Drawing.
Please include detailed 2D drawings drawn in AutoCAD/inventor and freehand drawings. Ensure that
your 2D drawings are fully dimensioned and tolerances are specified for the sensitive parts Note
that both drawings must not be drawn in the same orthographic projection.

Figure 2: Stud drawing

7.2 3D Drawing.
Provide a 3D drawing drawn in AutoCAD inventor or Solid works. Your drawing must show difference
in parts of different materials.

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 Chapter 8 - Project results

1. Tabulate the results obtained during Design calculations. Also, schematic diagrams like,
graphs, pie charts can be provided here with their data.
2. Provide graphs based on the results obtained when changing the pressure of the fluid in the
pipe. At least two different graphs must be provided. The Summary of all the results in a table
format.

Table 2: Summary of results

Test N°
Evaporator gauge pressure (Pa)
Evaporator absolute pressure (Pa)
Evaporator temperature (° C)
Evaporator water flow rate (kg/s)
Evaporator water inlet temperature (°C)
Evaporator water out temperature (°C)
Condenser gauge pressure (Pa)
Condenser r absolute pressure (Pa)
Condenser r temperature (° C)
Condenser water flow rate (kg/s)
Condenser water inlet temperature (°C)
Condenser water out temperature (°C)

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Compressor inlet power (W)
Compressor Discharge Temperature (°C)

Page 14 of 28
 Chapter 9 - Discussion

Discuss the result obtained. What do they mean to you and are they in coloration with what other
people have obtained? If and if not, why? Also discuss your graphs and your result, what they signify.
Are the result optimum? What can be done to enhance better results on your design? At least 3
paragraphs of 6 lines.

Chapter 10 - Conclusion
Conclude on the results obtained and the project as a whole. A minimum of one paragraph of 6 lines

Chapter 11 - Recommendations
1. What can be done or improved in the near future to make the Pipe and Pipe joints more
efficient? Use the point form.
2. What other design project you feel next students can do in Design II sudject?
3. What can be done to improve Design II as a module in terms of the project?

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References

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