Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City
Tel No. 992-3092/Tel No: (062) 991-0643 Telefax: (062) 991-0777
website:http:[Link]

MODULE VII
IN
RESEARCH METHODS

PROPOSAL WRITING
Module Title

Student Name and Section

ANGELO C. MACARIO
Professor
College of Fisheries and Marine Sciences
BS Marine Technology Program
May 2022

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 Lecture proper
CHAPTER VII. PROPOSAL WRITING

A research proposal is a simply a structured, formal document that explains what you plan to research (i.e.
your research topic), why it’s worth researching (i.e. your justification), and how you plan to investigate it (i.e.
your practical approach).

The purpose of the research proposal (it’s job, so to speak) is to convince your research supervisor,
committee or university that your research is suitable (for the requirements of the degree program)
and manageable (given the time and resource constraints you will face).

The most important word here is “convince” – in other words, your research proposal needs to sell your
research idea (to whoever is going to approve it). If it doesn’t convince them (of its suitability and manageability),
you’ll need to revise and resubmit.

7.1 GUIDELINES IN MAKING A PROPOSAL

 Learning Objectives

1. Identify the steps in developing a research proposal.

2. Choose a topic and formulate a research question and working thesis.
3. Develop a research proposal.

Writing a good research paper takes time, thought, and effort. Although this assignment is challenging, it is
manageable. Focusing on one step at a time will help you develop a thoughtful, informative, well-supported
research paper.

Your first step is to choose a topic and then to develop research questions, a working thesis, and a written
research proposal. Set aside adequate time for this part of the process. Fully exploring ideas will help you build a
solid foundation for your paper.

 Choosing a Topic

When you choose a topic for a research paper, you are making a major commitment. Your choice will help
determine whether you enjoy the lengthy process of research and writing—and whether your final paper fulfills
the assignment requirements. If you choose your topic hastily, you may later find it difficult to work with your topic.
By taking your time and choosing carefully, you can ensure that this assignment is not only challenging but also
rewarding.

Writers understand the importance of choosing a topic that fulfills the assignment requirements and fits the
assignment’s purpose and audience. Choosing a topic that interests you is also crucial. You instructor may
provide a list of suggested topics or ask that you develop a topic on your own. In either case, try to identify topics
that genuinely interest you.

After identifying potential topic ideas, you will need to evaluate your ideas and choose one topic to pursue.
Will you be able to find enough information about the topic? Can you develop a paper about this topic that
presents and supports your original ideas? Is the topic too broad or too narrow for the scope of the assignment? If
so, can you modify it so it is more manageable? You will ask these questions during this preliminary phase of the
research process.

 Identifying Potential Topics

Sometimes, your instructor may provide a list of suggested topics. If so, you may benefit from identifying
several possibilities before committing to one idea. It is important to know how to narrow down your ideas into a
concise, manageable thesis. You may also use the list as a starting point to help you identify additional, related
topics. Discussing your ideas with your instructor will help ensure that you choose a manageable topic that fits the
requirements of the assignment.

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 In this chapter, you will be guided by your professor in writing a research proposal. You will also plan,
research, and draft your own research proposal. You may refer some contents of your previous modules.

If you are writing a research paper for a specialized course, look back through your notes and course
activities. Identify reading assignments and class discussions that especially engaged you. Doing so can help you
identify topics to pursue.

Possible Topics

1. Marine fishing gears in Arena Blanco, Zamboanga City

2. Methods and gears used for demersal fishing in Sangali, Zamboanga City
3. Efficiency of Long-line (bira-bira) in catching pelagic fish species in Zamboanga City fishing
ground
4. Efficient fishing gear design for catching cuttlefish and squids in Bolong, Zamboanga City

 Narrowing Your Topic

Once you have a list of potential topics, you will need to choose one as the focus of your essay. You will
also need to narrow your topic. Most writers find that the topics they listed during brainstorming or idea mapping
are broad—too broad for the scope of the assignment. Working with an overly broad topic, such as Philippine
marine fishing gears programs or methods, can be frustrating and overwhelming. Each topic has so many facets
that it would be impossible to cover them all in a college research paper. However, more specific choices, such
as choosing a specific place to study their fishing gears; it should be specific enough to write about without being
too narrow to sustain an entire research paper.

A good research paper provides focused, in-depth information and analysis. If your topic is too broad, you
will find it difficult to do more than skim the surface when you research it and write about it. Narrowing your
focus is essential to making your topic manageable. To narrow your focus, explore your topic in writing, conduct
preliminary research, and discuss both the topic and the research with others.

 Exploring Your Topic in Writing

“How am I supposed to narrow my topic when I haven’t even begun researching yet?” In fact, you may
already know more than you realize. Review your list and identify your top two or three topics. Set aside some
time to explore each one through freewriting. Simply taking the time to focus on your topic may yield fresh angles.

You may be interested in the topic of knowing more about fishing gears, but it was much too broad for your
topic assignment. You can used or do the freewriting to explore his thoughts so that you can narrow the topic.

 Conducting Preliminary Research

Another way writers may focus a topic is to conduct preliminary research. Like freewriting, exploratory
reading can help you identify interesting angles. Surfing the web and browsing through newspaper and magazine
articles are good ways to start. Find out what people are saying about your topic on blogs and online discussion
groups. Discussing your topic with others can also inspire you. Talk about your ideas with your classmates, your
friends, or your instructor/professor.

Freewriting exercise helped him realize that the assigned topic of fishing gears and the people/fishermen
intersected with a few of your interests – design, purpose, and application. Preliminary online research and
discussions with his classmates strengthened his impression that many people are confused or misled by media
coverage of these subjects.

Tip

The reliability of online sources varies greatly. In this exploratory phase of your research, you do not need
to evaluate sources as closely as you will later. However, use common sense as you refine your paper topic. If
you read a fascinating blog comment that gives you a new idea for your paper, be sure to check out other, more
reliable sources as well to make sure the idea is worth pursuing.
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 A Plan for Research

Your freewriting and preliminary research have helped you choose a focused, manageable topic for your
research paper. To work with your topic successfully, you will need to determine what exactly you want to learn
about it—and later, what you want to say about it. Before you begin conducting in-depth research, you will further
define your focus by developing a research question, a working thesis, and a research proposal.

 Formulating a Research Question

In forming a research question, you are setting a goal for your research. Your main research question
should be substantial enough to form the guiding principle of your paper—but focused enough to guide your
research. A strong research question requires you not only to find information but also to put together different
pieces of information, interpret and analyze them, and figure out what you think. As you consider potential
research questions, ask yourself whether they would be too hard or too easy to answer.

To determine your research question, review the freewriting you completed earlier. Skim through books,
articles, and websites and list the questions you have. Include simple, factual questions and more complex
questions that would require analysis and interpretation. Determine your main question—the primary focus of
your paper—and several subquestions that you will need to research to answer your main question.

Here are the research questions Jorge will use to focus his research. Notice that his main research
question has no obvious, straightforward answer. Jorge will need to research his subquestions, which address
narrower topics, to answer his main question.

Topic: Main question: What are the main fishing gears used by local fishermen in the area?

Sub questions:

Who can benefit from your documentation of fishing gears in your locality?

What are the supposed advantages of your research topic?

How do they use their fishing gears?

Do the yield from using their gears enough to sustain their needs?

How can the government intervene in the improvement of their gear technology?

Are all gears used not detrimental to the fishing ground in particular?

 Constructing a Working Thesis

A working thesis concisely states a writer’s initial answer to the main research question. It does not merely
state a fact or present a subjective opinion. Instead, it expresses a debatable idea or claim that you hope to prove
through additional research. Your working thesis is called a working thesis for a reason—it is subject to change.
As you learn more about your topic, you may change your thinking in light of your research findings. Let your
working thesis serve as a guide to your research, but do not be afraid to modify it based on what you learn.

 Creating a Research Proposal

A research proposal is a brief document—no more than one typed page—that summarizes the preliminary
work you have completed. Your purpose in writing it is to formalize your plan for research and present it to your
instructor for feedback. In your research proposal, you will present your main research question, related
subquestions, and working thesis. You will also briefly discuss the value of researching this topic and indicate
how you plan to gather information.

 Writing Your Own Research Proposal

Now you may write your own research proposal, if you have not done so already. Follow the guidelines provided in this
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 chapter.

Key Takeaways

 Developing a research proposal involves the following preliminary steps: identifying potential ideas,
choosing ideas to explore further, choosing and narrowing a topic, formulating a research question, and
developing a working thesis.

 A good topic for a research paper interests the writer and fulfills the requirements of the assignment.

 Defining and narrowing a topic helps writers conduct focused, in-depth research.

 Writers conduct preliminary research to identify possible topics and research questions and to develop a
working thesis.

 A good research question interests readers, is neither too broad nor too narrow, and has no obvious
answer.

 A good working thesis expresses a debatable idea or claim that can be supported with evidence from
research.

 Writers create a research proposal to present their topic, main research question, subquestions, and
working thesis to an instructor for approval or feedback.

1.2. FORMAT OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL

OUTLINE FORMAT

o Introduction

1. Parts of the introduction

2. The research framework (optional, you may discuss it in the background of the study)
3. Operational definition of terms

o Review of Related Literature

1. Content and structure

2. Examining the variables to discuss
3. Presenting the review of related literature

o Research Methods

1. Part of the methodology

2. Determining appropriate research design
3. Data Analysis

o Literature/reference Cited

DESCRIPTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Make sure the proposal starts on a general level with some type of introductory remarks before going into
the details of the specific research question you are proposing. This can be accomplished by providing a
frame of reference, a definition, or a discussion of the significance of the topic in the field.

B. Provide a statement of the question, issue or general problem that you are examining. A common problem
in research proposals is for the author to delay too long in stating the specific research question. Make sure
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 the research question is stated no later than the end of the second or third paragraph. Make sure the
research question is fully stated in one place.

C. Discuss what other studies have said about your research topic and how your research relates to that of
other scholars who have written on the topic.

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

A. The literature review is written to place your study within the context of existing knowledge and other
studies in your discipline. It gives recognition to other scholars and it also allows you to point out what is
new about your research. Be sure to indicate if you are building on a previous study or a well-established
theory; addressing certain gaps in knowledge that exist; or adding to existing knowledge by doing a study
with a different or more complete methodology.

B. Ideally, at least five other studies should be discussed in the literature review. After you have written the
literature review read it carefully and make sure it is clear. Notice whether you can easily determine how
the proposal is building on earlier studies, as well as exploring a line of research that is new.

C. When you mention other studies they are usually cited by the author’s last name and the date of
publication. For example: “Another important study in the area (Chan and Gibbs, 2003) found that…” Later
on, in the bibliography (Reference cited), you will provide a full citation to all the studies you cited in your
proposal. (over)

CHAPTER III: MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Provide a full description of your general research design, as well as the specific methods and procedures
used in your research project. The methodology should be sufficiently detailed so that it can be replicated.
If you are following a methodological approach developed by others, cite the relevant studies. Provide
diagrams, charts, and illustrations as appropriate for your discipline. List the instrumentation you used and
provide a diagram of the experimental setup.

B. Describe your theoretical approach or type of analysis, if applicable (feminist, Marxist, Freudian, etc.).
Discuss the types of sources used (primary or secondary texts, interviews, surveys, personal notes, etc.).

C. Explain the details of your methods. For example: how you made measurements; the concentrations and
amounts you used; how you selected your research subjects; formula used; a copy of your survey
questionnaire; an explanation of statistics used; a definition of your focus in terms of historical period or
framework; etc.

D. Explain any limitations that your study has in terms of the reliability and applicability of the results.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Also known as “Works Cited,” “References,” or “Literature Cited”)

A. On a separate sheet, list the articles or books that you have cited in your proposal.

B. Generally this is done in alphabetical order by the last name of the author. However, each field has different
format requirements. If your mentor has not already told you the style to use, the best thing to do is look at
research articles you have been assigned to read.

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 SAMPLE MARINE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH PROPOSAL

CATCHING EFFICIENCY OF BOTTOM SET LONG LINE, USING THREE TYPES OF NATURAL BAITS
By: Rey J. Duhaylungsod, Baldomero C. Lariosa Jr. and Adonis A. Ombay Jr.
2015

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Longline fishing is proven safe and effective fishing mechanism to catch target species throughout the
country. Target species mostly consist of benthic species which have high economic value, although some
longline fishers may target pelagic species like tuna (FAQ Fisheries Circular No.937). Although long lines were
designed to catch single fish at a time, modern innovations designed longline fishing gears to yield multiple
catches in a single fishing operation. Among the types of longline fishing used in the Philippines include the tuna
longline and the bottom set longline (SEAFDEC Online, 2016). Bottom Set Longlines (BSLL) are usually used
and applied by municipal fishers to capture demersal fish species such as hairtails, groupers, snappers, sharks,
congers and nemipterids. In operating the BSLL, long lines are anchored or in some way which may be attached
to the bottom so that they wouldbe free from any disturbances from current and wave actions in coastal waters.

Bottom Set Long Lines (BSLL) are usually set to lure fishes using various baits available in the locality.
Types of baits in longline fishing mostly influence species caught depending on the goal during operations. Often,
fishermen may resolve to utilize baits which are commonly seen in the area however the chosen bait might be
costly and or not effective in longline fishing. In every fishing operation, the goal is to obtain preferred volume of
catches with the desired species. However, using inappropriate baiting may result to less catch and eventually
suffer fishing cost.

This study will be conducted in order to investigate appropriate baiting material which may eventually
influence better yield in terms of volume, species type and size. The BSLL operation utilized three types of natural
baits namely sardines (Sardinella lemuru), squid (Doryteuthis sp.) and shrimps (Penaeus indicus).This study was
also done to further identify cost effective baiting material which may benefit the fishermen during their fishing
venture.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted to determine the catching efficiency of bottom set long line (BSLL) in relation
to the three natural baits used namely sardines (S. lemuru), squid (Doryteuthis sp.) and shrimps (P. indicus) The
study specifically aimed to:

1. determine the catch results according to the following:

a. Volume of catch and
b. Species and size composition

2. determine the efficiency of BSLL in term of Catch Per unit Effort (CPUE) operating in Murcielagos Bay
in relation to baiting material used.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Failure to catch the target fishes is usually influenced by the use of inappropriate baiting. It is necessary to
have the proper knowledge on what type of baits to lure on the desired species.

The result of the study will contribute in the utilization of appropriate baits for BSLL operating in
Murcielagos Bay, Baliangao, Misamis Occidental. It will give information to local fishers to exploit baiting material
for their target fishes during their fishing activities.

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1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Experimental fishing of bottom set long line (BSLL) will be conducted in Murcielagos Bay using three
natural baits namely: sardines (S. lemuru), squid (Doryteuthis sp.) and shrimps (P. indicus). Investigation of catch
volume, species and size composition will be done using replicated numbers of hooks. A 100 hooked-line will be
employed per bait type wherein a total of 300 hooks will be utilized to complete one fishing operation. Fishing
operations will be repeatedly done for 10 sampling periods from December 2015 to January 2016. Setting of
BSLL will be done early in the morning with a soaking time of two (2) hours specifically from 0400 hours and
hauled at 0600 hours.

1.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Bait – a material usually fish which are attached in hooks of BSLL used to lure the target fish or other
organism
2. Baiting – act of putting or loading bait in each hook
3. Bottom Set Long Line (BSLL) – a type of fishing gear used to catch demersal species that uses baited
hooks attached to a mainline, with attached branch lines attached to a serpit box.
4. Catch Per Unit-Effort (CPUE) – the quantity of catches expressed as catch (kg) per -unit effort.
5. Kalay –arranging the hooks in the serpit box.
6. Longline fishing –a type of fishing technique which has a mainline and composed of branchlines with
corresponding hooks.
7. Serpit – box frame of BSLL wherein the fishing lines with hooks are arranged.
8. Setting Time – refers to the starting time where the fishing lines of BSLL are being set.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 LONGLINE FISHING

Presently, gear modifications especially hooks and their position of the water column were tested to
examine their effects on catch rates of both pelagic and coastal environments (Alfonso et. al 2011). Furthermore,
Long line fishing is a commercial fishing technique (JICA, 1975). It uses a longline called the mainline with baited
hooks attached at intervals by means of branchline called snoods. In addition, a snood is a short length of line,
attached to the mainline using a clip or swivel, with the hook at the other end. Long lines are classified mainly by
where they are placed in the water column. This can be at the surface or at the bottom. On the other hand, some
important factors in selecting this fishery are fish distribution, fishing strategy, feeding range, fish competition,
type and size of bait, and hook design (Lokkeborg and Bjordal, 1992). Lines can be set by means of an anchor or
left to drift hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks can be hang from a single line.

Fisherfolks long liners commonly targeted swordfish, tuna, halibut, sablefish and many other species. Long
lines can be set to hang near the surface (pelagic long line) to catch fishes such as tuna and swordfish. Along the
seafloor (demersal longline) catch fish are halibut or cod (BFAR, 1982).

The shooting operation and procedure of BSLL and the hook and line are arranged at the serpit. The
material bait should be attached on its hook. Fined sand was placed on top of the nylon to avoid intertwining. The
activity was started in slow moving boat in order to be safe and clear in operation

2.2 BOTTOM SET LONGLINE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Passive capture techniques involve the capture of fishes or other aquatic product by entanglement,
entrapment, or angling devices that are not actively moved by fishermen or any mechanical machines while the
organisms are being captured (Hubert [Link] 2012). Some other countries like the coastal area of Alaska in the U.S
Atlantic shark fishery uses bottom long line as the primary fishing gear (Morgan and Carlson, 2010).

Moreover, Bottom Set Long Line is a type of long line fishing gears designed to yield multiple catches in a
single fishing operation. Eventually, this fishing operation is usually used and applied by municipal fishers to
capture demersal species such as hairtails, groupers, snappers, sharks, congers and nemipterids. Other studies,

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conducted long line activities to investigate patterns of distribution, catch composition, catch rate and size
structure of demersal fishes at three coral reef sites with varying levels of fishing pressure in Calauag Bay,
Philippines (Mamaug [Link] 2009). In addition, similar studies experimented to investigate the catch rate (number
and weight) and length distribution according to different bait sizes (Gil and Palmason, 2005). In operating the
BSLL, long lines are anchored or in some way they may be attached to the bottom so that the fishes will not be
disturbed from currents and wave actions in coastal waters. Bottom set long line are usually set to lure the fishes
using various baits available in the locality.

2.3 COMMON BAITS AND SPECIES CAUGHT BY LONG LINE GEARS

Using natural baits of any types of long line will take advantage in catching efficiency because it is
considered as one of the favorite choices in most fishermen in relation to their feeding habits (SEAFDEC, 1978).
The disadvantage of BSLL shows less catch which uses artificial bait due to the appearance of the material used.
Furthermore, loss of herring, capelin and squid baits in operating bottom set long line were observed using
underwater techniques and comparative fishing methods (He, 1996).

The different types of baits which are commonly used in BSLL include fish, shrimps, squid, flesh of snails,
sea cucumber and others. Hence, the appropriate bait material to be used depends on the target species of the
fishing operation.

One of the long-standing concerns in global fisheries was the depletion of the fish stocks (Lewison [Link]
2004). Otherwise, using of fishing gears is one of the considerable solutions in these problems. Thus, fishermen
operate bottom set long line using different types of natural baits and target high valued marine fish species
(Table 1.).

Table 1. Different baits used and species caught by long line fishing in several studies.
GEAR AND BAITS COMMON/TARGET PLACE/FISHING
AUTHOR(S)
UTILIZED SPECIES CAUGHT GROUND
1. Bottom set longline Serranid species Calauag Bay, Mamauag
(BSLL): Bullet tuna (Auxis Philippines et. al (2009)
thazard)
2. Longline: Clupea Torsk (Brosme brosme), Norway Løkkeborg
harengus ling (Molva molva), cod (1999)
(Gadus morhua) and
haddock
(Melanogrammus
aeglefinus)
3. Longline: combination of Cod (G. morhua) and Northern Norway Løkkeborg
squid and mackerel haddock (M. aeglefinus) and Pina
(1996)
4. Portuguese multispecies Sea breams (Sparidae) South coast of Erzini et. al
artisanal Portugal (1996)
long-line: shell clam (Ensis
siliqua)
5. Longline: combination of Arctic cod (G. morhua) Barents Sea Huse et. al
squid and mackerel and haddock(M. (2000)
aeglefinus)
6. Longline: squid and Haddock, cod, catfish, Korea Gil and
mackerel starry ray and whiting Palmason
(2005)
7. Bottom longline: Sharks: sandbar Coast Morgan and
Fish meat (Carcharhinus of Florida Carlson
plumbeus), blacktip (C. (2010)
limbatus), bull (C.
leucas), and blacknose
(C. acronotus)
8. Bottom set longline: Cod (G. morhua) Southwest coast He (1996)
herring, capelin and squid of Newfoundland
9. Longline: Squid and Sablefish (Anoplopoma Chatham Strait, Sigler (2000)

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 herring fimbria) Southeastern
Alaska
[Link]-set Patagonian toothfish Argentine EEZ Goetz
longlines:Sardinapilchardus (Dissostichus and Bordering (2010)
eleginoides) Falklands/
Malvinas waters

This study will be focused on the effectiveness of catching efficiency on the Bottom Set Long Line in
relation to the bait material used. For the longline fishing, it is substantial for the fishers to use three types of
natural baits such as fish, shrimp and squid in order to determine which type of bait material acquired more catch
in terms of volume, size and composition.

CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Fishing operations will done from December 2015 to January 2016 to complete 10 samplings for Bottom
Set Long Line (BSLL) in investigating three natural baiting materials. Catch count, volume of catch (kg) and
CPUE will the bases of determining the catching efficiency of BSLL.

3.2 STUDY AREA

The study will be conducted in a certain site in Murcielagos Bay in the area covered by the various
islands/islets (Naburos, Cabgan and Oklahoma) and some coastal barangays (Napiot, Punta Miray and Punta
Sulong) of the Municipality of Baliangao. Experimental fishing operations were done to depth ranging from 15 to
60 fathoms.
This area is known to be a productive fishing ground due to its availability and has a sufficient area for coral
reefs and seagrasses which are considered as suitable feeding, breeding and nursery area for high valued
marine species such as mollusks, crustaceans and demersal fish species.

Figure 1. Map showing the location of fishing area where BSLL fishing in Murcielagos Bay near the Municipality of
Baliangao, Misamis, Occidental (red spot structure shows the area where experimental fishing was conducted).

3.3 GEAR CONSTRUCTION

Wooden box frame (serpit) with a dimension 1.0 x 1.0 m will be constructed first (see figure 2), branchlines
(monofilament nylon #12) will be attached to the mainline (monofilament nylon #25) with an interval of 1.5 meters

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to each other.

Figure [Link] BSLL used during experimental fishing for dermersal fishes conducted in Murcielagos Bay,
Balingao, Misamis Occidental.

A total of 602 meters monofilament nylon will be used as the mainline. Mustad hooks # 566 will be placed
at the ends of each branchline and also three (3) types of colored yarns will be attached alternately to the
branchline and the buoyline will be connected by the mainline twice the depth of water on the target area with the
sinkers weighing 0.5 kilograms connected to the mainline for every 60 hooks interval. Fine sand will be used to
avoid intertwining of the mainline during the operation. Sand will be placed on top of the nylon lines before the
shooting operation.

3.4 BAIT MATERIAL, SERPIT ARRANGEMENT (KALAY) AND BAITING

To do the BSLL gear fishing, the three (3) types of natural bait which are the fish, shrimps and squid will be
prepared. The mainline together with the buoy and the sinker will be connected by the branchline and attached by
mustad hooks # 566 and will be arranged at the serpit. The prescribed baits which are the fish, shrimps an squid
will be attached to the hook alternately to know the species of fish caught in size and composition during hauling
activities. The fine sand will be placed on top of the nylon at the serpit to avoid intertwining. The gear will then be
prepared for operation.

a b c

Scientific name: Sardinella lemuru Scientific name: Doryteuthis sp. Scientific name: Penaeus indicus
English name: Sardines English name: Squid English name: Shrimp
Local name: Tuloy Local name: Nokus Local name: Pasayan
Figure 3. Baiting materials to be used for BSLL (a. Sardines b. Squid c. Shrimps) during experimental fishing
operated in Mucielagos Bay, Baliangao, Misamis Occidental from December 2015 to January 2016.

3.5 EXPERIMENTAL FISHING OPERATION

a. Shooting operation

Shooting of the BSLL gear lines will be done gradually by slowly moving the boat following the
release of the beginning line. In the process of releasing the gear main line, it should be buoyed in every
hundred hooked branched lines to ensure the gear to reach near the bottom substrate.

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 b. Setting, Soaking time and hauling of BSLL gear

Setting of the BSLL gear will be at 0400 hours and will be hauled after two (2) hours soaking time.
Hauling activity will commence at 0600 hours.

3.6 SPECIES COMPOSITION, SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND BIOMETRICS

After hauling the BSLL, catches will be sorted out by species for every baiting material. Biometrics such as
Fork Length (FL) and weight will be taken using calibrated ruler and weighing scale (gram), respectively.

All fishes will be photographed for proper identification. Identification will be done using FAO Species
identification guide for fishery purposes (Carpenter and Niem, 1998), FAO species catalogue (Russell, 1990) and
online references such as in [Link].

3.7 CATCH PER UNIT EFFORT (CPUE)

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) will be computed per haul for every operation following the formula below:
𝐾𝑔
𝐶𝑃𝑈𝐸 = ( )  𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟
1 Haul = 100 Hooks

The computation will be separately done for every bait types utilized per fishing operation.

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS

Data from catch count, weight and Catch per unit Effort (CPUE) will be subjected to homogeneity test-
Levene’s test. If data is homogeneous at alpha 0.05, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to
examine differences for each data categories (catch count, weight and CPUE) respective to bait used and further
compared by a multiple comparison test, the Scheffe.

All statistical analysis will be done using the pre-installed program, the IBM SPSS software ver. 20 while
sorting of data will be done using the Microsoft Office Excel application 2010.

REFERENCES CITED

Journals

Alfonso, A, F.H.V. Hazin, F. Carvalho., J. Pacheco., H. Hazin., D. Kerstetter., D. Murie and G. Burgess. 2001.
Fishing gear modifications to reduce elasmobranch mortality in pelagic and bottom longline fisheries off
Northeast Brazil. Fisheries Research, volume 108, Issues 2-3, Pages 336-343.

Erzini.K., J. M.S. Gonçalves., L. Bentes., P. Lino., and J. Cruz. 1996. Species and size selectivity in a Portuguese
multispecies artisanal long-line [Link] Journal of Marine Science, 53: 811–819.

Goetz, S., M. Laporta., J. M. Portela., M. B. Santos and G. J. Pierce. 2010. Experimental fishing with an
“umbrella-and-stones” system to reduce interactions of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and
seabirds with bottom-set longlines for Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southwest
Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science.

Gil, J.C and L. Palmason. 2005. Longline fisheries with special emphasis on bait size and fisheries in dpr of
korea. UNU-Fisheries Training Programme.

He, P. 1996. Bait loss from bottom set longlines as determined by underwater observations and comparative
fishing trials. Fisheries research, volume 27, Issues 103, Pages 29-36.

Hubert, W. A., K. L. Pope and J.M. [Link] capture techniques. American fisheries society,
Bethesda, Maryland.

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 Lewison, R., S. Freeman and L. Crowder. 2004. Quantifying the effects of fisheries on the threatened species: the
impact of pelagic longline on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology letters.

Løkkeborg, S. 2003. Fishing experiments with an alternative longline bait using surplus fish products. Institute of
Fishery Technology Research, P.O. Box 1964, N-5024 Bergen, Norway

Lokkeborg, S. and A. Bjordal. 1992. Species and size selectivity in longline fishing: a review. Fisheries research,
volume 13, Issue 3, Pages 311-322.

Løkkeborg. S and T. Pina. 1996. Effects of setting time, setting direction and soak time on longline catch rates.
Fish Capture Committee.

Mamauag. S., P. Aliño., R. O. Gonzales and M. Deocadez. 2009. Patterns of Demersal Fish Distribution Derived
from Line Fishing Experiment in Calauag Bay, Philippines. Philipp agric scientist, Vol. 92 No. 4, 370-387.

Morgan. A and J. K. Carlson 2010. Capture time, size and hooking mortality of bottom longline-caught sharks.
Fisheries Research 101 32–37.

Handbooks, Technical papers and Newsletters

BFAR, Fisheries Newsletter. Vol. XI No. 4, October – December 1982.

JICA, Fishing Techniques, December, 1975

SEAFDEC, Combined Edition of Technical Papers, July. 1986

Activity/assignment: Group yourselves into 5 members. Choose your research topic and make a research
proposal. Consult your professor along the way of doing or drafting your proposal. Be re ready to present it in the
class.

Note: Each of you must have your role in doing the proposal and during your proposal presentation.

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 Self-Test: Answer the following questions
1. What is the purpose of doing a proposal before the conduct of a research?

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2. What are the important chapters in drafting/preparing a research proposal?

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3. How can you make a very good proposal? Give instances.

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4. Can you do a research without a proposal? Why?

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Summary:

A research proposal is considered a detailed summary of your research topic. It can be a very good
proposal if proper consultations to colleagues, classmates and your professor is maintained; investigating and
readings of related studies and literature; and gathering of proper methods are done” before writing.

The proposal is usually divided into four parts/chapters – Introduction, Review of Related Literature,
Materials and Methods and Reference Cited. It is very important to have a research proposal so that you will be
guided on the conduct of your research project.

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