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5G Networks: A Holistic View of Enabling Technologies and Research Challenges

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DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch029

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 5G networks: A holistic view of enabling technologies and
research challenges
Noman Islam
Iqra University, Pakistan
Ainuddin Wahid Abdul Wahab
University of Malaya, Malaysia

ABSTRACT
Mobile communication witnesses a new generation after every 10 years. Following the same trend, the
roll out of next generation called 5g network is anticipated by 2020. In this chapter, a critical review of
enabling technologies and research issues of 5g network is provided. The novelty of the chapter lies In
providing a holistic view of 5g networks spanning discussions on technologies and issues across all the
layers of protocol stack. Specifically, the chapter talks about the higher-level research issues of 5g
network. The chapter is primarily structured as follows: it starts with a brief overview of various
generations of mobile communication. Then, the problems with existing generation of mobile
communication are presented, thus providing the motivation for a new generation of mobile network. A
survey of different enabling technologies of 5g network is provided afterwards. After having brief
discussions on key enablers, the chapter presents various research issues of 5g network. The chapter
concludes with highlighting current challenges and future research issues.

INTRODUCTION
The past few decades have witnessed the continuous emergence of mobile communication standards.
Starting from first generation of mobile phones that provide voice services, a new standard has emerged
after every ten years. A large number of standards are thus evolved that provide a variety of services such
as audio-video, Internet access and fax. Based on the past trends, 5G mobile communication is anticipated
as next generation of mobile phones that will provide advanced features beyond those provided by earlier
generations. In recent past, a number of researches have appeared talking about the features of this new
generation. A survey of 5G architecture and emerging technologies have been presented in (Gupta & Jha,
2015). The author talks about MIMO technology, ultra dense network and full duplexing were
highlighted. Issues such as interference management and spectrum sharing were discussed and a
mmWave solution was proposed. Another survey on 5G network talks about technologies and issues such
as dense network, handoff management, interference, QoS, load balancing, security and caching. An
overview of 5G architecture, developments and a brief overview of technologies such as cloud computing
and mmWave communication have been provided in (Mitra & [Link], 2015). (Andrews et al., 2014)
highlighted major design issues of 5G as multiple access technologies, network virtualization and energy
efficiency. The authors in (Boccardi, Jr., Lozano, Marzetta, & Popovski, 2014) discussed five disruptive
technology directions for 5G network i.e. device-to-device communication, mmWave, massive MIMO,
smarter devices and machine-to-machine communication. Various emerging technologies of 5G network
has also been discussed in (Bojkovic, Bakmaz, & Bakmaz, 2015). An overview of various 5G research
activities have been provided in (Pirinen, 2014). (Demestichas et al., 2013) provided a survey of 5G
technology and highlighted intelligence as a key component for next generation network. (Le et al., 2015)
discussed various enabling technologies and research issues of 5G network. An overview of device-to-
device communication issues in 5G network is provided in (Tehrani, Uysal, & Yanikomeroglu, 2014).
However, a review of current surveys on 5G networks lead to the conclusion that most of the work on 5G
network is on radio network. Understanding the higher level research issues and their impact is essential.
In this direction, only few research surveys are available. (Fiorani et al., 2015) provided a study on issues
of designing transport protocol. A brief discussion on 5G security has been provided in (Horn &
Schneider, 2015). An overview of various caching schemes of 5G network has been presented in (Islam,
2017).
Unlike the previous surveys, this paper provides a holistic view of properties, developments, enabling
technologies and research issues of 5G network. Specifically, it deliberates on higher level research issues
which have not been discussed thoroughly in literature so far. Rest of the sections are organized as
follows. The next section presents an overview of earlier generations of mobile phones. Then, the
properties, architecture, application models and various recent developments in 5G networking are
presented. Afterwards, an overview of enabling technologies of 5G network is presented. The major
contribution of 5G networks i.e. various higher level research issues of 5G network is presented
afterwards. The paper concludes with summarizing the research issues of 5G network.

GENERATIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION

This section talks briefly about the various earlier generations of mobile communication. Before
proceeding towards the discussion on 5th generation of mobile communication, it is essential to
understand what earlier generation of mobile phones offer to end user and how various earlier generations
progressed.
Introduction
The earliest mobile communication systems (0G) were mobile radiotelephone systems. These early
mobile telephone systems were different from previous closed radiotelephone systems as these services
were commercial and constituent of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). However, they had
their own telephone numbers. Several technologies used in 0G were Push to Talk (PTT), Mobile
Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS) (Bhalla & Bhalla, 2010). The
first Generation standards (1G) were developed in the early 1980s and they were based on analog
technology. The only service that was available was voice service. Some of the 1G systems were US’
Advanced Mobile Phone system (AMPS), UK’s Total Access Communication System (ETACS) and
Scandinavian’s (Nordic Mobile Telephones NMT) (Badoi, Prasad, Croitoru, & Prasad, 2011). Then, came
the second generation systems. 2G systems were based on digital technology and used either Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as access technology.
The most common example of digital 2G standard is Global System for Mobile Phone (GSM). Besides
GSM, there were other 2G systems such as US’ IS-54 and Japan’s JDC. Another popular standard is IS-
95 that is also called CDMA-One. The 2G systems provide better bandwidth, support for voice and data
and also use basic encryption techniques to protect the data. The 2.5G standards were developed to
provide existing 2G based networks to transit to 3G networks by following a roadmap. The most popular
standard is General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). Some studies have also reported Enhanced Data Rates
for GSM Evolution (EDGE) as further transition towards 3G.
Third Generation Standards are dominated by CDMA access methods. The 3G system aims to provide all
kinds of services like audio, video and text services with very data rate in Mbps. Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) and CDMA-2000 were the two popular yet parallel standards,
despite the efforts of standardization by IMT. The UMTS system is naturally the successor of GSM and is
being supported by European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). CDMA-2000 is a
descendant of IS-95 and used in North America.
Finally, the 4G networks are IP based network integrating all kinds of existing networks and systems. The
supported data rate is around 100 Mbps for in outdoor and 1Gbps for indoor environments. These
networks enable seamless accessing of information in any-where, any time and by any-means fashion.

First Generation of cellular communication

The most popular standard in first generation of mobile communication was Advanced Mobile Phone
System (AMPS). The access technology used by AMPS was Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA). In order to support multiple users, AMPS divides the available spectrum into small frequency
channels that can be used by mobile devices of cell. It was AMPS that uses the term cellular for the first
time. By dividing the whole region into small hexagonal cells, non-adjacent cells can reuse the frequency
spectrum. Fig 1 shows the concept of spatial reuse. The cells are designed as hexagons and only adjacent
cells use the same frequency. This spatial reuse concept enabled a large number of users to be supported.
The AMPS standard supported only audio content. Since, it was an analog standard; it is very prone to
noise. In addition, there was various security issues such as an eavesdropper can listened to
communication by performing a brute force scanning of channels.

Figure 1: Concept of spatial-reuse

Besides AMPS, a host of other systems were proposed in the first generation of mobile communication
(Gupta & Jha, 2015). Among them, Total Access Communication System (or TACS) primarily developed
by Motorola was under use in some European countries, Japan (with the name JTACS) and Hong Kong.
TACS was extended in some places with the title ETACS with the provision for more number of
channels. Another standard that was very popular during first generation was Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT). Like other standards, it was based on analog technology and primarily used in the Nordic
countries.
The first generation of mobile communication was categorized by analog communication, low data rate,
reckless handoff and FDMA access technology (Gupta & Jha, 2015). The data rate supported was only
2.4 Kbps. The standard was popular in early 80s. There were only limited security features available and a
small number of concurrent connections are supported due to the limitation of FDMA. All of the
standards discussed above were replaced by 2G systems which are now discussed in next section.
2nd generation of cellular communication
The AMPS which was proposed in first generation was modified to support digital communication and
the standard was named as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS). It comprises two sub standards: IS-54 and IS-136.
The access technology was replaced with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) in which the time is
divided into slots which are allocated to individual user thus supporting a large number of users.
For instance, IS-54 makes use of the same 30 kHz channel spacing and frequency bands (824-849 and
869-894 MHz) which have been used by AMPS. However, to support more number of users, each
channel pair is further divided into three time slots. In addition, the voice data was digitally compressed.
This yielded three times the call capacity in a single cell. The communication was more secure as it was
based on digital standard. Besides, IS-54 was the first standard that puts extra attention on security in
cellular communication. It uses Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption (CAVE) algorithm for
authentication purpose. For encryption purpose, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is
used. IS-136 was an extension of IS-54. The main difference was that it utilized time division multiple
access for voice communication as well as control channel transmissions. Besides, it also added a number
of additional services besides voice such as text messaging and circuit switching. In addition, a novel
compression protocol was also proposed.
Global System for Mobile Phone (GSM was the most popular standard for 2nd generation of mobile
phones with users estimated about 2 billion spanning across at-least 212 countries. One of the distinctive
features of GSM is international roaming that allows a mobile user to operate outside the home country.
There are different frequency bands supported by GSM i.e. 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 850 MHz, 1900 MHz
bands, 400 MHz and 450 MHz frequency bands. Unlike the first generation of mobile phones, the GSM
standard has provision for security based on different cryptographic algorithms. For instance, the voice is
encrypted using A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers thus ensuring the privacy of the communication.
IS-95 also called CDMA-One was initiated by Qual Comm Inc. in 1993 primarily for US. The main
feature was the provision for data and fax services for the first time by any cellular provider. The multiple
access technology used was Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) was an extension of Circuit Switched Data that was the
prime data transmission mechanism used in GSM. There were several enhancements proposed. Firstly, it
has the provision for error correction based on the quality. Secondly, it allows using more than one time
slots concurrently. For instance, by using the four time slots, a data rate up to 57.6 kbps can be achieved.
The second generation of mobile phone was primarily characterized by digital technology and support for
text and multimedia messaging service (Gupta & Jha, 2015). Between 2nd and 3rd generation, several
intermediate standards were proposed to enable transition of standard (Bhalla & Bhalla, 2010). GPRS
allows charging of user only for the amount of data used. The user can be always connected though but
the bills are generated for the amount of data sent or received. Another important feature of GPRS is
packet switching such that multiple users can transmit or receive on the same channel. Besides voice and
text, a host of other value added services are provided. This includes Mobile Message Service (MMS) and
Wireless Access Protocol (WAP).
Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE) also called 2.75G was primarily proposed to provide
enhanced data rate over the GSM standard. Therefore, it can provide data rate up to 236.8 kbps. Despite
this increased data rate, the standard doesn’t mandate hardware or software upgrades the GSM core
networks. However, only the base stations require modifications. Modified transceivers have to be
installed at the base stations. The mobile unit also requires upgrading such that it can support the new
modulation scheme. The standard is based 8-phase shift keying (8-PSK) modulation. Another novel
feature is incremental redundancy to support more robust decoding of message.

Third Generation Mobile Phone Standards

The 3G standards were proposed by International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) with the aspiration
to provide better services. The objective was to provide support for increased data rate, greater number of
simultaneous users, and advanced data, voice and video services the cellular network.
Among the various standards, two were widely popular i.e. Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
(UMTS) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 2000. The former was supported by European
Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) and provide data rate about 384 kbps in mobility conditions
and 2 Mbps in nomadic conditions. The UMTS was a natural evolution of GSM network. An extension of
UMTS is High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) also called 3.5G that provides data rate up to
14.4 Mbps. Several other standards such as High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) and High Speed
OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA) were also proposed as a transition path towards 4G network. These
standards introduced several novel concepts such as adaptive modulation and coding and hybrid
automatic request.
CDMA2000, an extension of IS-95, was the second major standard for the 3rd generation mobile phone. It
had various sub-standards such as 1xRTT, CDMA2000 EV-DO, and CDMA2000 EV-DV.
Fourth Generation Mobile Phone Standards
Fourth generation systems are characterized by integration of different heterogeneous access networks,
providing multimedia services, higher data rate, smooth hand off and reduced latency (Badoi, Prasad,
Croitoru, & Prasad, 2011; Gupta & Jha, 2015). It is an all IP based network based on packet switching
concept. Long Term Evolution (LTE), an extension of UMTS is proposed by 3GPP as the primary
standard to be used in 4th generation. The peak data rate supported by LTE is 100 Mbps with a latency of
5ms. The multiple access technology used is orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).
An enhancement of LTE is LTE-Advanced which is standardized by 3GPP in 2011. Several
improvements are proposed to provide more data rate and coverage for 4G network. Features such as
cognitive radios and hybrid OFDAM are also proposed. Different other standards such as WIMAX and
UMB are also part of the 4G.

Problems with existing cellular system

According to (Panwar, Sharma, & Singh, 2015), there are various problems with existing cellular
standards. For instance, existing cellular infrastructure can’t handle bursty data traffic and can be
disrupted by devices with high data transfer. The base stations doesn’t share the load; despite being
under-loaded at times. The devices don’t communicate in full duplex mode and separate channels are
used for uplink and downlink transmission. There is not enough support for heterogeneous network. In
current standard, nodes can communicate only using the conventional client server model. There is no
support for P2P communication. Furthermore, these standards don’t provide support for real-time
applications. With the rise in number of connecting devices, there will be massive interference and
capacity demand. The current standards are not good enough to handle interference and meet these
capacity demands. According to (Rose Qingyang Hu & Yi Qian, 2014b), the increase in mobile traffic
during past few years is twice of the increase in data rate. Innovative techniques are therefore required to
cope with huge demand of data rate.
Table 1 summarizes the major challenges with current cellular communication. There are several
important requirements to satiate future user demands. For instance, one of the demands is to provide very
high data rate. In order to cope with high data rate demand, different techniques are proposed such as
mmWave(Mitra & [Link], 2015) and device to device communication (Andrews et al., 2014).
Another important requirement is scalability of the nodes of the network. To cope with scalability issue,
network virtualization can be employed. There are other issues such as green communication, interference
management, low latency, security and QoS, for which several solutions have been proposed in literature.
We will discuss these solutions in next sections.

Table 1: An overview of challenges/ limitations of current generation network and solutions

S. Challenges Solution
No.
1. Higher data rate mmWave
massive MIMO
dense network
cognitive radio network
 caching
device-to-device communication
2. Scalability Network virtualization
3. Green Communication LIFI
Indoor cells
Cloud RAN
4. Interference Advanced transceiver
5. Low latency Caching
Fast handover
6. Security Advanced security solution
7. Multiple access Multi-mode user terminal
technologies
Software radios
8. Quality of Service Novel Quality of Experience metrics such
metrics as ease of connection, energy efficiency
(Bangerter, Talwar, Arefi, & Ken Stewart,
2014; Gupta & Jha, 2015)
9. Capacity Spectrum pooling and aggregation
New air interface

FIFTH GENERATION MOBILE PHONE STANDARD

The fourth generation of mobile communication is currently in deployment phase. There are some
challenges of mobile communication that are not addressed by fourth generation networks (as discussed
in previous section). Therefore, fifth generation of mobile phone is anticipated as those that provide
capabilities beyond 4G networks. Table 2 summarizes the 5th generation networks in comparison to
earlier generations. As can be observed, the data rate has significantly improved during the progression of
each standard. This is possible due to the emergence of novel modulation techniques and multiple access
technology. The higher data rate has further enabled a number of services such as voice, text, video and
multimedia. A number of standards have thus been proposed in various generations. 5G is expected to
perform socio-economic transformation in many ways. This section briefly summarizes the properties of
5G network. The details of the enabling technologies and research issues of 5G network are provided in
sections to follow.
Table 2: A summary of various generations of cellular communication
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Deployment 1970-80 1990-2004 2004-2010 2010-2020 2020 onwards
D-AMPS,
AMPS GSM
UMTS,CDMA
TACS IS-95
Standards 2000 WIMAX Currently evolving
ETACS CDMA
HSDPA,HSUPA
NMT One
HSCSD
144kbps –
Data Rate 10 Kbps 10 Kbps 100Mbps-1Gbps > 1 Gbps
2Mbps
 TDMA,
Multiplexing FDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
CDMA
SMS,
Voice, SMS, Voice, SMA, Voice, Video Dynamic access to
Services Voice
Voice Mail Video Streaming Streaming information

Circuit Circuit,
Switching Packet All Packet All Packet
switching Packet
Horizontal and Horizontal and
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal
vertical vertical

Properties of 5G network
Table 3 summarizes the properties of 5G network. 5G environment will be an Internet of Things (IoT)
based connected society (Mitra & [Link], 2015). 5G networks will have very high data rates, high
spectral efficiency, high speed during mobility conditions, high data transmission rates even at the
boundary of a cell, high indoor coverage, maximum number of concurrent connections, reduced delay in
communication and very low cost (Jungnickel et al., 2014). There will be very high availability, high
coverage, very low energy consumption, low operational expenses and real-time information processing
(Panwar, Sharma, & Singh, 2015). A 5G user can operate with and switch among different heterogeneous
networks such as Internet Protocol (IP), traditional cellular network or telephony networks. A 5G device
would be able to work on different radio spectrums depending upon the availability. There will be
ubiquitous connectivity of 5G devices (Panwar, Sharma, & Singh, 2015). The device will have higher
resolution, higher processing/ memory capability (similar to laptops) and advanced billing features. There
will be improved Quality of Service (QoS), broadcasting of data in gigabits, remote diagnostic. A user
can roam around easily without any charges and call rates will not be different from area to area. The base
station would be able to cooperate with each other and share their load efficiently (Panwar, Sharma, &
Singh, 2015).
Table 3: Properties of 5G network
Aggregate data rate 1000 times 4G (Peng, Member, Zhao,
& Wang, 2014)
Edge rate 100 Mbs – 1 Gbps
Latency 1 ms (Ayad, Kazar, Benharkat, &
Terrissa, 2017; N. Zhang et al., 2015)
Energy consumption 10% of 4G (Z. Li & Yang, 2016)
Cost 100 x cheaper than 4G spectrum
Devices 300,000 devices per access point
25 billion devices
100 times 4G
Battery life 10 times of 4G
Reliability 99.99%
Coverage 100%
Cost 10% of 4G
 Mobility 500 km/hr (Serhani, Barka, &
Gadallah, 2015)
Availability 0 perceived downtime (Z. Li & Yang,
2016)

5G devices
Fig. 2 summarizes the various dimensions in which 5G devices will be different from current generation.
They will be a complete transformation of existing mobile phones in terms of size, form and function
(Bangerter, Talwar, Arefi, & Ken Stewart, 2014). The device will be much smarter, autonomous and play
an active role in communication (Boccardi, Jr., Lozano, Marzetta, & Popovski, 2014). First of all, along
with tablets and smart phones, novel form of mobile hosts will appear in next generation systems such as
wearable devices, sensors, smart wrist watches and ovens. The devices will have support for multiple
access technologies. They will be able to function on multiple bands such as mmWave or radio frequency
bands, could work with different modulation techniques and provide support for full duplex
communication (Talwar et al., 2014). The transceiver will be very complex and will have cognitive
abilities to dynamically switch the spectrum to available band. There will be multiple antennas and ports
attached to each device (Bangerter, Talwar, Arefi, & Ken Stewart, 2014). Each of the devices will have
multidimensional antennas. The device will have the advanced signal processing capability to suppress
interference of various forms such as self-interference and co-channel interference along with the support
from network. Besides managing interference, the devices can autonomously perform a wide range of
tasks such as power adaptation, load balancing and spectrum allocation (Hossain & Hasan, 2015). The
device will support multipoint connectivity and simultaneously connected to multiple base stations.
Energy management will be very important issue and would required every device to have novel form of
energy harvesting techniques integrated such as wind, solar and RF harvesting (Hossain & Hasan, 2015).
The devices will not only communicate using the infrastructure such as base stations, but they will be able
to communicate in point-to-point fashion with each other (Boccardi, Jr., Lozano, Marzetta, & Popovski,
2014). This will enable novel social and public safety applications, enhances the network capacity and
offload the backhaul (Talwar et al., 2014). A number of issues however will require attention such as
node’s cooperation, billing and security issues. The devices would be able to share contextual information
to make the most of the network resources and satiate end-users requisitions (Talwar et al., 2014). Despite
all the innovations, 5G devices will be backward compatible with technology of earlier generations.
The next generation mobile phone will be very inexpensive, provide better coverage, cheaper traffic, high
resolution, lower battery consumption and fully upgradeable terminal (Mousa, 2012; Sapakal & Kadam,
2013). Another form of innovation that devices will support is local caching of widely used contents such
as videos and social media contents (Boccardi, Jr., Lozano, Marzetta, & Popovski, 2014).
Summarizing the above discussion, 5G devices will have high data rate, high channel capacity, lower
tariffs, robustness and large broadcasting capacity (Sapakal & Kadam, 2013). The device will have high
data rate, large capacity, very low cost per bit, high quality service, high error tolerance, and large
broadcasting capacity. 5G will be a real wireless world with no limitations on access technology or zones.
The devices might have intelligence. The devices will be equipped with sensors, camera, MP3 recorders,
mobile operating system and other capabilities that were not imagined before.
 Figure 2: 5G devices

Application Models
According to METIS project, 5G is expected to provide various healthcare, security, logistics, industrial
and mission critical applications (Osseiran et al., 2014)
2014).. The novel properties of 5G network will give rise
to various applications such as mobile commerce, mobile health care and mobile banking (Sapakal &
Kadam, 2013).. Various applications of 5G networks are discussed in (Panwar, Sharma, & Singh, 2015). 2015)
There will be emergence of smart societies such as smart home, smart universities and smart offices
connected virtually by means of millions of devices, sensors and smart computing gadgets, facilitating
end user (USMAN, GEBREMARIAM, RAZA, & GRANELLI, 2015) 2015).. These solutions assume that 5G
systems will have higher communication bandwidth, improved addressing, dynamic bandwidth allocation
and security. Different medical applications using Body Area Networks (BAN) are viable in future. These
devices will be monitoring the health status of end
end-user
user and will be transmitting vital signs data in real-
real
time to cloud. By analyzing data, timely medical services and care can be provided to patients. In this
direction, a patient monitoring system based on 5G networks has been proposed in (Oleshchuk & Fensli,
2011).. The authors, first highlighted limitations associated with current systems. The BAN applications
require high bandwidth and real time communication. For instance in arrhythmia, it is sometimes required
to monitor rare occurrences
urrences when the arrhythmia occurs. We will see the emergence of telerobots that will
be controlled remotely by doctors. Using 5G, telesurgery and telerehabilitation will be a reality.
A lot of innovative applications are possible in the domain of augmenaugmented reality (Hu, Patel, Sabella,
Sprecher, & Young, 2015).. The 5G network can be integrated into museum, art gallery, monument and
similar events to provide details to the visitor. Other applications of 5G includes ubiquitous applications,
mobile banking and mobile commerce etc., all are realized via cloud computing resources (Sapakal &
Kadam, 2013; Singh & Singh, 2012) 2012).. There will be integration of computing devices and sensors in
human life that communicate with each other to provide pervasive computing phenomenon. Zheng et al.
presented a business modell for future wireless network based on mobile multimedia, proposed a
classification scheme, and defined critical success factors and platform for factual management question
on such platform (W.-b.b. Zheng, Li, & Sharan, 2008)
2008).

By the emergence of tactile internet, we will see several novel industrial applications. The various
industrial processes require very high reliability and low latency for automation that can be enabled by a
5G wireless network (Simsek, Adnan Aijaz, Dohler, Sach, & Fettweis, 2016).. We will see the emergence
of internet of vehicles that are connected by 5G networks and can communicate in P2P or client-server
client
fashion (Hu, Patel, Sabella, Sprecher, & Young, 2015; Mitra & [Link], 2015)
2015).. This vehicular network
will enable a large number of safety (accident warning lane changing, ramp metering) and non-safety
applications (parking lot prediction, P2P gaming, content sharing).

5G Developments
There have been several developments and experimentation conducted for 5G networks. Nokia has
achieved a data rate of 30Gpbs with concurrent connectivity of 1 million devices. AT&T claims to launch
US’ first 5G mobile network in the year 2018 (Moritz, 2018), while Spring plans to launch its first 5G
network in 2019 ("Sprint eyes mobile 5G network launch for first half of 2019", 2018). A 5G research
center has been established in United Kingdom and China has started its IMT-2020 forum(I et al., 2014).
According to (T¨onnis, Klinker, & Fischer, 2007), South Korea and European Union is investing more
than 1 BN dollar for research on 5G networks. In their experiments, Samsung has achieved 7.5 Gbps in
stationary environment and 1.2 Gbps in mobility conditions. Erricson has claimed speed of 50Gbps.
Samsung in Korea is planning for 5G networks for winter Olympics. DOCOMO is developing simulator
for mmWave, small cell and massive MIMO. Carriers like AT&T and T-Mobile are employing new radio
(NR) for building their network (Ayad, Kazar, Benharkat, & Terrissa, 2017). Another important
development is Gigabit LTE which is a precursor to 5G technology that Sprint has tested in New Orleans
(Jia, Li, & Zhou, 2017). A list of various 5G mobile phones are available in (Ververidis & Polyzos ,
2008).
Besides the developments above, various research projects are also underway on 5G networks. Mobile
and Wireless Communications Enablers for the Twenty–twenty Information Society (METIS) was the
earliest and the 5G flagship project partly supported by European Union comprising partners from
telecommunication, academia and industry (Osseiran et al., 2014). The objective of this project was to
identify key component, areas and test cases for 5G network. METIS-II was started in 2015 with the
objective to standardize 5G (Leinonen, 2017). Another project on 5G is 5GPPP jointly undertaken by
European Commission and European ICT industry (Z. Li & Yang, 2016). 5th Generation Non-Orthogonal
Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW) is another project sponsored by European Union for
5G developments (Gao, Ma, & Zhang, 2015). Other projects for development on 5G are EMPhAtiC,
NEWCOM#, ETRI and 5G IC (I et al., 2014; Mitra & [Link], 2015).
5G Architecture
As far as architecture of 5G is concerned, different proposals have been put forward in literature.
According to (Hou, Wu, Liao, & Wang, 2015), a 5G network comprises small cells for indoor
communication while macro cells are used for outdoor communication. Along with them, massive MIMO
and distributed antennas will be deployed for supporting very high data rates. For short range
communication, various technologies such as VLC, mmWave and ultra wide band communication can be
employed.
A two layer architecture for 5G network comprising a radio network and network cloud is proposed in
(Agyapong, Iwamura, Staehle, Kiess, & Benjebbour). The network support dynamic deployment and
scaling along with the separation of control and data plane through software defined networking and
cloud computing. Similar architecture has been proposed in (Gupta & Jha, 2015) where the network
comprises cells of various sizes. The outside base station is equipped with massive MIMO linked to base
station through fiber. The mobile users will also be equipped with massive antennas. A heterogeneous
cloud radio access network based architecture has been proposed in (Peng, Member, Zhao, & Wang,
2014). A MAC and physical layer perspective on 5G architecture has been provided in (M. Zheng,
ZhengQuan, ZhiGuo, PingZhi, & HengChao, 2015). An SDN based architecture for 5G network has been
presented in (Akyildiz, Wang, & Lina, 2015). An architecture for 5G network has also been proposed in
(Sapakal & Kadam, 2013).
Based on the various architectures proposed in literature, this section presents a generalized 5G
architecture as shown in Fig. 3. There are multiple small cells that are communicating using short range
technologies such as VLC and mmWave. They are connected to macro cell using massive MIMO
technology. The devices in the network can communicate with each other i.e. device to device
communication. All the macro-cells are connected to a cloud where resources are dynamically
provisioned. The network function virtualization is used to separate the control and data plane. On the
cloud, network intelligence (NI), control plane equipment (CPE) and network plane equipment (NPE) is
available. The 5G system will be a full IPv6 system. Finally, at the application level, different types of
services are provided through this architecture.

Figure 3: A generic 5G architecture

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES OF 5G NETWORK
There have been several enabling technologies discussed in literature. Following section highlights few of
these technologies.
Heterogeneous network
One of the approaches to increase the capacity of 5G network is extreme densification of nodes in a cell
area. Shrinking the cell to smaller size allows frequency reuse and less number of users to be catered by a
base station. A heterogeneous network is based on multiple low-powered infrastructure elements such as
macro, micro, pico and femto base stations deployed in indoor and outdoor positions. The small
frequency cells will provide better coverage while those with high frequency will be used for improved
data rate and high throughput (Rose Qingyang Hu & Yi Qian, 2014a). However different challenges arise
such as frequent hand-off, less control, increased complexity, difficulty to manage, high cost, latency
alignment, extensive backhauling and security (Andrews et al., 2014; N. Zhang et al., 2015). For instance,
it is very expensive for a network operator to deploy small cells at every location. Even thought, the users
can deploy small cells at their own, incorrect configuration by the end-user may have even negative
impact. Also, this enables very loose control over the infrastructure and difficulty in management.
Due to the more frequent hand-off, mutual authentication needs to be done quite often to avoid different
security attacks such as impersonation and man-in-the-middle attack (Duan & Wang, 2015). This,
however, needs to be done in an efficient and robust manner. The 3GPP project specifies details about
hand-off for various mobility scenarios. However, this leads to increased complexity for 5G network. An
SDN-based 5G authentication hand-over mechanism has been proposed in (Duan & Wang, 2015). The
authentication module is implemented in SDN to predict the probable location of user and then prepare
the cell in advance to enable smooth handover.
Due to the dense deployment of cells, inter-cell interference is possible. For instance, the macro-cell may
cause interference in small cell and interference is also possible from adjacent cells. To address these
problems, inter-cell coordination is introduced in 3GPP project (N. Zhang et al., 2015). Different
approaches to manage co-channel interference are also discussed in section 4.5.2. Another important issue
is coordination among macro and small cell required to avoid interference. This can be done in
centralized or distributed fashion (Rose Qingyang Hu & Yi Qian, 2014a). One of the approaches is based
on the multiple small cells connected and controlled through Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN). A
cloud based approach has been presented in (N. Zhang et al., 2015). When the small cell is started, it can
download the necessary configuration and installation details from the cloud. Interference can therefore
be managed in centralized fashion from cloud due to increased coordination. When access to backhaul is
not possible, anchor booster architecture may be used to provide coordination (Bangerter, Talwar, Arefi,
& Ken Stewart, 2014). In this scenario, the macro-cell is the main anchor responsible for control and
mobility while the small cell serves as booster. A cooperative green hetnet architecture is proposed in
(Rose Qingyang Hu & Yi Qian, 2014a)
Millimeter wave communication
In order to meet the behemoth demand of data rate, mmWave communication spectrum available in the
range 30 Ghz -300 GHz can be utilized. This will increase the capacity of 5G network in the range of
several Gbps (M. Zhang et al., 2016). Rappaport et al. have talked about the utilization of unused
millimeter wave frequency spectrum 5g cellular communication (Rappaport et al., 2013). The authors
obtained measurements about millimeter wave communication for future generation cellular networks.
Roh et al. (Roh et al., 2014) have also presented results on utilization of millimeter wave communication
as a viable candidate for communication in future generation mobile communication system. Different
standardization bodies such as ECMA, IEEE, WirelessHD and WiGig have proposed bands for mmWave
communication (Niu, L, Jin, Li Su, & Vasilakos, 2015). A network layer simulator for mmWave
communication has been proposed by (Mezzavilla, Dutta, & Zhang, 2015).

However, there are several issues that makes communication in this band very different from other
spectrum. Each of the OSI layers such as physical layer, MAC layer, network layer and transport layer
presents new challenges (Polese, Jana, & Zorzi, 2017a). For instance, communication in the mmWave
spectrum leads to high propagation loss owing to atmosphere and molecular absorption (Niu, L, Jin, Li
Su, & Vasilakos, 2015). This problem can be solved to some extent by use of small cells and indoor
communication.

The communication in mmWave range are essentially line of sight. The connections are intermittent and
greatly effected by line of sight (LOS) obstacles such as humans, buildings and furniture. This greatly
attenuates the signal and signal quality drops significantly. One approach to address this problem is
multi-connectivity also called macro-diversity that allows maintaining multiples paths to different
cells(Giordani, Mezzavilla, Rangan, & Zorzi, 2016). The network can maintain power and timing
information, and schedule the data on the suitable link. A range of challenges such as ultra low outage
time and real-time service availability require consideration (Polese, Giordani, Mezzavilla, Rangan, &
Zorzi, 2017). A novel handover mechanism has been presented in (Polese, Giordani, Mezzavilla, Rangan,
& Zorzi, 2017).

A slight mobility of the communicating entities lead to misalignment and drop of the link. Design of
directional antennas and medium access technology exploiting concurrent transmissions in different
directions are novel research issues of millimeter wave communication. An important issue that arise at
the transport layer is the congestion control mechanism of transmission control protocol (TCP). A
performance evaluation of TCP protocol has been performed in (M. Zhang et al., 2016). The congestion
control of TCP decreases the TCP window to half on a packet loss and then increases it gradually by unit
amount. TCP which was designed for wired network considers a packet drop as congestion. However in
cellular networks, this packet drop can be dueto temporary drop of a link. This can result in decreased
performance. A variant, TCP CUBIC allows to reach the maximum throughput quickly though.
Another important aspect related to transport protocol is to consider the presence of multiple interfaces
for communication. MP-TCP, an extension of TCP is the multipath transport protocol. The congestion
control in MP-TCP is performed in un-coupled or coupled manner. In the former approach, the
congestion window of each flow is updated independently, while in the later, the congestion window is
updated in coordination with other flow details.
Another important element of mmWave design is the sharing of spectrum and infrastructure resources
with multiple operators (Rebato, Mezzavilla, Rangan, & Zorzi, 2016). There are issues associated with
Integrated Circuit IC design such as non-linear distortion of power amplifiers and phase noise (Niu, L,
Jin, Li Su, & Vasilakos, 2015). Concluding this section, we must mention that there are discussions on
using spectrum below 6GHz called sub-6Hz (Ayad, Kazar, Benharkat, & Terrissa, 2017). The issues
however are that these low frequency spectrums will not have the same speed and capacity as mmWave.

Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO is based on multiple inexpensive antenna elements, usually 10 to 100, at the transmitter
or receiver end. It provides greater reliability, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, reduced noise and
fading effect and less intra-cell interference (Haider, Gao, You, Yang, & Yuan, 2014). By focusing
antenna element on specific region, huge gain in throughput can be obtained. Data rate of 17Mbps for 20
users in 20MHz with a throughput of 730 Mbps has been demonstrated for massive MIMO (Zhong,
Geng, Weng, & Li, 2012). Other advantages of massive MIMO are reduced latency, simple access control
and robustness against jamming (Larsson, Edfors, Tufvesson, & Marzetta, 2014). Due to the less amount
of fading, the latency in massive MIMO systems is very low. Because of the increased degree of freedom,
the interference in massive MIMO is significantly reduced. The availability of multiple antennas enables
the transmission power to be reduced proportional to the number of antenna at base station; thus obtaining
energy efficient transmission. Alternatively, the transmission power can also be increased as compared to
single antenna system. The greater degree of freedom also enables the massive MIMO system to be free
from jammers. Since, each terminal can be given complete bandwidth, the medium access control in
massive MIM is greatly simplified.
Before concluding the section, we discuss some of the challenges and limitations associated with massive
MIMO. One of the fundamental challenges with massive MIMO is increased cost of the hardware
(Panzner et al., 2014). Initially, the concept of massive MIMO was used for point-to-point transmission.
However, during the past few years, research has been done MU-MIMO i.e. a base station antenna
performing multiple transmissions at the same time; thus requiring expensive equipment only at base
station while the user terminals can be single cheap antenna. Another challenge with massive MIMO is
the design of testbeds. A testbed has been implemented in (Vieira et al., 2014). Massive MIMO requires
good knowledge of uplink and downlink channel.
The MU-MIMO option is available on current wireless standards such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16 and LTE
(Zhong, Geng, Weng, & Li, 2012). The massive MIMO fits very well in combination with HetNets and
mmWave communication (Gao, Ma, & Zhang, 2015; Swindlehurst, Ayanoglu, Heydari, & Capolino,
2014). However, this itself requires deliberation on a range of research issues such as communication
design and signal processing issues.
Device to Device communication
Unlike the conventional cellular network, the devices in 5G network can communicate with each other
directly primarily at the time of congestion or at cell edges leading to ad hoc mesh network. The
intermediate devices can act as relay for other devices. This provides a host of benefits such as offloading
the backhaul network, extending the cellular coverage, reduced battery consumption, reliable
communication, context-aware and social applications and effective sharing of contents in P2P fashion
(Tehrani, Uysal, & Yanikomeroglu, 2014). The device-to-device communication has been proposed for
safety application.
Various issues need to be addressed. An important design question is whether the communication among
devices is single hop or multi-hop. The single hop communication is limited by the range of
communication medium. While multi-hop communication requires routing, security and trust
management in placed between devices.
An important question is to use whether the operator’s spectrum (in-band) or unlicensed spectrum (out-
band) for communication (Asadi, Wang, & Mancuso, 2014). The former can be further divided into
underlay or overlay based on whether a dedicated spectrum is used for device-to-device communication.
Despite having greater spectrum efficiency, the primary disadvantage of in-band communication is the
interference which is not present in the out-band communication. The interference can be managed by use
of appropriate resource allocation algorithm (Hou, Wu, Liao, & Wang, 2015). For out-band
communication, Industrial, Scientific and Medicine (ISM) band can be used.
According to (Fodor et al., 2012), device-to-device communication introduces several types of
interference. One of the problems is intra-cell interference which is non-negligible. The proximity of the
device can also cause interference due to presence of other transmitters. In order to deal with interference
management, different approaches such as power control, network coding and interference avoidance
multi-antenna transmission can be used.
An important design question of device-to-device communication is the involvement of network.
According to (Tehrani, Uysal, & Yanikomeroglu, 2014), it can be classified into four types based on
whether the operator can involve in link establishment only or during the communication as well.
In order to ensure that nodes participate in communication for other devices, appropriate billing
mechanism should be available. After all, the resources such as battery, bandwidth and storage of
intermediate devices are consumed in order to relay for others. Appropriate incentives should be given to
temp these devices to cooperate. Appropriately, the intermediate nodes can be penalized for misbehaviors.
For instance, the operator can provide discount on billing for the amount of cooperation ensured by
intermediate device. This discount can be calculated based on a function of the amount of traffic that a
node relays. Different other models based on game theory and auctioning can also be used (Tehrani,
Uysal, & Yanikomeroglu, 2014).
Another important question is the device discovery protocol required before the two devices start
communicating with each other. Different types of discovery protocols such as Blue-tooth and UPnP can
be used (Fodor et al., 2012). Design of energy efficient device discovery protocol, however, is an open
research question.
Visible Light Communication (VLC)
VLC also called LiFi or optical wireless communication is based on the concept of using light emitting
diode (LED) for transmission of data. At the transmitter end light emitting diodes are used. Two types of
LEDs i.e. inorganic and organic LEDs can be used (Zvanovec, Chvojka, Haigh, & Ghassemlooy, 2015).
The signal is modulated by on-off key modulation. At the receiver end, photodiodes are used to convert
light back into electric signals. The advantages of VLC are ultra wide bandwidth and energy efficiency;
however, they have the drawback of weak transmission range and requirement for line-of-sight
communication (Wu, Wang, & Youn, 2014). They can’t penetrate walls and are ideally suited for indoor
communication using small cells called atto-cells (Zvanovec, Chvojka, Haigh, & Ghassemlooy, 2015).
This short range communication enables spectral reuse as the same frequency can be reused on another
place for indoor communication. For outdoor communication, high-powered laser equipment is used for
building to building transmission (Wu, Wang, & Youn, 2014).
VLC works on the unlicensed spectrum 428-750 THz and therefore provides very high bandwidth and
data rate for communication. Data rates about 3.5Gbps have been achieved using VLC (Haider, Gao,
You, Yang, & Yuan, 2014). Due to small wavelength, they are also more robust against multi-path fading
effect. Finally, the VLC’s narrow line-of-sight communication makes it more secure against passive
attacks such as eavesdropping.
However, a range of problems are also prevalent in VLC communication. For instance, the LoS
communication makes the mobility of node very restricted during communication. In mobility conditions,
LoS maintenance and realignment are required for communication. This problem can be addressed to
certain extent by using diffused light (Wu, Wang, & Youn, 2014). A spherical LED can be used to
support mobility as it provides angular diversity and LoS transmission in multiple directions. However,
issues like security and reliability are prevalent in spherical LEDs. Another approach is to use camera-
based MIMO for mobile VLC. Other issues present with VLC are interference due to solar and tube
lights. Finally, the VLC in indoor communication can harm the human eyes.
Cognitive Radio Networks
A cognitive radio enables a mobile network to operate on unused licensed spectrum of some other user. It
has been observed that spectrum leased for a primary user often remains underutilized. This underutilized
frequency can be opportunistically utilized by secondary users for their communication. This solves the
spectrum scarcity problem and enables optimal utilization of spectrum. The cognitive radio technology
can be configure as centralized or an infrastructure-less wireless ad hoc network (Islam & Shaikh, 2012).
One of the challenges with cognitive radio network is spectrum management i.e. finding spectrum holes,
access it and utilize it without causing interference to primary user (Masonta, Mzyece, & Ntlatlapa,
2012). A spectrum sensing operation must be performed for this purpose that comprises signal detection,
classification and spectrum decision phases. Once the spectrum is selected, the next step is sharing
spectrum between multiple users. Different techniques such as horizontal, vertical and hierarchical
spectrum sharing can be performed (Badoi, Prasad, Croitoru, & Prasad, 2011).
During the spectrum use by the secondary user, quit often, primary user appears again. In this specific
scenario, spectrum handover should be performed to release the spectrum by the secondary user.
Seamless handover should be performed and the communication context should be restored from the
same point where it was interrupted.
Another important challenge in cognitive radio network is routing. The secondary user must consider the
limitation of the network on which it is operating as it inherits most of the properties of the primary user’s
network. The mobile terminal also requires modification such as the concept of software defined radio
should emerge. It should be able to scan the spectrum, intelligently selects the spectrum, could operate on
multiple access technologies, and should have novel MAC and PHY layer techniques.
Another important issue is the enforcement of cooperation by primary user in spectrum sharing.
Considering the potential of cognitive radio network, novel business model will emerge for spectrum
pricing. The primary user can cooperatively or competitively share their spectrum (Badoi, Prasad,
Croitoru, & Prasad, 2011). The primary user will obviously be benefited in terms of finance or any other
economic model. Another important challenge is to maintain the tradeoff between energy efficiency and
spectral efficiency. Detailed study of this tradeoff will also enable management of OPEX.
New security challenges might arise in the cognitive radio networks such as selfish misbehavior by
secondary users, emulation of primary user spectrum, eavesdropping and starvation of a particular node
(Badoi, Prasad, Croitoru, & Prasad, 2011). Appropriate infrastructure must be designed to enforce
etiquettes of spectrum usage. Different authentication schemes can also be designed.
Centralized processing
In order to meet the capacity demands and reducing the operational expenditure of 5G, cloud RAN has
been considered as a key enabling technology (Hou, Wu, Liao, & Wang, 2015). Cloud RAN is a
centralized cellular architecture in which base band units are pooled providing a scalable and flexible
solution. A cloud RAN network comprises three components (Ranaweera, Wong, Nirmalathas,
Jayasundara, & Lim, 2017). A set of remote radio heads (RRH) that are deployed closer to the user and
are connected to BBU pool. BBUs are connected through backhaul to next level of aggregation.
Consequently, network function virtualization and software defined networking have key roles in
centralized processing (Peng, Member, Zhao, & Wang, 2014).
The centralized solution has a number of advantages (Rost et al., 2014). It allows efficient resource
management algorithm to be implemented. It also enables joint scheduling, joint interference cancellation,
common maintenance and network sharing. At the network level, optimization of ultra dense network can
be performed. Finally, at the higher level, flexible software deployment can be achieved. The drawback of
cloud RAN is the high rate fronthaul link which is currently supported only by fiber links (Rost et al.,
2014). Fronthauling can become a challenge due to the cost of fiber optics and due to massive deployment
of remote radio heads (H. Zhang, Dong, Cheng, Hossain, & Leung, 2016). Design of efficient
architectures and interfaces for 5G fronthaul is an open challenge (Ranaweera, Wong, Nirmalathas,
Jayasundara, & Lim, 2017). mmWave can be considered an efficient solution for meeting fronthaul
capacity. It is anticipated that 5G networks will be built with energy harvesting techniques to reduce
OPEX. Additionally, the sharing of excessive energy through RRH is also a viable solution (Peng,
Member, Zhao, & Wang, 2014). Other research issues in C-RAN include deliberation on large scale
cooperative spatial signal processing, large scale cooperative radio resource management and network
function virtualization.
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the control of matter at molecular level. It is expected to revolutionalize the
telecommunication industry. The 5G device is expected to be equipped with nanotechnology. They will
have self cleaning and self powering feature, and will be embedded with nanosensors (Bhalla & Bhalla,
2010). The use of morph concept will enable devices to be transparent and stretchable, and can be
transformed into different shapes ("The Nokia Morph Concept"). Novel technologies such as micro-micro
phones, liquid lens and intelligent batteries will be available in the mobile phones (Varshavsky, Reid, &
Lara, 2004). The storage capacity will be dramatically improved with the help of nanodots (Atkins). The
nanodots are in the order of billion of a meter, based on quantum computing and can store high volume
data easily in less physical space. The use of quantum dot lasers would enable very high transfer rate.
RESEARCH ISSUES IN 5G
5G networks will suffer from a range of research issues. There are issues related to interference, energy
management, data management, caching, security and transport protocols. The next section discusses
some of these issues.

Advanced interference management

5G networks are suffered from various types of self interference and co-channel interference. For
instance, in order to enable full duplex communication in dense and heterogeneous 5G network, an
important issue that needs to be addressed is self interference management that arises as the device is
concurrently transmitting and receiving the data on the same channel. The problem is that a device while
transmitting also hears its own signal thus giving rise to unwanted signal. This problem requires novel
techniques for managing the self interference.
To manage interference, interference suppression can be performed. There are two approaches to
interference suppression i.e. passive suppression or active suppression (Gao, Ma, & Zhang, 2015). The
former is based on physical separation between transmitter and receiver. The later is based on interference
cancellation techniques in which the transmitter subtracts the interfering signal from the originally
received signal. In order to perform interference cancellation, two issues must be addressed. First, it is
very difficult to model the interfering signal despite being generated by the same transmitter. The reason
is that the distortion by the analog components of the transmitter is non-linear and there are unknown
noises that become part of the signal (Zhong, Geng, Weng, & Li, 2012). The most significant distortion
that occurs are due to the non-linearity of transmitter power amplifier and I/Q imaging (Anttila, Korpi,
Antonio-Rodr´ıguez, Wichman, & Valkama, 2014).
Another problem that occurs during interference cancellation is that if the input signal is beyond a certain
voltage, the receiver can get saturated. Therefore, any solution for self interference cancellation must be
based on hybrid approach. It must first cancel analog signal to prevent saturation and then rest of the
cancellation is performed in digital mode. An analog interference canceller performs interference
cancellation before it passes through analog to digital converter.
It has been found that an interference management circuit can be a small discrete board circuit to a
multichip module (Zhong, Geng, Weng, & Li, 2012). There have been substantial researchers available
on interference suppression techniques. A novel self interference cancellation was presented by (Anttila,
Korpi, Antonio-Rodr´ıguez, Wichman, & Valkama, 2014) that considers the interference occurring due to
power amplifier and I/Q imaging. The interference was mathematically modeled and digital canceller was
proposed. (Heino, Korpi, & Huusari, 2015) presented an antenna design for interference cancellation
based on resonant wave trap. A pre-calibration based interference cancellation scheme has been proposed
in (Sim et al., 2016).
Full duplex communication theoretically doubles the data rate. A performance evaluation has been
performed in (Balouchzahi, Fathy, & Akbari, 2016). FD communication enables increased spectrum
efficiency, any division duplexing, spectrum virtualization (software controlled duplexing), advanced
relaying and novel interference coordination (Zhong, Geng, Weng, & Li, 2012). The full duplex
communication also provides increased throughput and reduced outage probability but at the cost of
increased complexity (Gao, Ma, & Zhang, 2015).
The densification in 5G network leads to load sharing but at the expense of co-channel interference
specifically at the boundaries of the cell (Gupta & Jha, 2015). As discussed earlier, advanced receiver can
be designed that models the interference and attempts to cancel from the original signal. Another
approach is the joint scheduling. In LTE, various inter-cell interference coordination schemes have been
proposed that can be seen in (Jungnickel et al., 2014).
In cognitive radio ad hoc network, interference might also arise when communication is coordinated
between primary and secondary user (Haider, Gao, You, Yang, & Yuan, 2014). The transmit power of
secondary user must be adjusted to avoid interference. In addition, interference cancellation techniques
can also be used at the primary user end.
Transport Protocol design
As discussed earlier, the use of mmWave communication in 5G can cause variable quality signal. The
mmWave can’t penetrate buildings and obstacles; as a result the signal can disappear for a while. The
performance of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has been analyzed in (M. Zhang et al., 2016) for
mmWave communication. TCP has a very novel feature called congestion control that consider packet
loss to adjust its congestion window. However, this feature was designed considering the fixed network in
which a packet loss only implies the congestion in the network. The TCP adjusts its window size i.e. the
amount of data that could be injected into the network on the next transmission. However, in the
mmWave communication, a packet loss can mean an obstacle in between the line-of-sight communication
or a slight change in the orientation of communicating entities. The network is not congested and can
transfer large volume of data after some time. However, the TCP layer can’t discriminate this
phenomenon from a congestion scenario. The authors also identified that the cold start phase of TCP
could take several seconds before reaching the full throughput offered by the network.
(Zablith et al., 2015) have analyzed the performance of TCP under full duplex scenario. They concluded
that FD communication increases the performance of TCP during the cold start phase since the
simultaneous transmission and reception of data will enable the TCP to reach the maximum window size
faster. However, an important factor to be considered here is the self interference in full duplex condition.
If there is interference present, the performance of TCP doesn’t remain same as for non-interference
scenario.
Several variants of TCP have been proposed. (Petrov & Janevski, 2017) proposed Advanced TCP to solve
the problem that occurs due to congestion control in 5G network. The default version of TCP reduces its
congestion window to half on packet loss and then increases its TCP window size by one for each round
trip. A variant of TCP is TCP-CUBE that increases its congestion window independent of round trip
(Polese, Jana, & Zorzi, 2017b). In 5G network, there are multiple access technologies available and the
mobile terminal can transfer data from multiple paths. This however requires modification in transport
layer protocols. MP-TCP is an extension of TCP that can transparently handle multiple flows while at the
application layer there is only a single socket connection (Polese, Jana, & Zorzi, 2017b). In MP-TCP, the
congestion window of each sub-flow is accumulated and adjusted in a coordinated manner.
Security
Security is going to be of vital importance in future networks. Security is a multi-facet problem and there
are several requirements of security (Horn & Schneider, 2015). At first, the communication among
mobile terminals should be secured from eavesdropping and tempering. The access network, core
network and external IP network must also be secured from attacks. 5G networks will face a lot of
security problems due to the all IP network, multiplicity of the access technologies and heterogeneity of
devices (Mantas, Komninos, Rodriguez, Logota, & Marques, 2015).
The LTE standard has done considerable discussion on requirements for cellular communication (Horn &
Schneider, 2015). The identity of user and device must be protected from disclosure. There must be entity
authentication i.e. between mobile terminal and network. The control information exchanged between
terminal and network must also be secured along with the security of user data. Finally, the security must
be provided as a flexible option and user can choose between network provided security or customized
security options.
As far as the mobile terminal is considered, several security problems are possible due to the huge volume
of data, diversity of operation systems and different connectivity options. The protection of international
mobile subscriber’s identity (IMSI) can be done based on temporary identifiers that are assigned when a
subscriber attaches to the network and are updated frequently. However, a well known attack called IMSI
catching can be performed in this situation where an attacker harvests the IMSI of all terminals in the
vicinity (Horn & Schneider, 2015). Allowing users to download applications of their choice will make the
mobile vulnerable against malware and viruses. Since the future networks will be always connected, they
will be an attractive target for mobile bots.
As far as authentication and key agreement protocols are concerned, there are protocols such as AKA
used in UMTS and LTE. However, advanced protocols should be developed such as those based on
public key cryptography. Various types of DoS attacks are possible such as those by BotNet and jamming
of signals (Horn & Schneider, 2015). Different security attacks on access network can be launched based
on false buffer status reports (Mantas, Komninos, Rodriguez, Logota, & Marques, 2015).
Various types of issues can arise during device-to-device communication (Hou, Wu, Liao, & Wang,
2015). For instance, data can be altered by intermediate relay device. The nodes that can participate in the
d2d communication must also be authenticated. Finally, privacy, non-repudiation and availability must
also be ensured.
Various security solutions for 5G network have been presented in literature. A dynamic location aware
mobile intrusion prevention system is proposed in (Ulltveit-Moe, Oleshchuk, & Køien, 2011). The author
hypothesizes that 5G mobile devices are assumed to be a natural target for threats. The solution proposes
to outsource processor intensive applications to cloud environment. A variant of adaptive frequency
hopping for DoS attack prevention in 5G networks is proposed in (Y. Li, Kaur, & Andersen, 2011).

Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency has been considered as a major requirement for next generation mobile communication
(I et al., 2014). It is anticipated that 5G network will comprises billions of high speed devices connected
via wireless infrastructure. To cope with this huge demand, investments are required in infrastructure
(such as installation of new base stations). This will lead to increased energy consumption, greater carbon
footprint and higher cost. Energy efficient mechanisms are therefore required such that CO2 emissions
can be reduced. Several groups are working on green 5G such as Mobile VCE, EARTH and Green Touch
(I et al., 2014). The European Union has developed a code of conduct to regulate the energy consumption
and CO2 emissions (SABELLA et al., 2014).
Several solutions are available for design of energy efficient techniques for 5G network. The use of
network function virtualization, software defined networks and cloud computing can provide low cost and
energy efficient solution. A cloud-based solution and power consumption model has been proposed in
(SABELLA et al., 2014). The use of HetNet and indoor communication can also significantly save the
energy consumption. Furthermore, by separating the indoor and outdoor communication, macro-base
station can transmit with low power and saving the energy. However, in order to ensure energy efficiency
in HetNet, a coordinated effort is required among various entities of the network. This coordination can
be achieved via a centralized optimization algorithm or alternatively a distributed approach can be used.
In this direction, A framework for cooperative green HetNet has been proposed in (Rose Qingyang Hu &
Yi Qian, 2014b). A novel solution for green communication in 5G network is proposed in (R.Q Hu & Yi
Qian, 2014). The solution aims at optimizing service efficiency, energy efficiency, and quality of service
in heterogeneous wireless networks. The energy consumed by Visible Light Communication (VLC) is far
lesser than RF transmission. Hence, VLC can help a great deal in managing the energy consumption.

Quality of Experience
In 5G networks, quality definition has been radically shifted from technical parameters to perceived
quality by the end user also called Quality of Experience (QoE). It can be defined as the degree of end-
user’s delight or annoyance during the use of a product. Unfortunately, existing networks are not designed
with QoE principles in mind. In fact, the user perceives the feeling of overall performance of the network.
Generally, the QoS parameters considered in conventional systems are delay, jitter and packet loss
(PIERUCCI, 2015). Designing QoE efficient system is therefore an open challenge.

(Liotou, Tsolkas, Passas, & Merakos, 2015) discussed the key ingredients of QoE as three pillars:
system/network pillar, human pillar and context pillar. The network pillar comprises end-to-end factors
such as Quality of Service (QoS), Grade-of-Service (GoS) and Quality of Resilience (QoR). The human
pillar is based on the different factors from psychology, cognitive science, sociology and decision theory.
The context refers to any parameter that affects human judgment. Based on these four pillars, a
framework for QoE for mobile network has been presented by the authors.

The authors in (Liotou et al., 2015) discussed what are the QoE requirements of 5G ecosystem. One of the
key factor is consistency i.e. uninterrupted, seamless and continued service. This can be hampered though
due to channel conditions, cognitive networking and dense networks. Another important requirement is
transparency i.e. various underlying operations such as spectrum coordination and network complexity
should be agnostic to user. Services over 5G should be personalized and tailored for end-user. Finally, the
various QoE measures taken at the core and edge of network (such as probing) should be energy and
resource efficient.

An important problem with QoE is the quantification of factors (III et al., 2014). QoE is generally a
subjective factor and existing methods need the feedback of the user to determine the satisfaction level of
end user. Alternatively, passive probes or network analyzer can be used. The dimensions that really are of
concern for QoE are reliability, coverage and speed (Liotou et al., 2015). The authors in (PIERUCCI,
2015) discussed how various facets of 5G network such as high data rate, network densification, latency,
concurrency and energy management relates to QoE. For instance, the macro cell due to network
densification leads to low QoE as the small cell leads to increased inter-cell interference. The use of
transport protocol will also have key implication on latency as timely delivery of content is an important
factor of QoE (III et al., 2014). For instance, the three-way handshake protocol of TCP will lead to high
latency during the establishment of connection. The authors in (Casas et al., 2016) analyzed the impact of
access bandwidth and latency on QoE based on subjective lab experiments and measurements.

For the mapping of QoS parameters to QoE, multi-layer perception (MLP) has also been considered in
literature. QoE is a multi-faceted issue and require coordinated effort in various directions. A QoE based
spectrum management scheme has been presented in (Lin, Wang, Wang, Ji, & Wan, 2015). Discussion on
spectrum sharing based on QoE has been presented in (III et al., 2014).

For a comprehensive evaluation, a complex QoE function should be considered that consider multiple
parameters such as energy efficiency, security, spectral efficiency and reliability (Haider, Gao, You,
Yang, & Yuan, 2014). These parameters have a trade-off and equilibrium must be established for
assessment.

Data management
According to Olsson (Olsson et al., 2013), by the end of this decade, traffic volume will be increased by
1000 times and the connected devices will be 100 times more. There will be 50 billion things by the end
of this decade including clothes, cars, trains and tractors (Bleicher, 2013). A number of novel connectivity
mediums have also emerged such as blue-tooth, LiFi and infrared communication leading to a shift from
client-server model to P2P model (Perich, Joshi, Finin, & Yesha, 2004). If we model a mobile network as
a graph G(N,E) with a set of nodes and edges, then the volume V of data exchange in a mobile network is
directly proportional to the number of nodes as well as the degree of connectivity among nodes. It can be
anticipated that there will be a huge volume of information exchanged in future generation networks.
However, the research work on data management has not been pursued extensively in literature. A range
of research issues required deliberation in future.

First of all, the cellular infrastructure must be strong enough to deal with this unbridled growth of data
(Harn & Hsu, 2017). There will be spatiotemporal variation in the availability of data and maintaining
contextual information and context-aware service and data discovery will be key issues in 5G networks
(Perich, Joshi, Finin, & Yesha, 2004). Service discovery can be performed in centralized or decentralized
fashion (Ververidis & Polyzos , 2008). The representation of data will also be a very key issue. Not only
the syntax but semantics of data should also be incorporated to resolve heterogeneity issues in next
generation networks. The semantics can be maintained based on various ontologies written in web
ontology language (OWL) and resource description framework (RDF) (Islam, Shaikh, Ali, Shaikh, &
Aqeel-ur-Rehman, 2010). Once the data has been available to node, it should be cached to maintain
resilience and efficiency of data management operation. Finally, there are challenges related to
maintaining security and privacy of data. We conclude the discussion on data management on the note
that novel technologies such as cloud computing, network function virtualization, data mining and
machine learning will have a key role in management of data (Harn & Hsu, 2017).

Caching
In order to meet the explosive demands for data rate, one of the innovative approaches proposed in
literature is caching. (Perabathini, Ba¸stug, Kountouris, Debbah, & Conte, 2015) modeled the distribution
of base stations and mobile devices as a homogeneous Poisson point process and concluded that caching
is an energy efficient solution. (Hou, Wu, Liao, & Wang, 2015) built narrative on caching in 5G network
and discussed caching at evolved packet core (EPC) and caching at radio access network (RAN).
According to (Chen & Sung, 2016), caching in 5G networks can be performed in four ways i.e. local
caching, device-to-device caching, small cell base station caching and macro cell base station caching. If
a content is not available on a device locally, it can request for a peer device for the same content. The
request can then be forwarded to small cell base station and finally to macro-cell base station.

In the past few years, research efforts are concentrated on caching at the edge in 5G networks. (Ba¸stug,
Bennis, & Debbah, 2014) exploited machine learning and social network to propose a novel scheme for
caching in 5G network. Singular value decomposition (SVD) was used to measure the popularity of
contents in the network. Using social network analysis, caches are maintained at the influential users on
the network and requests are directed towards the influential user if they contain a requested file. A
multicast aware caching scheme has been proposed in (Poularakis, Iosifidis, Sourlas, & Tassiulas, 2014).
In this scheme, realizing the broadcast nature of wireless network, requests for the same file by multiple
users are served with a single broadcast. (Tran, Hajisami, & Pompili, 2017) proposed a cooperative
caching scheme in which cache is maintained jointly in cloud on BBU and RRH thus improving the
latency.

Another research direction is the use of big-data for caching. (Zeydan et al., 2016) proposed a big data
architecture for estimating the popularity of contents and then caching at the base station. (Ba¸stug et al.,
2016) also proposed a big data scheme in which file contents are estimated via traces of a Turkish telecom
operator and then proactive caching was performed.
An important problem in the 5G network is to consider the mobility of node while performing caching. In
this direction, (Chen & Sung, 2016) has proposed a mobility aware caching scheme. Another important
issue is to exploit the context information while performing caching. (Islam, 2017) proposed a context-
aware caching scheme based on the recommendation in which the popularity matrix is expanded to be a
function of context along with the data item and user. (Chang, Gu, Han, Chen, & Ristaniemi, 2016)
proposed the context-aware caching problem as a distributed college admission stable matching problem
to reduce the service latency.

Simulators, test-beds and analytical models

As discussed, there has been a substantial amount of research going on 5G network. However, it is not
always possible to test the various algorithms and protocols in real environment. Therefore, simulators
and test-beds are often developed. (Hou, Wu, Liao, & Wang, 2015) discussed the challenges associated
with development of a simulator for 5G network. For instance, development of a 5G simulator is quite
complex due to the diverse network scenarios. At-least, the network densification, mobility of nodes, high
rise buildings and device-to-device communication must be considered. As discussed earlier, novel
metrics should be developed to evaluate the performance of 5G network. Finally, more precise
propagation models are required.
In order to analyze various high level protocols of 5G network, an ns-3 based simulator for mmWave
communication has been developed in (Mezzavilla, Dutta, Zhang, Akdeniz, & Rangan). Another
mmWave channel simulator has been developed in (Sun, Jr., & Rappaport, 2017). An LTEL link level
simulation has been performed in (Kitanov, 2011). The simulator can carry out various scenarios such as
multi-user simulations for single and multiple cells. OpenAirInterface is a flexible platform developed for
5G simulation (Nikaein et al., 2014). Erricson also developed testbeds for massive MIMO (Ververidis &
Polyzos , 2008).
In addition to simulators and test-beds, channel models are also required for various scenarios such as to
model massive MIMO and high mobility channels (Haider, Gao, You, Yang, & Yuan, 2014). These
models should consider characteristics such as spherical wave-front. The high mobility scenarios are also
quite different from stationary conditions and signals are more prone to multi-path effects and fading.
CONCLUSION
The next generation of mobile communication which is anticipated by 2020 is going to provide very high
data rate, high capacity, low latency, low cost, low energy consumption and dynamic access to
information. The current mobile communication systems are not sufficient to meet the demands of next
generation. Hence, various standards and enabling technologies are currently evolving to meet 5G
demands. To completely realize 5G networks, various low level and high level issues requires attention.
For instance, 5G dense network and full duplexing requires advanced interference management. The
mmWave communication is hindered by obstacles and they have high proposition loss. They are also
effected the mobility and mis-alignment of communicating parties. Various innovative paradigms such as
visible light communication and cognitive radio networks can be used for meeting 5G requirements.
However, they present issues such as spectrum management, routing, restricted mobility and security.
There has been research efforts already put in on the various low level issues of 5G network. However,
there is scarcity on higher level research issues of 5G network. The last section of this paper deliberates
on these higher level issues. For instance, the transport protocol of 5G network requires great deal of
research as they are effected by packet loss that are not primarily due to the congestion in the network.
Security in 5G network also requires great deal of attention. Various types of security problems that might
arise in 5G network are discussed in this paper. Issues such as energy management, quality, data
management and caching also need deliberation and are discussed at length in this paper. Finally, various
research efforts are required on the design of simulators, testbeds and analytical models for 5G network.
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ADDITIONAL READING SECTION

A. Gupta and R. K. Jha, "A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies," IEEE
Access, vol. 3, pp. 1206 - 1232, 2015.
R. N. Mitra and D. [Link], "5G mobile technology: A survey," ICT Express, vol. 1, pp. 132-137,
2015.
J. G. Andrews, S. Buzzi, W. Choi, S. Hanly, A. Lozano, Anthony C.K. Soong, and J. C. Zhang, "What
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F. Boccardi, R. W. H. Jr., A. Lozano, T. L. Marzetta, and P. Popovski, "Five Disruptive Technology
Directions for 5G," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, pp. 74 - 80, 2014.
Z. Bojkovic, B. Bakmaz, and M. Bakmaz, "Recent Trends in Emerging Technologies toward 5G
Networks " Advances in Circuits, Systems, Signal Processing and Telecommunications, pp. 137-143,
2015.
P. Pirinen, "A Brief Overview of 5G Research Activities," presented at 1st International Conference on
5G for Ubiquitous Connectivity (5GU), Akaslompolo, Finland, 2014.
P. Demestichas, A. Georgakopoulos, D. Karvounas, K. Tsagkaris, V. Stavroulaki, J. Lu, C. Xiong, and J.
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L. B. Le, V. Lau, E. Jorswieck, N.-D. Dao, A. Haghighat, D. I. Kim, and T. Le-Ngoc, "Enabling 5G
mobile wireless technologies," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2015.
M. N. Tehrani, M. Uysal, and H. Yanikomeroglu, "Device-to-Device Communication in 5G Cellular
Networks: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, pp.
86 - 92, 2014.
M. Fiorani, B. Skubic, J. Mårtensson, L. Valcarenghi, P. Castoldi, L. Wosinska, and P. Monti, "On the
design of 5G transport networks," Photonic Communication, vol. 30, pp. 403-415, 2015.
G. Horn and P. Schneider, "Towards 5G Security," presented at 14th IEEE International Conference on
Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, Helsinki, Finland, 2015.

KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

Cognitive radio network: A network in which nodes are equipped with cognitive radios that can switch
communication to unlicensed available spectrum in the vicinity
MIMO: A communication paradigm in which senders and receivers are equipped with multiple antenna
elements that can communicate with multiple nodes
mmWave: Communication in the frequency range of 30 Ghz - 300 GHz
 Software defined networking: To enable the control and management of network using software via
centralized control
Cloud computing: A model that enables a set of computing resources to be dynamically provisioned on
demand over the internet
Nano technology: Technology that deals with any thing in the order of 100 nm such as atoms and
molecules
LiFi: A paradigm in which communication is done using visible light such as LEDs
Full duplexing: The nodes can simultaneously transmit and receive on the same channel
HetNet: A network that comprises cells of different sizes such as small cells and macro cells

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