Chapter 1: Overview of Metabolism and Biological Energy Transformations lecturer: Dr. Vu Tran Khanh Linh Department of Food Technology Email: linhvtk@[Link] Cells Require Sources of Free Energy © Cells are isothermal systems © The energy that cells can and must use is , described by © Gibbs free energy, G, expresses the amount of an energy capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure. 8/26/20248/26/2024 Cells Require Sources of Free Energy © Cac t€ bao dj dudng (heterotrophic cells) can nang lugng ty do tir © Cac té bao quang hgp (photosynthetic cells) can nang Iuigng ty do thf... > CA 2 dang té bao chuyén héa nang lang ty do nay thanh a... V8 7 6 kha nang cung cp nang luding cho céc chife nang sinh hoc & nhiét dé khéng déi aa The free-energy change (AG) aA + bB > cC+dD AG = Gringt~ Ginitiat © AG (i/mol): sy thay déi NL ty do cila p/ti trong digu kién ... khéng déi = AGla = AG <0: (spontaneous reaction) * AG> 0: (non-spontaneous reaction) © AG = Oss8/26/2024 Ci ree Energy * AG = 0: the reaction is at equilibrium, The fact that metabolism as a whole is never at wis one of the defining features of life. , ai The standard free energy change (AG”’) The amount of energy released in the conversion of reactants to products under standard conditions For biochemical reactions, standard conditions are defined at: Note: © The conditions inside a cell or organism can be very different from these standard conditions ai8/26/2024 The standard free energy change (AG”’) aA + bB > cC + dD PLOZER) eistionsips among Ki, AG", and + Kig the equilibrium constant; the Direction of Chemical Reactions cre pyt Stating witha 1 ain! comporeis at, Keg = IO aaa AG°%s..._thereacton. negative proceeds forward wero isateoquiibrium where [A], [B], [C], [D] are the molar 10 Positive _ proceeds in reverse concentrations of the reaction components at the point of ai Calculate the standard free-energy change of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase Glucose 1-phosphate > Glucose 6-phosphate given that, starting with 20 mM glucose 1-phosphate and no glucose 6- phosphate, the final equilibrium mixture at 25°C and pH 7.0 contains 1.0 mM glucose 1-phosphate and 19 mM glucose 6-phosphate. Does the reaction in the direction of glucose 6-phosphate formation proceed with a loss or a gain of free energy? a8/26/2024 (Actual) Free energy change (AG) aA + bB S cC + dD AG: actual free energy change (J/mol or cal/mol) + T: absolute temperature (k) = R: gas constant (8.315 J/mol.K or 1.987 cal/mol.K) AG®: standard free energy change (/mol or cal/mol) [A),[B],[C],{D]: the molar concentrations of the reaction components * a,b,¢,d: the number of molecules of A, B, C, and D participating ai (Actual) Free energy change (AG) © AG of any reaction proceeding spontaneously toward its equilibrium is always negative, becomes less negative as the reaction proceeds, and is......... at the point of equilibrium, indicating that... © AG fora reaction is independent of the pathway by which the reaction occurs; it depends only on the the final products and of the initial reactants andStandard Free-Energy Changes Are Additive In the case of 02 sequential chemical reactions: @ A+B AG a Ac: Sum: A—>C AG? + AGE The AG" values of sequential chemical reactions are additive Glucose + P, > glucose 6-phosphate + HO AG*= — ki/mol ATP +H,O > ADP +P; AG?" = Sums AGe'= The overall reaction is ki/mol ATP : Energy for Cells ATP (Adenosine triphosphate): a nucleotide composed of the nitrogen-_Phosphoanhysride bonds containing base and the 5-C sugar (together called adenosine) and three groups ° ATP = of cells © The energy released by hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP is used to power many energy-requiring cellular reactions 8/26/20248/26/2024 ATP : Energy for Cells ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound: o The free-energy change for ATP hydrolysis is large and negative ATP + HC ADP +P, AG®" = ~30.5 kJ mol”! (—7.3 keal mol") ATP + H;O = AMP + PP; AG?’ = ~45.6 kJ mol! (-10.9 kcal mol!) + P,: inorganic orthophosphate (the ionized form of H;PO, at neutral pH, a mixture of HPO, and HPO,) = PP, :inorganic pyrophosphate (P,0;) a er we + @ ad8/26/2024 ATP : Energy for Cells The special role of ATP as the energy currency: o ATP is the chemical link between and o ATP donates some of its chemical energy to endergonic processes = the synthesis of metabolic intermediates and macromolecules from smaller precursors, * the transport of molecules and ions across membranes against concentration gradients, = mechanical motion ai ATP : Energy for Cells © Phan ting chuyén héa ATP thanh ADP va P,, hay AMP va PP; (phan ting sinh nang lugng) dude “gan kém’ véi a coupling8/26/2024 ATP : Energy for Cells ATP Provides Energy by Group Transfers, Not by Simple Hydrolysis trinh * VD: © Tuy nhién, nhin chung khéng phai |a hoac Sy thy phan truc tigp ATP (hoac GTP) 18 nguén nang lugng trong mét vai qua ma [a sy chuyén nhém tu ATP dén mét co chat hoac enzyme da truyén nang lugng ty do cho sy chuyén héa cia cac co chat. PO PO; Adenosine ai Hata Avr “rrr ATP hydrolysis in two steps. (a) Su tham gia clia ATP trong mét p/it thuréng dug biéu din trong "mét buée duy nhat”; nhung hau hét luén la mot qua |. trinh gdm "2 buée” (b) Pu duge xtic tac boi glutamine synthetase phy thugc vao ATP: (2) nhém need UC chuyén tit... Sang . (2) hom duge thay thé béi..... va giai phéng ... a8/26/2024 ATP : Energy for Cells Qué trinh téng hop ATP xay ra ti TB eukaryote khéng quang hop: © TB eukaryoute quang hop: * C6 anh sing + Téi Vi khuan: Cac nucleoside triphosphate khac Mét sé nucleoside triphosphate khac (GTP, UTP, CTP): © chifa NL phuc vu cdc con duding TAC nhat dinh duge tao ra bang cach: + ATP —= NDP + ADP. NTP + ADP 108/26/2024 Other Phosphorylated Compounds and Thioesters Other phosphorylated compounds and SS thioesters also have large free energies of hydrolysis (aime Gained spose Fi 1S igtetoneerte ‘Copempegbernte +7) 09 a CAD+F) =o5 ‘seo AM + PR) ANP > ahesie +) men Thioesters (a sulfur atom replaces the usual aes ‘oxygen in the ester bond) also have large, Gino Chere negative, standard free energies of hydrolysis, yer pnt Acct Cat ey O- ‘NH, Phosphocreatine a Acotyl-CoA + H,O — acetate” + CoA + H* AG? = 31.4 ki/mol 18/26/2024 FHGURE 13-19 aking of bot phosphate — 30, buon phate den ca-0-® ec Rib }HE-O- ATP Low-energy ‘compounds 3 g 20 Other Phosphorylated Compounds +We can describe phosphorylated compounds as having a high or low on the basis of their standard free energies of hydrolysis. +The transfer of a phosphoryl group to a compound effectively puts into that compound, so that it has more free energy to give up during subsequent metabolic transformations + ATP can carry energy from . phosphate compounds produced by catabolism to compounds such as glucose, converting them into more reactive species. > ATP serves as the .. eo . oon in alll living cells ai 12