. cnr > By visha) Tiwavr > 8fO844 68s Solubions f cllyearive eee -- ce ——_ ——— > _Homogenous mixtws of two _ Whos composition wut th known Ob Tus Sele eg ma Sa Coluke t= Thu _Componend present ik usser proportion ot tht component Joss jis Physical state or present “in dipsolusd State of clisbetsed phos. - shu comporund brebund in greater bre - ot ths component that yeetains dium oF Solvent ** bot tion i tb physical state of cLibperbion me clibboluing _mudiun - : Ty pos of Solution i - UG Bowed on rakes of Soluent) i > AQULBUA Solution ¢Seluert en water) i > Non- Aq Uto Us Solurion C Sofuenk is offer ‘thon 120) : ;Classification ob Solud ion C Bosse! on Physical States ob Mattes ) T Sottd Solutions — Solid in Solid Eg: ALlbys Like Bross ugwd in Sob _€4: Amalgam Gas in Solid eq: occlusion of M2 over Ped TT Uiguid Solutions — Selid ih Uigurd £9: Suctost In water Uguid th ligurd £9: Alehol + watey Gas in Liquid €q! Soda water TD Gabsous So butions : Sobid in Cas. 9: Cambhor én ait E Uguid im Gas £9: Mintwe jh AY~ - Gas in Gas ie ; eq: Mixtu+e of any 2 gases 3 Gass on Inder ons ning picduw 41ur Solution Expresbing _cenunttation of Solution — GJ) Mass berantagy Cwlw)+ Hg GO Componsnt 4 solution ty ap lome of aleokos ptesond 2 18% (vsy) 109 Nach puebert in joome % Solution Tht mass y, of In Jooml of Sojution = lox (ey) >ore alcohol paebtnk im socg of selution: O/C vo) leg Nad present (n Joog of Solution = 10%. Cola) WW Molovity CM) Ek Ih umber ef gam a Mohts of Solute ocbissotusd pet Lite ef Mobs bere ~ decreass wuiR snede aBing in temperal —Ptalaity — S l : ea coca — Mwod Vout oe he = Oy |utions- - A Solution " of Molarit ma Gnd Valu 2 Nt diluted to No and_of nae 2 —_ than Wy Pts VM SS Whin two Solution of aiKetend cubslanch = — teach _ e VM Vy My wn he Molo rity of Mirtute C Sams Sojucter) Vm = Vist Vim, 4+ - FM Vii + V2 Po Mz Wyk + Mat + —v— a (for tw- Co leeti osMadanty 4 4 Mitture o bud ‘ond Ban) Me MM = My oy CMM ) a Notably! Ty ib ths rumber ; equi hunts Solule Libhol se! pet Ltve Solution TH th duntted !y M: Notmaity deeteaps Ob temperature Inedeeks | | Nz No: of wuivalint, of Solute Volum f Solution fh tts: Ne Wot 2 eT unit # - Ew Vis ue : g equivl Ne wy Jomo = ; Fw wo Ind _quivadand —usaighd! Te —aerghd Expresaiol !» GFamk is Knocon of Gian equiveld a waight 04 Gtam Equivalent: : No gion equiveland . wsmighd of fla Cubsianes - - fu gms . a Ofam €9ui valor? Gai abtP équivaland uwspht of Aud) Sih eee Bogiuity Bopieity ib pa number qf veplaciabls hijaegen _ hems by motel tonk fn 0 Molseuls of an aucd- Fee = 3b os, = ee as ae Soe : 2 — Etaog , 98 vee gos _ = Fegigos_- 22 EB [Link]: athe = Jab oe a 2 = E ble Poa = gs - : EHtgfos = & = es sess 2 Tt eeemnce FY ton 2 8% Epafa <% a cquiVglend _Ueetord_ of Bont» Bags = Wt . : aut > Auaty fb fis Number of hofeltereg gieuips poplauehl tao mmo Jaculsd eb Hs bans * Fro - 22 “fea = Sf = bY I c cates = at FRaCH)a Esabt = Formula ule lod os 7 Total Char9f on ( tadjen ov van - a ed sage > Gut 2 NX Mam Euiveterd act wh “h__: Valonu of Bowie. aautig _humbet_of tlielton tonger Mo laity (m) Et eee jian mala 4 Solude dthbelweel pet ky of sulaar ST wit -y Mob | e¢ Ty tp tnolepprotond on Temp ejatec a ae ae M-wud wey a4 Mofee of 6ns_Co Mos fia ton of. a cemporant Nod mol qf HA Compan Mola Moki {tackton ++ number of molsh piesant in Seaton: — otal —nuucths froth a tb tayfanint Hed fia ae Sah. 0s = vas : wo) Mel “Hattie 4 Slade Yq 2 AB at hg [wate et | oe Solubility of Seid ia _Liguil :* The ancunt_of Solute © oisholusd ta —l909 of 0 Seluent ae fein al th given dempetasuse® Selubly Sutslanesa: | Hous Selubidity qieased than 14 bet loom: Y fackerse - Influencing Solubdity a £e ae TTempetatuser Th Tha clispeleckion 1s DN fo thermic thes colubi Ly increases Wurth temperature: Lg NoNlo 5, ENe3, Nal:> Tl ths Be clisholudion proessp in evorherme'c Calle £01. Solubitity cts 10085 uct tncreaps in temberotu re- a ~> W Prete: Th Rag no Significant cHect on — Selubitity becauar — Solid and Ligwid 4a eg incompressrbfe» ____ (b) Nature of Solute | Solent Solebrities: Thi Smalle¢ —the_Valus of Laberes .tnerey nd mote ts van ef hydeation mare if the" Solus hity of lone. Compe uncl* TL Otpands pen fore of alf7a chon bjw oppositely cnareged Gh : ; fe 494’ ye = Solubility of Jasss tm Lquscls ;- Tht Volume of the gas th me tat car be ispoluse Ime of 6 sLigud Coltard at th tempe gature: Factor ake” ths SolubsLity of 9 Yap 7 "d=> Nature of the gap: Casi ly LiquicfiobLs Oth OH) more Solubiy ~ €-0. Cog ih mere Soluble than Oy Qnd He Hel and MHz —Nadtute of Soluand t- ALEC ORS “Te ™ peradures- Solubility with uss of temperature at constant : Prebburye. — Ptthpute: The Selubllidy of GOsis encreons uth IACLCOM of peers re Henry's low gives 0 uuelationship blur the Sollubi Lity 4 90s and ths Pressuae - Thi h law Slates that al given femperature ot cong tank tempiature thi ColubiLity of & op sn 0. guid 1's aivecdy propor tonal "yo thy pressure of ths 90h. map of m= KP wher Kis Hensy/A constant Tt albs Stake Hats Thy partial pressure of the 9as tn Vapour = phoss (P) 1h proper ticnal do the mole fiackion of ths qos (Yin thr Solution pz ky x bs Henty's stad law Consx + Ss = = ————— eal oe = > ca ieee Zo a, aname Sei eee > Higher ty valu of ky at 0 giver prekpute, the lower 14 thy Solubuity of ths - oh Jin__ths Liguicl- : Ki vabut both _Ma_ond 0g _tncreoses uuth increasy of de onperatuye ing s > UU Temperature 116 low ° ow a clots not - uencltig¢ : _hissoccadion _thad tha fy ous cle cfe ane Suuith_§ reaps of dernper TH th dus te Rey weapon that 4 _a9Uatie Cplcits¢ Ou More tompor table tin Cold! water rather: thon tn worm waQgers- ee —LimiTadions of Henrys law —-Hehry's Law is -valed only when W presswu th tow - Wis) Ths Gon th not RighWy Soluble WW) Gos clo not form LO aA Ue “lyent ony mp dun—— Alpplica fonn of Henry's Law): —— —@) To increase ths Solubili ty of Cop tn Soff _clfinks and Soda wader, the 6 th Sealed — nde Aigh Preauure: oa - “Minimize thy, pon ful —eHects Qceompanging ths ‘Atom peas af ath tea ol’. ouggu iri with tbs SelubLe helium ea _ —0b breathing gos - — tO Ak. Righ “aitifuclis , whan partial pressure of is So Leads 40 @ conortion known a 'Anoxias > Volakile Lqucd hp Reo = and ow Boi Ling ponds eq ether , Methy © alcohol ¢40. = > Non. Vojat Liquids hawt lew vapou¢ = pitssure and high bor sing point + 7 e9 Hod > Aniline, Nitto benzene + _ Vapour ¥ pressure . Rooult’s Law? Te partial Vapour 7 prebbure of 0 a Sjutton containing _non- Volatile a Lolude ik oliteetly roberttonal do thy mols {iatdton of the rane fl Solurion of Volalils Liquids , ths partral Vapour pycKsure of cach componant in ths he lution ib abitecdly _propettional do uth mols fraction:|i ade: J01326 Pal for Component. oa . - Lax ai : - — — fic fe — — Why p* jp ths vOpour pressure 4 pure Combonant — 7 Simi toaly fot Comporunt a fe Mapour -pressutt of pure Componant Accerdling fo Satton's Law of partial pressur Tht otal pressure of the olution for ary Composition a f= fat Pe ot Pray. PAB ; Fotat: fro, 4 Bee et know that Ui oe a Ox, ytd = Ur) + Be PT = Phe th Xo oe PARALfollowing wcontlubion can ba — awn fiom = (@) Tota Vobour _ pressute cover Ay sates e can be uulated ve thr mol fiackron | of. any 0 Compo nets —(b)_ Total Vabour pressure “over: th folution “voties dinearly wth be mol {rackion_of component B: — ; “pd HA Ord Ue we roy [tation of Componsrt : z A Propet SS —_ _ fps ile | = eo ——___— = Mae PAs UMAR - Fite ACS - Py) HA 7 SS — nmRaou Li's Low 05 0 spicial caus of enry’s —~ low ! oe oo - According 40 foouse's law Pa: MAPA — and a Hervy's Law ra Al ws company thy squation for Raoull!s law anol ent Law dt Can bt hoon thad dhe pajtidl pressure for tu VolatiLy —ombenant or gap tA ol reclly propor tionas to tH mols “fratton 4 cotttron = on - ___ ptobor tion Constant Ky ake ftom fe Thus, ROOLWE'S tow becomes a Special Cab! of Henry's law tin whrch ku becomus equal to fre - 1Oeal and Non- ileal Soiutione. An idsal Solution -. - : The holed ton wo hich > ob. RaouLt's law at ant LEMP CTALU ICA ay Con centrad lon, 1/5 Known a6 ‘lead cofud ion: (li) SHmiy 50. he hoe hear tS Molt ov Chget bee whin components oa mixed to form thy Solution:Wi) 2Vmix=0 te ho Chany fn Volume - Zn Solution ths A-B jnkermolsenloy snteractioréA __ O40 thi Camo 04 A-A_and' 8-8 + SE tact Mob ftatkton— xAa-0 Ua so _ __¢B= notes. In an ioltal Solution of two compenet hay fy and B all cohesiwe foru C A+R: BB and A-8B) Must b? soluntical: concli tion for fotmning roleas Koltion i) Both Raw Similar "4 tuctures : (i) Both hawt — imilar Mole euler $304 wid BotR = haw Uolentical — ndeymolt ular for US btaiedly thu 1's Wo atttaction ane reputation - ey Win-hexant and n- hiptane Gi) bengene And toluene Gin) ARyp bromide and CRY chlo rrols liv] Chlotobengent and btomo benzene W) €Hhyline chloride and ety lang bromudteNon-_jeeal _Ssludion A Solution which does nod obey Raoul 's law v5 Known Of hon- joloas Solud ton » i fa # Uahy Aste _ (WW) Hrmry £0 “iD 2Vmix $0 Typ Of hon- Voltas Solution = Thaw au of two pF — w@ Positius vie ¢ Righer) = Gi Negatiur y- PC lower) (a Pesidius diwation (tom RQoull's Law: ® for Such Soiusion (a) A-B intes molecules inderackions au weaker than fA-g and B-8 ike Mmoliuls interaction. (6) Ths Righer the Vapour pressuces. of eats eombevand af ths Seldion- Hengy Hy foetal Vapour pressure ull also be highgy | than in the Cans of seltal Sojuction. (© oHmix ip su » Wnry jp tus fa> Sn Xn ang b> hg ang - Fistat Mak = WaleMart Molt [tattion ap: Aero HA =0 Powitiut —clawigtion _ cotbon _tet7o chlotiols + bengens : = 7 Canben fetiachlorics + chloro form J = carbon fetrochloricls + Toluens Atclons + carbon chisucphrols ater + Sys oleohoy Autores + Bengeng : ee eee ar alcokos + water typ altohul + ydohevans _ : - ene + fer showtng “Negative QeWakion :- for cuch Soludien a) -B indet mokuulay intetacdion gus bttonger han Fe A and 8-8 ingermoluular interaction (b) Samy filo - €XotRet mic _ dibbeludion + heat 1h evolusa . (8) oN 0 Voluuns 16 alt Creans oberg eas | dfme IXn 3 fee fee - feted frat fore Ex a Sony Atedons + AniLins Acttons + cblotaform CUpoH + CH ooh 10 4 CH2cooHl Chlotoposm + Bangers nine Brey! they Ho + water Hog + water Aculic acid + Pyriding Ae—D Ya-|— Cureck Meaning beiding untheut change) Aptobepie _tintute 9f canard _Betbing ttt * A Solution Raw Sams Ceompesi tien un Liquid and Vopouy _phoss - = oes Al Soludien ov Mikture which boil akcensiant | temperature and Can oistil unchanged i'n _compobition ance called azeotiobes oy azeettopic Mixture - Thu au two typ of Russtuhas partbure Gd) Minimum boring Azo tre 7 | i) Maximum ~ bowing Mesotipin — ( A220 otto bre Pakture wusth “Mini rum Beiking point = — + forrud by burd Showwng _ powiti us duwiation- An — jntermedvate Lompopition of Leg uid hawing aghast Vapour pyessuae. Menct ousia BP Ris Hib Ageottepte Sueh Oto tropes Kaue baihing fi points Jowes than erther of the pure Compo tee Coane) 95% + the 4 sox) Aggottopre Mixture ust , Mayrmum boiking, point( af a A Solution Showing ragadi os alawiation oe omeioe _bthaviout + = - — : ae An a _inderrmadiale compagition ef Liguydl being Minin vapouy pierbuiee, Aero. RE BP gives Hus Ozpeltepe: ___, : Sut —azg0ttofp haw Bp Righer than either of a pute Conrponant - Se 2d water + He, (He, 66% and) $ fg 82%) _ : _ ___Th 10} erties of “olifle. Uso eaed, a tr a th: number of panticlss of the Solute clisbolue jn tht fofution ans Called - Colligo us __pvoperbies - — = Sey roe pee ee a a addi ipusering of far? pucks — i of Solutron ( Rivese (i, ae boiding point of the Sclusion (em) Oe GiJ___Dep tSblon_ rn the freezing _ point of te Solution le Tr) _ liv) ObMnodic pressure of ths Seludion (|The vapour prestute_of 0 Solvent fn 0 Solution th [sp than that of i Sai Because _ — Solute th hon- Volos — _ Atcoroling do — dotal a) uP = of Solution is equas to ths mole fYact’en of Solute . —_ Peatadion = Pe naant X Assan = Reayend = V- i of pute Guard » Asyurard = Moly ff Hachion of —So)usnd.,,_Psclutions__veP of Sol ut ot off - 2 p= 5 oe fa > ti lea ———Oedetmination of Mont mabh o Solute (for Roivp pa Ps Lae for o very dilute Solution Nedcha ib rag Uiblt teha : Henu ,hB ~ fabs wa | wa _— fe Mug / Pen Ftusat — Pelution - Wealute 1 Mbotuad fectuant PI uxejude x Uselust M2. Weetute X PMesctusnt Pe __ D7 Wo So Jute ‘(h-P)The Solution ip nod O/luse! a - Po ha - = — ae | 8) Ths ated ins Lowering of Hv P of an aguacous - Solution Containing og hon-Valadily Solute 1's 070126 + Calculate thy to lality of Tht Soludten » 4 Elivintion of Boiling feed to Ts derbeatute Gh which dhs Vapour premure | 0 b4qud beconss AQual de te atmo hpheric | presbure jb known os ths BP of thy Low: : > Thy Clyvaien in boiling point on tht addition S of 0 non-Vvodatily Sole vt Oo Solvent - Lek Te’ bo the bei Ling point of pute ‘Goluont and Th be the b Poh Sohetion “Ths incieanse (fee eee eee Os eLivation of buibing —pornd - —4y YD RUE 2% BP , Basbng Posed One ca’)Ey periments haw Show that. fot cliiute Solutions : : . : Tht dilute “bolution » th) elevation of eiing pont (et) th cb'rech ptopottenad to thi" — molat coneent tation “of Solute In Solution a - Zh ogo ag ot OT kam a M (molality) 1° Ke = Boiling point Elivation constant —C ebulliorcopic constant) Se fins ' ib — db find pomnt that of Coluti'on ot Molat eh vation n_consiont_ tooo X ox ky ony Key Mola € Levation constant op thr dLlevation in born pope place when th maally ih uuty ST unit of, b= Kkgmol! 67 kfm3 Dehression of freesing poiak _ Sas thed ad Freeairg point fo Solvents thr Sohieh and Liguiol any 1'n Cquwl brium = Thus is possihlt ol rt Pass ae Sams > Po a on “t Tht Solution wai fieegs when ts Vapour pressure becomes equal to ths uP of Ma pure Sokrel stuart : : According fo Raoult’ law, whi a non- Volatil’ Solute 1a Qelolee) 0 a Sohzerchs th Vapour presute cleereagy - Vapour Presuye | a as feeging point | Beiession tot Tp be ths freding peint of pure Solent and Tr be Hts fteczing pernt — Lohan hore Volatep Solute 1A curpsblics rn 144+ The clocreans ih Freezing poink orf: Th -Tea be Leb n e ane, of ficeasng puind (. hoint C Te) fet abilute 2 =e vp modal Celukion _ — ae Known Op ke but hot fa point Solute —f tht Lo lution a OT in ep = ke km Sh oh e paspot tional te. ele Ap Aes ion of Haag “point _ebsered da Saute . — x ee a My xX wy eee Tp Ay ke oldpindy on Chimica —hasure “of Golkeerd : Solute fn the Solution. TL Th ee lop tehsion Ib in freenng when 1 mel ef a her voladi Li th hselutd in Jovog dos lustrecolligadius. Preperip ol - Tr: - Freeing Te = ce ~f000 Yepespy J00b¥ 2Vab } 44h conbhord = Molai Mons of Selusat pornt hai Solverd th elim 2 Hus = tatbalfies forthe fusren— 2 Hvap = Vapattioadien the Seta — R: 9 My t / Mola g Maps of Sold € BoP of Seludien of hoe] fom patent’ eee coiees ft _ hoof jon prtherd pind ef Solubian Pa &S ofute: freeging psOSMoIA and Osmotic Pressure OsMO‘Ib ? Tha flwof Solusrd — thtough cern peemeabl mamb rons Righer concent/ahio+ to lowed Conumnttati'on jh Known Oh ObMoAih:_ _ enter a LE moypap yp > Ths membrans whic, glow do fash only poluent Moticeuly though st but ok Solude mole wits ‘a Called ¢PpM > SPM oss maals of Ullulons 09 Airarnad mambraris Like pyq's bladolay = Mumbiant tound the Jud blood corpuscla, coll mambrans , parchmud paper ede ine Oairowc Pressure (IT) Thy exdia pressure rh Opblied on tht Solutron. Thih pless ure thal Just btoph ths flow of Seltent js called obmokic pressure ef tr Colutron . a Tht obmokie pressure of 0 Sofution clpencs on ts concenttation - larger dhs con entithien - vier the obmatre fessu'ye: — Potm - ‘aim + JC ) 7 pe | ementaerr CXOIE of PLAST CPU Jo Ho ogmale (ier ay be applicd on Selubton Grote d= Prtuent o4msis {Pot cs mi mm we MDObMotic pressure 1s ptoperbional to thy Molality, C of the bolution at ‘a given Temperature IT: Jlt CRT ofA = NRT] Reo re we XPYT nveril v t ; uN islet ons Bivens ad of Go MM = Molar Maps 4 Sojete Vv Volums of Solution tn Ltrs | Ft = WYRYT—CS - m = lant Heft '& Bolg law Ad tonstont Tempe tatute tht osmotic. Pressute (qu) fo dilute Sojutfon th rtectly ptafattionat to dtp concent takton (CC) Tk C cz Melt /uts nol ss a _ mv. bk SO Van't Hef's Belyle law: Ths OsMofic prexpute UU) q a Solution of constant conurtfatien thy temperasu te teens ob tectly pte pat tonal deWhe oa Pressure -gteate! tha» that a -obmotre Psehhure xt th ofbhied Raverhs _ Ob Mo pint =—7 tigen : — —Piehbuyes JC an a : wates— water - oudded sem The pioerss of Movement of Co/uond through | Sir - permeable membrane ftom pha Soletdion fo ths pute Solusnt beg 1 tplyen CXCLSA_ picanute of the olution ° gicly - io DTH Ube sn Mbakination of $ea woatey of iad eit on Solutten Sidon the Selusnt ftom Shs Solutionflow inde pure solumnt ths process 1» called es VUicre | oh moun Zen. ludion: ‘AL 6 gi — Soludten of Same Obmotic pitssute ans Calla St hotenic — Golution £9 Bledd ik jhotonre usith Sabins —__ (094% wiv NO Solution ) a : > Hypetoni'e “Golud iin howing owes obmokie Pies sure FT = 5 Hypertonic Solutron; Solution —Prawsny — = highiy —ohmedre— Piessute» : Conic t five Seludion J andi haw 7. hard hy Melos of tht Solute i'n Vy antl VV, Lidtts of Solution TlLan = Pi = Py bp pm Bh, : i Vv) Vi MV ™ Vy _ 4 Ths obmodtc pressure of 0 Solution Gd Boeke — ry 0: 8 adm. Ips Con entiation ULL LI phmodic Pitosure of Mixture d wo Sofudtion ' hoc ole = Fey Cut) Sti opmotic prcssure f vledieyColNvgatiwe Properties fo ks upserent than Pesorehiely CX picted. molat Mabh ay Abnormal Molar mass! _ - Colbigad wu proper and molat Mars of Selude axe imucasaly proportional to each othed - ‘ 1. Abbo uation of Solute poudielip © Ty tht Mela Mass caltulated 24 hing Qt Op 1 - — BHzcoo — Cgc), Ethanes ¢ A emaf —2Gucwe S— (GH cools], —Binzgoie Ae im yy C= hp earl a ethane Aud 7 - : O-==> =o, ; a \ eS CoH, — ¢ . - NX -_ Oh... gee — Bin307'c Acre : - = TONG MAK GK © in Suth Cages wu'ff ; he gteader than thy dhtoredical Yqluta- : e When Hie Molt fiarbs ae Cabtul o£ and rf they het ot lower tan Hs dy Nakada tnotoh oh abnormat wet ee ee9) goes action “af Solute molsewlth.. ——Meleuales of thei ly (hod, boss ond Sal) —dibbociadt or ions” fn a Soluent do give __ ee oe emere pai a a ey See Ha Hoyeticas yalug Monte Holl fader In_1BB( Van'd_ Hoff indtoouad a fator ___ cold yon't Hoff faclor fe Fo ypess Ht evdend of OsSocidhien 01 dibbotiatin = of Solute in iii a Von Hoff favler elifinse Oh: = hy PRadis the hommes molot Maph dots obkctwed molas mass of ( Obnoimas molar MAA) _ d, I So lute 72 Ths Pabio ef fe etpetimentas “yall _tnd 7. — caluaded’ Volt» 1h Enovoh oh Van Hoff T _ fauter: ee . ad The Rechic of He obscrusd/ vabuy ef celligadus Pieberty fo Hy normad Valid f He colligadiy Prefertyia Notmas molot Masa obherusd Cor abnotmal) molat Mags For Cxamblt s oamolre Ptespute (IC) TV 2 nkT (calectated/ AV > WRT Coy pevimentat ) I; Obpetird _osmo bre Phebbuge Caluladed Osmotic piessuie Le Cr betimental yalus of celhgatin calluclated valu ef colligad uo ptoberty a fee In wp A brocintion : ttn | Te Obbewd molaz Meigs being More cat : than the noemats the factor BS, g Valls UK Hen 4 For bolute Wrdltt going ABOU o 7 Th_ Cast ibbotr ad) on: TS Vanit Hell factor if more than 4 be cauge th ohpetuscf : Melar mars bay G_Lpbhee volley.fot Selude unelrigeing qubbowadlon _ IS : In cops Solute whch dernof unclitgo Obbociation 04 aligpouadion Ths tet be Caun He obsefwo and nota! molat MabAss Uuill bs Sams. fe] Relatiws lowering In Vabous pressure SP ~ iMssute of Spe fa = fy Peo fi ELvation in boiling point: eT» 7 J KbXm Qeprespion iv freezing pornd ,OTF = j Kfar opmotrc [iessure l= jckrT To calulate + 1€€ Oibowatton oF bbociatlon @ Subbjancs in a Solution Deguee 4 Bibs ovulation + : Th tk dthinad ob the frackion f dotad _ subatanur that — unclorg o¢A dase Uiaklen mete ions: Sup hort a molsculi of a7 ged toby Le qe hn ofenk after diskouadion Ando th the Lsayee of clishouadion Hun at equilib rieOo a Be —— rh ot fn > pA Number of molt A Solute bi uncliosouiatec —_Number_af om A lenk for mac! = ro Total Number o_mols 4 pautics+ 1-xtha ar ae Hol factey, a oe is _TedQl_Alumbe t-« [Moles at quifibtiun a Se SS oie ee aie j- “de Cith)a : oO a3 a — 1 ; : a hE lhc = jel =z bitnyei: ( Number of jon afted jomgation ya)4{i-) €¢_ of Abbowation +- Th th defined as ths [iachion of total numbed ~ — Molsculds which combind £0 Jotm abbouation Mobius - — — A 1 “om — {-o — o - - = 7 a - = — Number _ef mol) of Solute Lifd Unassocinted21-k — Number of malts of coluke alley association - Xf, ~~ Tela _Number of mols after Gksoeiation CS —r”s—SrC—=e=e= et — Man'L Holl factor Ui) , Todas novel mols at ey wil briuen : 7 __ intial number Amol _ Sts Solty J : 1 - iz 1-¢+(4, J 7 iz I-(lt+ 4%) a aureus oY lel : i a ——4-J Degree of appoeraticn»” ” — Mwe= Mw. Mwo(h-L) | we Wo MUWo -Mw¢ eee Me 1] Wo of = M Wo. = Mu. ees - M40 g_ x (I- | fet appeciation 4 { Az b- a /