COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE

IN GUADALUPE,
CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice
University of Cebu
Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

JASPER RUDILLAS

JUVIL JASON S. MANILAG

NINO REYMOND CARTESIANO

May 2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE IN

BARANGAY OF GUADALUPE” prepared by Juvil Jason S. Manilag, Jasper A.
Rudillas and Niño Reymond Cartesiano in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree Bachelor of Science in Criminology has been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Examinations.

PANEL EXAMINERS
Approved by the committee on Proposal Hearing with a grade of .

[Link] ALBOFERA, Ph.D. Crim

Research Adviser

Mr. MARCIAL CHIU, MA Dr. JOHN KEVIN BANGAYSISO, PhD

Crim
Member Member

ATTY ,DODELON F. SABIJON, Ph.D. Crim, Ph.D. HRM, DPA

Chairman

Date of Proposal Hearing: May 27, 2024

ATTY ,DODELON F. SABIJON, Ph.D. Crim, Ph.D. HRM, DPA

Dean, College of Criminal Justice
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers sincerely express their gratitude in making this research well and

good. Giving their time and effort to organize this study. Collaborating and

exchanging of information with expertise to establish this study.

The Almighty God first and foremost, for the guidance and strength He bestows

on them as they accomplish this study.

To Atty. Dodelon F. Sabijon, The dean of Bachelor of Science in Criminology at

the University of Cebu (Main Campus) Sanciangko Street Cebu City. Providing

the best facilities in making this study. Preparing the researchers for their future

endeavors.

To Dr. Anthony Albofera, The professor of the researchers. Acknowledging his

expertise and experiences in making research study. Sharing his knowledge to

guide researchers on the proper management and direction of this study.

To their families, for providing the needs of researchers in terms of financial

support, foods, shelter, and most importantly guidance. Moral support of

researchers, inspiring the researchers to go through with the hardships of

education.

To their friends, who have been there to keep them determined throughout the

entire process, for cheering them every time they felt enervated as well as in lifting

them when they were close to losing hope in finishing and submitting their

research.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Parts Page
Title Page

Acknowlegdement

Abstract

Table of Contents

Chapter

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Theoretical Background

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Research Environment

Research Informants

Research Instruments

Research Procedures
 Gathering Data

Analysis and Interpretation

Ethical Consideration

Trustworthiness of the Research

DEFINITION OF TERMS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

A- Transmittal Letter

B- Interview Guide

C- Informed Consent Form

D- Location Map

CURRICULUM VITAE

CHAPTER 1;
 PROBLEMS AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale

The perception of the public about image of the police varies from country

to country. Positive views of the police by citizens can lead to a positive

relationship with the police, which can improve the effectiveness of the police

(Brown & Benedict, 2002). The negative views can however, lead to resentment,

which can impede the ability of the police to be effective formal agents of law and

order (Goldsmith, 2005). It is therefore important to explore and understand views

about policing (Nalla & Madan, 2012).

It is argued that general public in US have shown satisfaction with and

confidence in the police force (Frank et al. 1996; Nofziger & Williams, 2005);

however, the majority of the Nigerian college students report that the police are too

quick to act, are impolite to citizens, are corrupt, and use excessive force (Alemika,

1988). A majority of surveyed Mexican college students view the police as being

ineffective in controlling crime and treat citizens unfairly (Brown et al. 2006). In

another survey of residents of St. Petersburg (Russia) it is reported that the police

stop people without a good cause (Davis et al. 2003).

 There have been a series of studies based on the World Values Survey to

examine the confidence in police by general public in various countries. It has been

found that respondents from U.S.A. generally show greater confidence in the

police than their Japanese counterparts (Cao & Stack, 2005). The respondents from

Germany are less confident in the police than the respondents from the U.S.A

(Cao, 2001). Similarly Chinese respondents show lower level of confidence in their

police (Cao & Hou, 2001). Additionally, citizens from different Latin American

countries like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Dominican Republic, Mexico,

Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela don‟t have confidence in police (Cao & Zhao,

2005).

In the Philippines, police personnel were held to be corrupt, survey shows

that public perception on their public officials and civil servants were affected by

corruption respectively the same views on the political parties (Romero, 2013). In

Davao City, during the 111th Founding Anniversary of the Police National Police

(PNP) at the Camp Catitipan, Davao City. Here, Rep. Carmen Zamora-Apsay of

the 1st District of Compostela Valley, said that public perception is severe on law

enforcers. That the police are placed in a position wherein they are going to

observe a balance between enforcing the law and respecting the right of an

offender. Rep. Apsay added that many still 2 remains honest and devoted as a

public servants and they don’t deserve negative insights. When in fact, with
negative insights the police should rise on those challenges that they face

(Dalumpines, 2012).

The law enforcement is one of the pillars of the criminal justice system

which focuses on enforcing the law, and the perceptions on criminological

understanding according to its functions describes that without this pillar the

justice systems could not work or attain its main objective. The Philippine National

Police or PNP, primarily recognize the demographical, characteristics and moral

activeness of each police officer. The police personnel need to be adequate on their

jobs because it is part of the government support for the community. The police

authorities are perceived as legitimate when trusted by citizens. As a result, these

citizens are more likely to obey the law and coordinate with the authorities. When

police officers can provide the basic safety and security of the citizens, trust for the

police is established (Goldsmith, 2003).

According to Philatlas (2020), Guadalupe is a barangay in Cebu City. Its

population as determined by the 2020 Census was 70,039. This represented 7.26%

of the total population of Cebu City. The population of Guadalupe grew from

40,696 in 1990 to 70,039 in 2020, an increase of 29,343 people over the course of

30 years. The latest census figures in 2020 denote a positive growth rate of 2.87%,

or an increase of 8,801 people, from the previous population of 61,238 in 2015.

 In recent times people have started questioning whether or not these

challenges are being addressed adequately by law enforcement agencies such as

police forces operating within Guadalupe itself. This is so because reports have

emerged about alleged misconduct on behalf of some officers working for that

particular force including corruption allegations plus claims relating to excessive

use-of-force incidents occurring during arrests made by them in different parts of

this district; all these factors have contributed towards damaging public trust and

confidence face to face policing locally. However some members among local

communities may still regard them highly either viewing those same individuals as

champions who maintain peace while others perceive such representatives solely

through their role enforcers laws thereby showing how wide-ranging opinions can

be found across any given community unit like ours.

We criminology researchers aim to enhance community understanding of the

police in Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City, by identifying cultural norms, media

representations, and personal experiences. The project aims to eliminate

misunderstandings, foster trust, and improve communication between residents and

law enforcement.

As aspiring criminologists, we aim to explore the public image of the police

in Guadalupe, Cebu City, focusing on collaboration between residents and officers,

enhancing their liability and performance, and promoting strong police-community

communication.

Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on Legitimacy Theory of Law by Deegan(2002) and

supported by Theory of Police Service by Max Weber(1920) along with the

Functional Attitude Theory by Daniel Katz(1960).

According to Legitimacy Theory also derived from political economy, the

central maxim of legitimacy theory is that the reporting entity must appear to

consider the rights of the public in addition to those of its investors (Deegan and

Rankin, 1997).

Legitimacy theory posits that ‘organizations continually seek to ensure that

they operate within the bounds and norms of their respective societies’ (Guthrie et

al., 2004). Society then permits an entity to continue in existence so long as it

continues to meet its societal obligations. Legitimacy theory is built on the premise

that ‘organizations are not considered to have any right to resources, or in fact, to

exist’ (Deegan, 2000 and 2002).

The Legitimacy Theory states that the organization has the mandate to state

its activities to the stakeholders, more specifically to the public and state the

benefits the society will get from it (Wilmshurst & Frost, 2000). A state that is
there when an organization’s value system is in line with the value system of the

society that the organization exists (Lindblom, 1993). Legitimacy is a perception

that the acts of the organization are acceptable in the constructed system of

behaviour in the society that it exists in (Suchman, 1995).

According to Terpstra (2011) Weber's viewpoint focuses on the police's

ability to employ force, emphasizing the moral quandaries that come with this

power. The disparities between a description of the police in terms of force and the

concept of 'good policing' as the limitation of violence indicate that this viewpoint

overlooks critical components.

They develop, evaluate, and obtain consensus evaluation of equipment for

police use; provide a scientific support unit to aid forces in serious operations

situations; provide a tape laboratory service; and collaborate with the forensic

science service in fingerprint research, which provides them with a broad

knowledge of the latest developments in police-related technology, organizational

methods, and the workings of various police forces, as well as the Home Office

itself (Office of Justice Programs, n.d.)

The theory of procedural justice developed, tested, and applied by Tom

Tyler and his colleagues has been eagerly embraced by politicians and policy

makers as a guide for improving police–community relations in the United States.

Procedural justice theory is the foundation of a much-discussed police training

program in Chicago (Skogan et al. 2015).

According to Daniel Katz’s theory (1960), attitudes serve a knowledge

function by organizing and categorizing information in our cognitive system.

Attitudes act as schemas or mental structures that help us make sense of the world

around us. They provide a framework for organizing our thoughts, beliefs, and

perceptions, facilitating the processing and storage of information.

The functional theory of attitudes (Katz, 1960) proposes that if persuasive

messages target the reason why the audience possesses an attitude on that subject

(the attitude’s function) such messages will be more persuasive than if they target a

different function.

Functional attitude theory proposes that many attitudes go beyond simple

hedonic motivations. Katz (1960) argued that to build strong attitude theory, a firm

understanding of what attitudes are is required. For example dual-process models

of persuasion had initially conceptualized involvement as based on positive or

negative outcomes but Levin, Nichols, and Johnson (2000) found that there are

other types of involvement that overlap with some of the attitude functions. These

alternate types of involvement consistently produce different persuasion processes

that dual-process models cannot account for. If attitude theory can progress,
effectiveness of functional attitude theory as an explanatory mechanism needs to

be established.

Review of Related Literature

In this portion, the related literatures are presented whose sources came from

newspapers, journals, internet, and books.

Individual communications comprise a most grounded effect on

discernments. Assessments of the general population are being shaped in view of

the police react and collaboration to people in general or the encounters that they

hear on their family and trusted companions. Individuals' discernment worries on

how the police treated them. (Henderson, 2014).

Policing will be done through a process on how the police do their work.

Gallagher, et al., (2001) stated that, it will be immeasurable to study the aspects of

police processes, but the public focuses on that term called service. Service on the

system of policing that is referred to their attentiveness, reliability, responsiveness,

competence, manners, fairness and integrity.

Ali (2016) specified that since police is the only security agency that

constantly remains perceptible as an administrative part of government to inhibit

the crime from society, public insight about police work has to develop through

people’s own involvement and thought of maintaining police obligation to develop

law and order situation of the nation.

 On the past years, the buoyancy of public in policing received much

consideration. A study of Jackson, et al., (2006) discovers that reliance and

assurance on the police are being shaped through an assessment of morals and

values that toughen the life of the public not by the ideas about menace and

criminality. In addition to yield public confidence, the police should first to

embody the group morals and values that must be appreciated by the public second

the public must be canned with dignity and fairness.

The media portrayal of policing is equated with both positive and negative

representations. Consequently, a confounding relationship occurs between media

consumption and open temperaments towards the police. Dowler et al., (2007)

plans to test the effect that media consumption had on states of mind toward police

wrongdoing and segregation. Their discoveries uncovered that substantial buyers

of system news will probably trust that police offense was a continuous occasion.

This was particularly valid for minority respondents. So also, minority respondents

that every now and again saw system news will probably trust that Whites got

better treatment by the police. At long last, the discoveries uncovered that

incessant viewers of police dramatizations trusted that the rich got special

treatment from the police. On the other hand, continuous viewers of wrongdoing

understanding shows trusted that the rich did not get particular treatment.
 It has been urged with justification that public confidence in the police

emanates from two main sources (Freiburg, 2001). These sources are instrumental

and expressive sources. According to the instrumental theoretical perspective,

people’s judgement of police effectiveness hinges on the ability of the police to

fight crime, reduce fear of crime and improve safety and security in a

neighbourhood or society (Jackson & Bradford, 2009; Jackson & Sunshine, 2007;

Sun, Hu, Wong, He, & Li, 2013).

This perspective is also shared by Skogan (2009) although he refers to it as

the accountability model. In explicating this model, Skogan contends that opinion

about police performance bothers on issues relating to crime rates, risk of

victimization and fear of crime within a neighbourhood. Meanwhile, Jackson and

Bradford (2009) argue that, while there could be a linkage between concerns about

crime, fear of crime and confidence in the police, fear of crime could be a causal

factor of confidence in the police even when holding crime rates

[Link] that feeling of insecurity is an important issue when it comes

to public assessment of police performance

According to the study of Williams et al., (2003) Overall population view of

the police are to a great extent influenced by involvement with officers. They bring

up that understudies, as well, impart fair with earlier contact to police however

contrast concerning future activity after starting contact. In particular, undergrads

are not just more prone to see cops as immoral and incompetent, additionally able

to report such conduct and in that hold a negative view. Besides, they are likewise

more inclined to propose that cops display unprofessional conduct amid contact

with understudies. Subsequently, they hold less trust in the police and are most

drastically averse to trust officers. These discoveries additionally remain constant

while assessing the understudy view of grounds police.

According to Florendo (2011) the public has developed such high

expectation to all the police serving and protecting them from incident that those

expectations are more than the reality to something that could be described as faith.

She also added, that the public came to believe in the police to do all things and

when that disillusionment set, the public lost faith in the police. Police force shall

be worthy of the public high trust by doing his duty and leaving undone through

carelessness and the police officers shall make himself available and be willing to

serve everyone and any time. Police shall avoid by any occasion to humiliate,

embarrass, annoy or inconvenience everyone.

Police has been retold to be more extra wary (Bajenting, 2017) listed in his

editorial that police officers who are replying to anxieties in distant areas should be

security cognizant. Just because you are assigned in the city, that doesn’t mean you

should let your sentry down. They may be uprising free but they have to be on
alert. Policemen were reminded to tale extra cautious in resounding out their duties

and responsibilities.

In Nigeria, public perception of the police has become slanted which is the

result of the mishandling of supremacies vested in them. Conferring to Olusegun

(2014) this misapplication of powers generates undesirable police image and the

police-public relations is expressed in police corruption and brutality which it

becomes their consistent mark. In order to change this negative image, the police

must be reoriented on the way to satisfactory care and reverence of human dignity,

fundamental rights of the citizen and privileges. The police must work tougher as

expected by the people to mend 7 their ruined image which perceives by the public

as disappointing, arrogant, brutal, corrupt and destructive force.

Under Republic Act 8551, otherwise known as the Philippine National

Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, the PNP was envisioned to be a

community and service-oriented agency responsible for the maintenance of peace

and order and public safety.

According to Jacob (2011), the Philippine National Police (PNP) is

continuing efforts to improve delivery of basic police services through a more

effective crime prevention program anchored upon police community

relationships, hence, will more likely to reveal how responsive the two-way

communication between the police and the community could be firmly established
with the end on view of attaining better peace and order situation in communities

and several programs had been implemented by the PNP wherein the enhancement

of police community partnership is the one major concern emphasized to bring

closer to the community. St. Thomas Aquinas stated that, ―Peace is the work of

justice indirectly, in so far as justice removes the obstacles to peace, but it is work

of charity, according to its very notion, cause peace‖ (Saint Quotes of Peace, n.d.).

Articles, literature and reading materials about police, police organizations and law

enforcement and the Philippine National Police itself, their works, functions and

responsibilities are numerous. They are useful in illustrating the police's main

functions and strategies they undergo to enhance its system and procedures.

Several aspects of the police force are dealt with and will shed relevance to

the problem at hand. Police Administration has been as the management of police

organization, which is all about the work of the police officer or the utilization of

talents to coordinate an effort and manage resources for the achievement of police

organizational goals. Considering that a police organization as the primary

responsibilities of the police administrators making it as the primary

responsibilities in applying their individual initiative and skills necessary for the

performance of the actual police roles and responsibilities (Breva Jr., n.d).
 From the establishment of the PNP, police work has become a high profile,

professional, round-clock public service. Its major mandate of peace and order is a

basic requirement for the Philippine’s sustainable development. As stated in

Section 4, Article 2 of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

provides that, the prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people.

The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property,

and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the

people of the blessing of demography.

The Philippine National Police was created under Republic Act (RA) 6975

in December 13, 1990. It was formally activated on January 29, 1991 coinciding

with the casing of colors or official deactivation of the Philippine Constabulary

(PC) and Integrated National Police (NP), its forerunner organizations. The

country's national leaders sought to further improve police service and institute true

reforms, modernization and reorganization of the PNP with the passage of RA

8551, which provided for the rationalized distribution of manpower to maximize

personnel deployment in the street and communities. To support this strategic

formula, the law provided for complementing benefits to raise the quality of life of

every policeman and policewoman.

.
 The Moral Recovery Program aims to encourage public servants to

internalize their values with God as the center and maintain honesty, integrity in

the public service, take positive measures against graft and corruption and

strengthen the moral resources of the Filipino people rooted in the Filipino culture,

values, and ideals that are Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Maka-Bayan and Maka-

Kalikasan.

Crime reduction is a task that the Philippine National Police (PNP) should

execute no matter what circumstance. Police-Public relations should be just a

determinant of how efficiently they perform their duties to serve the public. A

study shows that the level of safety or fear of crime determined the public’s

perception towards the police. Though there are studies that provide evidence that

the level of safety or fear of crime do not affect the relationship with the police

force.

Research shows that public perceptions of police often are linked to the

neighbor- hood context in which people reside (Dunham Alpert 1988, Reisig and

Giacomazzi 1998; Reisig and Packs 2000; Sampson and Bartusch 1998).

Neighborhoods characterized by high levels of con centrated disadvantage are less

satisfied with the police independent of individual differences (Reisig and Parks

2000, Sampson and Bartusch 1998). For example, Sampson and Bartusch found

that in Chicago, neighborhood social and economic characteristics explained away

the racial differences that exist in the public image held by whites and black

residents,

Moreover, Weitzer (1999) found that respondents from a poor, black

neighborhood. felt that they were treated less fairly by the police compared to

residents of ofaffliate neighborhoods and residents of a middle-class, black

neighborhood.

The differences according to neighborhood context may be attributable to

actual differential treatment, perceptions of control over the police bureaucracy, or

entrenched norms that develop in different areas as others have speculated

(Weitzer 1999, Sampson and Burtasch 1998).

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to delve into the community views on police public image

in Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City, Philippines.

Specifically, It seeks answers to the following questions:

1.)What are the positive views of the informants on the police public

image?

2.)What are the negative views of the informants on the police public

image?
 3.)How do the informants describe the impact of the police public

image on the PNP relation to the community?

Significance of the Study

This Study is beneficial to the following entities:

Community. This will help the community residents to better

understand and to have a positive interaction towards the police

officer, these also could benefit to the community to have a

collaboration between the police and the community that are on the

same team.

Philippine National Police (PNP). This will help the police

officers to broaden their horizons and acquire relevant information

regarding the community views of police public image, public

perceptions, and raising their morale in order to gain positive impacts

to the community.

National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM). This study will

help the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) programs to

emphasize professionalism within the police force and focusing on

improving police conduct to address about the negative public

perceptions in the community.

 Local Government Unit (LGU). This study will help the

Local Government Unit(LGU) to allocate resources to the police

within the jurisdiction and ensuring accountability of the police public

image.

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).

This study will contribute to assessing the public image of the police

and the communities view in the city, the effectiveness of varied

employing strategies, identifying areas or sector of the police that

needs improvement to the communities’ perception, and other

enforcement outcomes.

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).

This study will contribute to assessing the public image of the police

and the communities view in the city, the effectiveness of varied

employing strategies, identifying areas or sector of the police that

needs improvement to the communities’ perception, and other

enforcement outcomes.

Non-Government Organization (NGO). This could use the

results of this study to understand the community views in a certain

places towards the Philippine National Police(PNP) as a police public

image.
 The Researchers. This study will serve as a reliable basis for

other researchers in conducting related studies or further studies and

provide knowledge to the researchers.

Future Researcher. This study would help them as a future

reference in their research work relative to the community views of

police public image of the re-takers. It could give them and serve as a

guidance and knowledge on the previous perceptions of the

community’s towards the police officers.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research uses the qualitative research study strategy particularly the

phenomenological technique. This research study strategy concentrates on the

location's presumptions concerning the general public understanding of the police

in Guadalupe, Cebu City. The research will certainly concentrate on recognizing

regional locals' lived experiences, viewpoints along with perspectives concerning

police officers. Balancing was selected since it allows for a thorough examination

of private experiences and also point of views on the problem with the objective of

determining the hidden factors producing the authorities's public image. Using this

method, researchers may be able to identify their experienced remarkable

occurrences, which may then be used as event details for phenomenological

inquiries. The individuals in this research will certainly be residents of Guadalupe,

Cebu City on their various ages, occupations and backgrounds. We hope to obtain

an understanding of the mutilple aspects that influence community’s

understandings of the police public image by collecting a varied series of

viewpoints.

Research Environment

Our study would be conducted in Guadalupe, Cebu City, Philippines. Just 4

kilometers from the city center. It is known for its historic attractiveness, cultural

diversity, and close-knit community. This area, also known for its prominent

religious structures, merges history with the growing speed of contemporary life,

making it a unique and desirable location to live. Guadalupe’s location provides

excellent connection, with the Port of Cebu only 7 kilometers away and the Mactan

Cebu International Airport only 15 kilometers away. It is situated. Cebu, officially

the City of Cebu, a 1 st class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of

the Philippines. It is the regional center and primate city of Central Visayas and

seat of government of the province of Cebu, but governed independently. Cebu is

bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao, on the west

by the city of Toledo, on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the

towns of Liloan, Consolacion and Compostela and on the south by the city of
Talisay. Located at the center of the eastern seaboard of Cebu Island, it is the core

city of Metro Cebu, the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines. Metro

Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015, making it the second-most

populous metropolitan area of the nation, after Metro Manila in Luzon. The city

comprises 80 barangays. These are grouped into two congressional districts, with

46 barangays in the northern district and 34 in the southern district.

Research Informants

The informants of this study are 10 individuals, 10 In-depth Interview (IDI).

4 business owners, 3 professionals, and 3 ordinary residents participated in the In-

depth Interview and had lived in Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City, for at least 7

years. Individuals with positive and negative views regarding the police's public

image.

Research Instrument

The researchers collected data through the use of an interview guide. We

also employ a voice recorder and field notes to accurately collect answers and data.

Qualitative interviews allow informants to discuss their personal experiences,

which is valuable for acquiring information and comprehending social phenomena.

The interview guide includes of questions based on community opinions on the

public image of police. The interview guide explains how to conduct the interview

and what questions should be asked.

Research Procedure

The researchers formally submit a transmittal letter to the Dean of the

College of Criminal Justice Department at the University of Cebu Main Campus.

Following the approval of the dean and our research adviser, the Dean of the

College of Criminal Justice makes a direct request for permission to conduct the

study. Once the authorized letter is received, the researchers will distribute it to the

participants so that the interview may be conducted. Following an explanation of

the study's goal and potential applications, the researchers will ask respondents to

sign the permission form. The researchers will employ a speech recorder to

efficiently collect and store information. The researchers were then interviewed.

Data Collection. Prior to the interview, the researchers have written

a transmittal letter duly signed and approved by the Dean of the

Criminology Department addressed to specific places for us to conduct the

interviews to the informants. The data gathered through interview and with

the aide of field notes and voice recorder. Through the data gathering

process, the participants are being asked to answer the questions provided

by the researchers truthfully and completely and given the letter signed by

the Dean of the Criminology Department to conduct the interview and

informed consent form stating that the participant was informed of the

study. The primary method used in this study is semi-structured interviews,

which allow the researchers to prepare interview questions ahead of time

while also having a two-way conversation with the participants to obtain

sufficient and in-depth information about their experiences and

perspectives. Data collection is the methodical gathering of information

from a variety of sources. This study will employ a semi- structured

interview style with participants who are community members in

Guadalupe, Cebu City, and are considered to be among those who have

perceptions on the police public image in Barangay Guadalupe. This

strategy will also incorporate the researchers' observations while

interviewingparticipants in the region of data collection for the study.

Data Analysis: Thematic content analysis is utilized to analyze and

cluster interview answers in common themes for interpretation. In this

research, recorded responses to interviews are analyzed deductively to

obtain discrete, key themes that are relevant and specific to individual

categories. This inspection and analysis of the content being provided

through the interview will reveal messages within the content itself.

Thematic code analysis is used to inspect themes which emerge during

analysis for the purpose of gauging the frequency of themes and similarities

between users in use of themes.

 The following steps were used in analyzing:

Transcription, the first step is to transcribe the data from the tape into

a paper. The purpose is to clean and edit the manuscripts by eliminating

typographical errors and contradictions; checking and editing the next step

is check and edit transcripts, prepare data for further analysis; analysis and

interpretation categories were developed, coding and data reduction was

completed, and trends in the data were identified. During this process, the

researchers take all collected data, including field notes and interview

transcripts, and begin to form a clear understanding of the information. The

researcher will then code the data, conducting content analysis by looking

for specific words from which themes can be identified. Generalization the

findings of individual interviews are generalized and differences and

similarities identified, allowing for the development of typologies.

Verification during this step the researchers embark on a process of

checking the validity of interpretations by going through the transcripts

again. This allows the researcher to verify or modify hypotheses.

Ethical Consideration. Ethical considerations in research are a set of

principles that guide your research designs and practices. These principles

include voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity,

confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication. Any

information that is obtained in connection with this study and that can be

identified with you will remain confidential and will be disclosed only with

your permission or as required by law. Confidentiality will be maintained

by employing the use of pseudonyms to hide your identity and coding will

be used to analyze the interview transcripts which will undergo thematic

analysis. The digitally recorded audio and video files will be securely stored

in the computer of the researchers.

Ethical standards preclude the fabrication or falsification of data.

Therefore, foster the quest of knowledge and truth, which is the major

purpose of study. Collaboration requires ethical behavior. Work because it

fosters an environment of trust, responsibility, and mutual regard among

researcher. This is particularly crucial when discuss concerns connected to

data sharing, co-authorship, and copyright. Guidelines, secrecy, and a

variety of other concerns. Researchers must conform to ethical standards so

that the public may support and believe in the research. The public wants to

be convinced that researchers followed the acceptable criteria for topics

such as human rights and animal welfare. Compliance with the law, conflict

of interest, safety, health standards, etc. on. The management of ethical

dilemmas has a significant influence on the integrity of research project and

can influence whether or not the study is funded. Because ethical issues are
so crucial in research, several professional societies and agencies have

established codes and rules to assist researchers.

Trustworthiness of Research. The fundamental goal of objective

research is to dive into the experiences and gather insights from the

informants' information offered throughout the course of the study. The

study's validity and credibility are demonstrated by convincing

professionals of the authenticity and dependability of the data collection

process, as well as by displaying and analyzing the data. To obtain deeper

insights from informants, the queries employed in the data collection

procedure are analyzed to assure and guarantee that they are valid and

relevant to the overall study. In addition, three analysts direct the data

collection process, recording and taking necessary notes to document the

data acquired. The findings of this inquiry will be used to accomplish a

higher level of objectives and to offer evidence of its quality, demonstrating

that the specialist comprehended the validity and worth of the full

examination.

Determination guarantees that investigative revelations are constant

and may be repeated. This awareness is determined by the standard under

which the examination is coordinated and shown. Every system in the test
should be depicted in full so that an external master may review the demand

and get comparable outcomes.

Accountability guarantees that the study's research findings are

plausible and suitable in light of the participants' perspectives and reactions.

To demonstrate their credibility, the researchers aim to employ applicable

qualitative methodologies, data sources, and observers to ensure the

consistency of the findings. The research is considered reliable since it

verifies interpretations with participants and provides clear accounts of

events, including techniques of observation.

Comparability resemblance tends to how the examination disclosures

are maintained by the data accumulated. This is a system to set up whether

the investigator has been uneven in the midst of the examination; this is a

result of the supposition that abstract research allows the investigation

whether this is the circumstance by thinking this data accumulated in the

midst of the principal ask.

Transferability refers to the extent to which the examination may be

applied to another unique situation; this section is characterized by research

participants. The pursuers take note of the specific nuances of the

investigation scenario and approaches and compare them to a comparable

situation that they are familiar with. If the points of interest were equal, the
first study would be considered more legitimate. It is critical that the first

specialist provide an excellent point-by-point description of their situation

and proceed.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined to give further clarifications and

understanding:

Positive views of the informants on the police public image. This

refers to the positive views of the informants on the police officers public

image with regards to their work performance or duty towards the

community and individuals that who provides information or perceptions,

often hold positives due to protection and safety, justice and accountability,

professionalism and dedication, and community engagement.

Negative views of the informants on the police public image. This

refers to the negative views of the informants on the police public image.

This refers to the negative perceptions of the communities towards the police

officers that they have observed based on their performance.

Impact of the police public image on the PNP relation to the

community. This refers to the impact of the police public image on the
Philippine National Police (PNP) relation to the community with regards to

the impacts on the relationship between the Philippine National Police

(PNP) and the community. Having an impact to the community can

strengthen bonds like trust, cooperation of the community, effective policing

strategies and building a relationships.

 REFERENCES

BOOKS/JOURNAL
Makabira, D. K., &Waiganjo, E. (2014). Role of procurement practices on
the performance of corporate organizations in Kenya: A Case Study
of Kenya National Police Service. International Journal of Academic
Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(10), 369.
Martinez, V. V. (2019). Delivery of the services of the philippine national
police: A community based assessment. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 8(2), 278-
290.
Verma, M., &Buttola, S. (2019). Public image and its impact on the job
satisfaction of the Police Officials. International Journal of Reviews
and Research in Social Sciences, 7(4), 723-728.
Carpenter, C. J. (2012). A meta-analysis of the functional matching effect
based on functional attitude theory. Southern Communication
Journal, 77(5), 438-451.
Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public a
Opinion Quarterly, 24,163–204.
Terpstra, J. (2011). Two theories on the police–The relevance of Max Weber
and Emile Durkheim to the study of the police. International journal
of law, crime and justice, 39(1), 1-11.
Frimpong, L. K., Oteng-Ababio, M., Owusu, G., & Wrigley-Asante, C.
(2019). Public confidence in the police: Tests of instrumental and
expressive models in a developing country city. Police Practice and
Research, 20(2), 139-155.
ARTICLES
Samkin, G., & Schneider, A. Financial Reporting by a New Zealand public
benefit entity: A test of legitimacy theory?. Retrieved on July 28, 2024,
from:
[Link]
orting_by_a_New_Zealand_public_benefit_entity_A_test_of_legitima
cy_theory
INTERNET SOURCES
Pelayo, J. M. G. . ., III, & Montanio, M. (2019). PUBLIC PERCEPTION
ON JOB PERFORMANCE OF PNP PERSONNEL.
Amerasianresearch. Retrieved on May 14, 2024
from:[Link]
_ON_JOB_PERFORMANCE_OF_PNP_PERSONNEL

Guadalupe, Cebu City Profile – PhilAtlas. (1990, May 1). Retrieved on

May 6, 2024
from:[Link]
ml

Moral Development Office, Economic Development External Services

Retrieved on May 16, 2024 from:[Link]
OTHER SOURCES
Tanudra, J. A., Tañega, A. B., & Las, A. S. (2017). Public perception on the
quality of response of police officers to crime incidents (Doctoral
dissertation, College of Criminal Justice Education). Retrieved on
August 12, 2024 from: [Link]
 APPENDIX A
UNIVERSITY OF CEBU MAIN CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT IN CRIMINOLOGY EDUCATION

May 24, 2024

HON. APPLE ENRIQUEZ GACASAN

Barangay Captain
Guadalupe, Cebu City, Philippines

Dear HON. Apple Enriquez Gacasan:

Greetings!

The undersigned researchers are undertaking a research entitled “Community

Views on Police Public Image in Guadalupe Cebu City” as a partial requirement
for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology. One major purpose of this
research is to explore the views of the community on Police Public Image. The
informants of this study are the selected people/informants from Brgy. Guadalupe,
Cebu City, Philippines.

This study will be beneficial to the Community Residents, Local Government Unit
(LGU), Philippine National Police – Guadalupe Cebu City (PNP), Department of
Interior and Local Government (DILG), Philippine National
Commission(NAPOLCOM), Non-Government Organization (NGO), Researchers
and Future Researchers since the research will present significant information that
is useful to make recommendations to maintain and enhance the relationship
between the PNP and community regarding to its views on Police Public Image.

In this regard, we respectfully request from your good office to allow us to conduct
an interview with the target informants (people) of the Brgy. Guadalupe. We
assure you that the identity of the informants will be treated with utmost
confidentiality.
We are hoping for your kind approval. Thank you very much.

Very respectfully yours,

JUVIL JASON S. MANILAG

JASPER A. RUDILLAS

NINO REYMOND CARTESIANO

Noted By:

Dr. ANTHONY ALBOFERA,Ph.D CJ

Research Adviser

Approved By:

ATTY. DODELON F. SABIJON, Ph.D Crim, Ph.D HRM, DPA

Dean, College of Criminal Justice.
 APPENDIX B

University of Cebu Research Office

(032) 255 – 7777 local 183

INTERVIEW GUIDE ON
COMMUNITY VIEWS ON POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE OF BARANGAY
GUADALUPE, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES.

We are the student researchers of the College of Criminal Justice of the University
of Cebu-Main Campus. This research pertains to Community Views o Police
Public Image of Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City Philippines. We are going to
give you information and invite you to be part of this research. You do not have to
decide today whether or not you will participate in the research. Before you decide,
you can talk to anyone you feel comfortable with about the research.

I. PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

1. Gender: _________________________________________
2. Age: ___________________________________________
3. Civil Status: ______________________________________
4. Educational Attainment: ____________________________
5. Residence: ______________________________________

II. Positive views of the informants on the police public image in Barangay
Guadalupe, Cebu City.

(Positibongapanglantawsamgaimpormantesahulagwaysapublikosakapulisansa
Barangay Guadalupe.)

1. Will you please tell me about your experience or observation on activities of

the police’s performances in the police service that involves core values (like
makadiyos, makataomakakalikasan at makabansa) as where you feel contented,
satisfied or happy about?

(Pwedibanimoi-sulti ka namobahinsaimongkasinatian o
obserbasyonsamgakalihokansakatakussakapolisansapagpahigayonsaserbisyosakap
olisannganaglambigitsakinauyokanngamgamithi (samasamakadiyos,
makataomakakalikasan ug makabansa) kondiinikawnakontento, natagbaw o
nalipay?)

2. Please elaborate those experiences or observations that you have in relation

to police activities where you find to be contented well?

(Pwedeipa-istoryasadetalyadonapag-sultiimongmgana experience or
nabantayanpag-tungodsaserbisyosamgakapulisan nan aka ingon ka nakontento ka
sailanggipangbuhat?)

III. Negative views of the informants on the police public image in Barangay
Guadalupe, Cebu City

(Negatibongapagtan-aw samgaimpormantesaimahesapublikosakapulisansa
Barangay Guadalupe, Cebu City.)

1. Will you please expound your experiences or observations on police

activities of the police’s performance in the police service where you feel
dissatisfied or not contented?

(Pwedebanimongi-istoryasaamoa ang imongmgakasinatian o

mgaobserbasyonsamgakalihokan ug
sakatakussakapolisansapagpahigayonsaserbisyoniladihakaninyokundiinimonggibat
ingawala ka matagbaw o walakontento?)

2. Will you elaborate your thoughts about your experiences or observations

police on activities of the police’s competence on the performance of their service
where you feel dissatisfied or not contented?
(Pwedeipa-istoryasadetalyadonapag-
sultiimongmgahunahunabahinsaimongmgakasinatian o
obserbasyonsakapulisansamgakalihokansakatakussakapolisansa performance
sailangserbisyodiingibatinimongawala ka kontento o dilikontento?)

IV. Impact of the police public image on the PNP relation to the community.

(Epektosaimahesakapulisanadtusakumunidadkabahinsarelasyonsa PNP
sakomunidad..)

1. Will you state based on your experiences or observation the impact or

effects of police public image on the PNP relation to the community where you
live?

(Pwedebanimongipahayag base saimongmgakasinatian o obserbasyonsaepekto o

epektosaimahesa polis ngadtusapublikosarelasyonsa PNP
sakomunidadngaimonggipuy-an?)

2. Please elaborate more about how this impact of police public image affect
the relationship between the police and community?

(Pwede I sultisa mas detalyadongpag-

sultipagtungodsaunsangpaagikiningepektosaimahesa polis
ngadtusapublikomakaapektosarelasyontalisakapolisan ug komunidad?)

__________________________________
Participant’s Overprinted Name Signature
Date:

APPENDIX C
 University of Cebu Research Office
(032) 255 – 7777 local 183

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

[Informed Consent for the Study on COMMUNITY VIEWS ON PUBLIC

POLICE IMAGE IN GUADALUPE, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES. ]

[Name of the Principal Investigator:Juvil Jason S. Manilag]

[Name of Organization: University of Cebu]
[Name of Proposal: on COMMUNITY VIEWS ON PUBLIC POLICE IMAGE
IN GUADALUPE, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES ]

This Informed Consent Form has two parts:

• Information Sheet (to share information about the research with you) •
Certificate of Consent (for signature if you agree to
take part)

You will be given a copy of the Full Informed Consent Form Part I:
Information Sheet

Introduction

We are student-researchers from the College of Criminal Justice of the University

of Cebu Main Campus and would like to research the topic “Community Views on
Public Police Image”. In line with this, we are inviting you to be informants in this
study and request that you spare a few minutes of your time to answer this
interview honestly. We are going to give you all the information about this
investigation. You can choose whether or not you want to participate in this study.
If you are going to participate in the research, our field investigators will start the
interview. But if you do not wish to take part in this study, you do not have to. If
there are parts of the interview that you do not understand and find ambiguous,
then feel free to ask the principal investigator or the field researchers. Rest assured
that all the answers will be treated with the utmost confidentiality.

[Kami mgaestudyante-researcher gikansa College of Criminal Justice sa

University of Cebu Main Campus ug gusto nga mag-research satopikonga
"Community Views on Public Police Image". Subayniini, kami nag-
imbitarkanimongamahimongmga informant niiningpagtuon ug
mohangyongamogahin ka ug pipila ka
minutosaimongpanahonaronmatubagkininginterbyungamatinud-anon.
Ihatagnamokanimo ang tanangimpormasyonmahitungodniiningaimbestigasyon.
Makapili ka kung gusto nimo o dilingamoapilniiningapagtuon. Kung moapil ka
sapanukiduki, ang among mga field investigator magsugodsainterbyu. Apan kung
dilinimo gusto ngamoapilniiningapagtuon, dilinimokinahanglan. Kung
adunaymgabahinsainterbyungadilinimomasabtan ug makit-anngadiliklaro,
unyaayawpagduhaduhasapagpangutanasapunoanngaimbestigador o
samgatigdukidukisakapatagan. Makasalig ka nga ang
tananngamgatubagpagatagdonuban ang labingkaayongakompidensyal.]

Purpose of the Research

Kini ngapagtuonnagsugodsapagsusi ug pag-

ilasamgahinungdannganakaimpluwensyasamgapanan-aw.
Tumongusabniiningamahibaw-an ang mgaestratehiyangagigamitsamgaresidentesa
Barangay Guadalupe,
dakbayansaSugbosapagdumalasailangpagsaligsapagpatumansabalaod.
[Kini ngapagtuonnagsugodsapagsusi ug pag-
ilasamgahinungdannganakaimpluwensyasamgapanan-aw.
Tumongusabniiningamahibaw-an ang mgaestratehiyangagigamitsamgaresidentesa
Barangay Guadalupe,
dakbayansaSugbosapagdumalasailangpagsaligsapagpatumansabalaod. ]

Voluntary Participation

Your participation in this study is completely voluntary and you may choose to
stop participating at any time. Your decision not to volunteer will not influence the
nature of your relationship with the University.

[Ang imongpag-apilniiningapagtuonhingpitngaboluntaryo ug
mahimonimongpilionngamohunongsapag-apilbisanunsangorasa. Ang
imongdesisyonngadilimoboluntaryodilimakaimpluwensyasakinaiyasaimongrelasyo
nsaUnibersidad.]

Withdrawal from the Study

You can stop participating in the study at any time, for any reason, if you so
decide. Your decision to stop participating will not affect your relationship with the
researcher, the University of Cebu, or other groups associated with this project. If
you withdraw from the study, all associated data collected will be immediately
destroyed whenever possible.

[Mahimonimonghunongon ang pag-apilsapagtuonbisanunsangorasa,

sabisanunsanghinungdan, kung magdesisyon ka. Ang
imongdesisyonsapaghunongsapag-
apildilimakaapektosaimongrelasyonsatigdukiduki, saUnibersidadsa Cebu, o
saubangmgagruponganalambigitniiningaproyekto. Kung moatras ka
gikansapagtuon, ang tanannganahilambigitngadatosnganakolektagubadayon kung
mahimo.]

Confidentiality

Any information obtained from you will remain highly confidential and will be
used for research-related purposes.

[Ang
bisanunsangimpormasyonngamakuhagikankanimomagpabilinngakompidensyalkaa
yo ug gamitonalangsamgakatuyoannga may kalabotansapanukiduki.]

Who to Contact

If you have any questions, you ask now or later, even if the study has started. If
you wish to ask questions later, please contact one of the following:
[Kon duna kay pangutana, pangutanakaron o saulahi, bisagnagsugodna ang
pagtuon. Kung gusto nimomangutanasaulahi, palihogkontaka ang usasamosunod:]

Juvil Jason S. Manilag (Lead Researcher) 09164438139

Nino Reymond Cartesiano (Researcher) 09206037350
Jasper Rudillas (Researcher) 09686165644

Dr. Anthony Albofera – Research Adviser

Dr. Juanito N. Zuasula, Jr. – MD 233-5503
UCARES
This study has been reviewed and approved by the University Research Office of
the University of Cebu; a department whose task is to make sure those researchers
has properly conducted the study. If you have any questions, please contact the
University of Cebu Research Office at 032 233 5503 and look for Dr. Juanito
Zuazula Jr.

[Kini ngapagtuongisusi ug giaprobahansa University Research Office

saUnibersidadsaSugbo; usa ka departamentokansang tahas mao ang
pagsiguronga ang mgatigdukidukinakahimosahustongapagtuon.]

Kung aduna kay pangutana, palihogkontaka ang University of Cebu Research

Office sa 032 233 5503 ug pangitaasi Dr. Juanito Zuazula Jr.]

Part II: Signature

By signing below, you are granting your voluntary assent to participate in the
abovedescribed research study.

Please be aware that signing this assent form is not sufficient to participate in this
research study.

Full Name: ______________________

Signature: ______________________

Date: __________________________
APPENDIX D
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Juvil Jason S. Manilag

Sitio Renaissance Valley, Inayawan, Cebu City
juviljasonmanilag@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
BACHELOR’S DEGREE:
Schools: University of Cebu Main Campus Course: Bachelor of
Science in Criminology (PRESENT)

SECONDARY:
School: Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High School

PERSONAL DATA:
Age:21
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: October 11, 2002
Place of Birth: Cebu City
Height: 5’7”
Weight: 55 kg
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion:Roman Catholic
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Niño Reymond Cartesiano

Sitio Tungkop, Minglanilla City, Cebu
Reymondnino641@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
BACHELOR’S DEGREE:
School: University of Cebu Main Campus Course: Bachelor of
Science in Criminology (PRESENT)

SECONDARY:
School: Badian National High School

PERSONAL DATA:
Age: 21
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: Cebu City
Place of Birth: February 20, 2003
Height: 5’4”
Weight: 65 kg
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Jasper A. Rudillas
223-B Alumnos Basak San Nicolas Cebu City
rudillas.jasper100@[Link]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
BACHELOR’S DEGREE:
School: University of Cebu Main Campus Course: Bachelor of
Science in Criminology
(PRESENT)
SECONDARY:
School: University of Cebu Main Campus

PERSONAL DATA:
Age: 21
Gender: Male
Date of Birth: Cebu City
Place of Birth: May 11, 2002
Height: 5’8”
Weight: 56 kg
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic