Stati frictional force (5)-The force that opposes. the tendency of motion of a STATIONARY abject relate ta surface Kinetic fictional force (The frce that opposes ‘the motion ofa MOVING object elatve toa surface “Maximum static frictional force (maxs)- The static ‘rctonal force is a maximum (fmaxs) just before the object starts to move across the surface. "Newton's second lw of motion- When a resultant ‘nat force acts on an abject the abject wil accelerate inthe direction ofthe fee a an acceleration directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. Insymbols: Fret = ma "Newton's Third Law of motion- When object A exerts a force on object 8 object 8 SIMULTANEOUSLY exerts a force equal in magnitude but opposite in ‘rection on abject A ‘Mass- The amount of matter ina body measured in Klogram th) \Weight: The gravitational force in newton (N), exerted on an object |Weightlessness- The sensation experienced when allcontact forces ae [Link] texteral abject touch one’s body, Contact forces: Contac forces aise from the physical contact between two objects. Newton's Second Lav of mation in terme of ‘mamentum- The net (or resultant force acting on anobject is equal tothe ate of change ‘of momentum ofthe object in the diection ofthe net force. Insymbols: Fret =p a Principle of conservation of linear momentum-The TOTAL linear momentum in an isolated system remains constant (conserved). In symbols: after before Epbetore=Epatter issmbolofhesumo) Free-body diagrams -Thisis a diagram that shows the relative magnitudes and directions of forces acting on a body particle that has been isolated from ts suroundiogs Newton’ frst law of motion- A body wil remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless anon-zeroresuitantnet force acts ont Inertia- The resistance ofa body to a change ints state of ret or uniform motion ina straight line Mass is 2 measure of an objec’ inertia Newton's aw of universal gravitation- Each body in the universe attracts every other body with aforce thatis directly proportional to the product oftheir ‘masses and inversely proportional tothe square of te distance between ther centres. In symbols FeGmim2 2 ‘Normal force - The force or the component ofa force whicha surface exerts on an object with which tin contact, and whichis perpendicular tothe surface. Non-contact forces: Non-contact forces arise even i ‘two objects da not touch each athe (eg the force of attraction of the earth ona parachutist even when the earth's not in direct contact with the parachutist) "Momentum: Liner momentum isthe product ofan ‘object's mass and its velocity. Insymbots: p= mv Unit N's oF kgs Closed system. A system in which the net external foree acting onthe system is zero, Impulse- The product ofthe resultant/net force ‘acting onan object and the time the resultant net force acts on the object Insymbols Impulse = Fretat Unit, N's oF kgms-1Impulse-momentum theorem - Insymbols:Fretat = may = mist ~ v) Unit: Ns or kgms-1 Elastic calision A collsion in which bath otal ‘momentum and total kinetic energy ae conserved Inelastic collision collision during which kinetic ‘energy is not conserved. 1-0 mation- One-simensional motion Linear ‘ation, Motion in one line, Free fal- The type of motion n which the only significant vertical force acting on the body is the body's weight. Gravitational force- force of attraction of one body on another du to their masses Position- Where an objects relative toa reference point ‘Symbok: x (horizontal poston) ory vertical postion) Unie) meters Posie work The kinetic energy ofthe object increases, "Negative work The kinetic energy ofthe object ecreases. ‘Work energy theorem. The nettotal work done on an object equal othe change in the objects kinetic energy OR the work done on an object by 8 resultantinet force is equal ‘othe changein the objects kinetic energy. Inaymbole Wet = AK = Kf Ki Conservative force: A force for which the work dane inmoving an object between two points is independent ofthe path taken. Examples are ‘gfavtational force, the elastic force na spring and electrostatic forces (coulomb forces Non-conservatve force force for which the work done in moving an object between two points ‘depends onthe path taken, Examples are frictional force airsistance, tension ina chord. etc. “Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity. Symbol: a Unit: meters per second squared (s-2) Gravitational acceleration (a) - The acceleration of body due tothe force of attraction ofthe earth, Displacement. Change in positon. Symbol. Ax horizontal displacement) or Ay vertical displacement) Units meters on) Projectile: An object in freefall Velocity - The ate of change of position. Symbol v Unit: meters per second (ms-1) \Werk- Work done onan objct by a constant force is the product of the magntude of the force, the magnitude ofthe csplacement and the angle between the force and the displacement Insymbols:W= FA cos8 Principle of conservation of mechanical energy ~The total mechanical energy (sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy) in an isolated ‘System remains constant. (A system i isolated winen the resuitantnet externa force acting onthe system 'szer0) Insymbots: EMinta) = EMifinal OR (p+ Beinitial = (Ep + Ekfnal Power. The rate at which workis done or energy i expended Insymbols: P= at w Unit wate 1) Doppler Efect- The change in frequency (or pitch) ‘ofthe sound detected by a listener because the ‘soured source and the listener have diferent velocities relative tothe medium of sound propagation.Red shift- Observed when ight from an object increased in wavelength (decrease in ‘requency). A red shift occurs when aight source moves away from an observer. Blue shift- Observed when ight from an abject ‘decreased in wavelength increase in frequency), blue shift occurs when alight source moves towards an observer, Frequency- The number of vibrations per second, ‘Symbol: f Unitzhertz (Hz) or per second (5-1), Electric fild- A region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force. Electric fil ata point- The electric field ata point is the electrostatic force experienced per unit positive charge placed at that point Insymools =F Unit Nc 9 Direction of electric fild- The direction ofthe lect fed ata points the direction that a postive test charge would move if placed at that point. Non ohmic canductors-A conductor that does not ‘obey Ohm slaw. The resistance ofthe conductor {does nat remain constant, but increases as the current increases. Example: A bulb Power-Rate at which work is done. Insymbols:P =A Units watt (W) w Other formulae: N p=ieR. Terminal potential difference -The energy transferred to or the work done per coulomb of charge passing through the battery when the battery delivers a current. (isthe potenti aifference across the ends ofa battery when there isacurrentinthe cuit) Generator A device that transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy Wavelength- The distance between two successive pints in phase. Symbol: Unity meter) Wave equation Speed = frequency x wavelength Coulomb's law. The magnitude ofthe electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is cirectly proportional to the product of the ‘magnitudes ofthe charges and inversely proportoral, tothe square ofthe distance ) between them, Insymbols F = kQ1Q2 2 (Ohm's law- The potential ference across a conductors direct proportional to the Current inthe conductor at constant temperature Insymbols R= V L (Ohmic conductrs- A conductor that obeys Ohm -$ law. The resistance of the conductor remains constant. kowatt hour kWh) “The use of 1 kilowatt of electricity for 1 hour. Internal resistance The resistance within a battery that caures a dropin the potential difference ofthe battery when theresa current inthe circuit, {emf- Maximum) energy provided (work done by 8 battery per coulomb unt charge passing through it (isthe potential difference across the ends of battery when there is NO current inthe circuit) Faraday'slaw of electromagnetic induction- ‘The magnitude ofthe induced emf across the ends ‘of conductor i directly proportional othe rate of change in the magnetic fux inkage withthe ‘enductor. When a conductor is moved in magnetic field, potential cifference is Induced across the conductor) Electric motor A device that transfers electrical energy into mecharical energyFleming's Right Hand Rule for generators Hold the ‘thumb, forefinger and second finger ofthe RIGHT hand at right angles to each athe. Ifthe forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic fed (N to 5) [Bnd the thumb point inthe crection ofthe force {movernent then the second finger points the direction o the induced eurent. Coventiona current Flow of electric charge from positive tonegative. 1C- Direct curent The direction ofthe current remains constant (The direction of conventional Currents from the poste to the negative pole of batter. The direction of electron curentisfrom the negative tothe positive pole of the battery) Root-mean-square potential ference (Vrms) - “The oot-mean-square potential differences the ‘AC potential ference that cesipates the same amount of energy (gives the same heating effet) as an equivalent DC potential difference. Peak current (Imax)- The maximum curren value reached by the alternating current sit fluctuates ie the peak ofthe sine wave representing an AC current Photo-clectric effect -The process whereby electrons are ejected from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency incident on that surface ‘Atomic absorption spectrum -Formed when contain Frequencies of electromagnetic radiation ‘that passes through @ medium, eg, a cold gas, absorbed ‘Atomic emission spectrum- Formed when certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation are temited due toan atoms electrons making 3 ‘transition from a high-energy state to 2 lower energy state Fleming’ Left Hand Rule for electric motors - Hold the thumb feefinger and second finger ofthe LEFT hand at right anges to eachother. Ifthe forefinger points inthe direction ofthe magnetic field (N to 5) and the second niger poitsin the direction ofthe conventional curren, then the ‘thumb wll point inthe direction of the force (moveren, AC -Alkemating current ‘The direction of the current changes each half cycle, Peak potential ference (Vmax) -The maximum potential difference value reached by the ‘ttemating curent ast fluctuates Lethe peak of the sine wave representing an AC potential ference Root-mean-square current (km)-Root-mean ‘squace current is thealtermating current that lssipates the same amount of energy (ives the ‘same heating effect) as and equivalent DC current. ‘Threshold frequency (fo) -The minimum frequency ‘flight needed to emit electrons froma certain ‘metal surface Work function (Wo) -The minimum energy that an clectron inthe metal needs to be emitted frm the meta surface. Photo electric equation-E "Woe Kmax, were E= hand Wo= ho ‘and Kmax = Vamwomax Physics Definitions Physical Sciences Paper T