MARKING SCHEME

2024 -25
Class X Science (086)

Section-A

1 A. 2,2,4 1

2 B. a – (iii), b – (i), c – (iv), d – (ii) 1

3 A. C2H5OH 1
Alternate question for VI
A. Dilute acid

4 C. A has a pH greater than 7 and B has a pH less than 7 1

5 C. Displacement reaction 1

6 C. X is a non-metal and Y is a metal. 1

7 B. Cooking of food 1

8 D. carbon dioxide in human cells 1

9 B. contraction of left ventricle. 1

10 D. Longer small intestine. 1

11 C. Posture and balance. 1

12 D. sex is not genetically determined in snails. 1

13 B. A ray passing through the centre of curvature and incident obliquely. 1

14 C. Red Violet 1

15 C. It utilizes 10% of light energy and transfers the rest to the next trophic 1
level.

16 B. Enrichment of oxygen in the atmosphere. 1

17 A. A is true but R is false 1

18 B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A 1

19 B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A 1

20 D. A is false but R is true. 1

 Section-B

21 A. Exothermic/Displacement reaction/Redox reaction. (0.5) 2

Heat is evolved or a More reactive element displaces a less reactive
element or aluminium reduces iron (II) oxide to iron (0.5)
B. Double displacement / Precipitation reaction (0.5)
As there is an exchange of ions between reactants and products /
(Yellow) precipitate (of Lead iodide) is formed (0.5)

22 S. 2
No. Feature Alveoli Nephron

1 Structure Balloon like structures Tubular structure

and location present at the terminal ends present in kidneys
of bronchioles in lungs

2 Function Exchange of gases Filtration of blood

to form urine

23 Students to attempt either option A or B. 2

A. Steps of synthesis of glucose in plants:
 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
 Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
 Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
 Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an
intermediate which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the
chlorophyll during the day. (0.5 x 4)
OR
B.
 Salivary amylase – breaks down starch which is a complex
molecule to sugar.
 Pepsin – Helps to digest proteins in stomach.
 Trypsin – It helps in digesting proteins to amino acids.
 Lipase – Breaking down of emulsified fats to fatty acids and
glycerol. (0.5 x 4)

24 A. The lens is a convex lens. 2

B. The image is virtual.
𝑣 ℎ𝑖
C. Magnification for lens = 𝑢 = = 2.
ℎ𝑜
−30𝑐𝑚
=2
𝑢
Hence u = -15 cm
------------
For visually impaired students
A. concave lens (1)
B. correction of myopia and peepholes of doors or any other correct
alternative. (1)
25 Student to attempt either A or B. 2
A. P = VI (1)
= 230 × 3.5 = 805 W
1
I ∝𝑅, so half the resistance means double the current.
Therefore, current in Y = 7.0 A. (1)
OR
B. For series total resistance is R+2R = 3R (0.5)
𝑉2
P1 = 3𝑅. (0.5)
2𝑅
For parallel total Resistance is . (0.5)
3
𝑉2 3𝑉 2
P2 = = .
2𝑅/3 2𝑅
𝑃1 2
= . (0.5)
𝑃2 9
------------
For visually impaired students

A. The resistance will be lowest/minimum if all the resistors are

connected in parallel.
The equivalent resistance in parallel combination is given by (0.5)
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑣 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4
(0.5)
Substituting the values, we get
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑣 3 6 9 12
(0.5)
12 + 6 + 4 + 2 24 2
= = =
36 36 3
3
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑣 = = 1.5 𝛺
2
(0.5)

OR
B. 𝑃 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 (0.5)
𝑃 1000
𝐼=𝑉 = = 4.54 𝐴 (0.5)
220
We will be using fuse B with is rated as 5A. This is because it will be
able to sustain the current (4.54 A) passing through it. Whereas fuse
A will melt and break the circuit as the current exceeds its rating. (1)

26 Pesticides are non-biodegradable/ keep getting accumulated at each trophic 2

level, / persist for longer time/ and thus last trophic level has highest
concentration/ humans will have the highest concentration of pesticides/
leads to bio-magnification. (any 2 points)
------------
For visually impaired students
 Cabbage/plant-> rabbit-> snake-> owl (Any other relevant food chain) (1)
Pesticides are non-biodegradable and persist for long. So when humans
consume plants or any animal that consume this plant, the pesticide enters
the food chain and keeps getting accumulated at each trophic level, thus the
organism in the last trophic level-human being has the highest concentration
of pesticide and this is called biological magnification. (1)

Section-C

27 A. Aqueous solution of magnesium oxide turns red litmus to blue. 3

Aluminium oxide is amphoteric and insoluble in water. Thus, it does
not change the colour of either blue or red litmus.
OR
Magnesium oxide reacts with acid only whereas Aluminium oxide reacts
with acids and bases, which are amphoteric. (1)
B.

(1+1)

- -- - - - - - - - -
For visually impaired students
A. Certain metals (like aluminium/ copper) are used for making cooking
utensils as they are good conductors of heat and have high melting
points. (0.5 + 0.5)
B. Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid. This
is because HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H2
produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides
(N2O, NO, NO2). But magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) react
with very dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas. (1+1)

28 Students to attempt either A or B. 3

A.
(i) X = NaHCO3; Z = Na2CO3 (0.5+0.5)
(ii) Decomposition reaction (0.5)
(iii) Solution A (0.5)
(iv) Increasing order or H+ ions C<B<A (1)
OR
B.
(i) As bee sting is acidic and wasp sting is basic. (1)
(ii) To change the nature of soil to (neutral or basic). (1)
(iii) To protect sculptures from the effects of certain gases present in
environment and acid rain. (1)

29 ● In plants, the water is absorbed by the plants from the soil through the 3
roots. Xylem tissue of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected
to form a continuous system of water conducting channels. (1)
● During the day, when stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes
 the major driving force for the movement of water in the xylem. (1)
● Evaporation of water molecules from the stomata creates a suction
which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots to the stem and then to
the leaves. (1)

30 (Any letter which clearly indicated dominant and recessive ears, example, L 3
or E or any other)
A. LL × ll
F1= Ll
Ll X Ll
1LL:2Ll:1ll. (2)
B. No change in ratio/the ratio of F2 generation will still be 1LL:2Ll:1ll/ ratio
will be the same.
As the cross is still between a pure dominant and recessive allele/
genes/ traits/characters /as shown in the cross above. (1)

31 A. Hypermetropia is a defect that causes difficulty in focusing on near 3

objects, with clearer vision observed for distant objects. In Myopia
distant objects appear blurry while near objects are seen clearly. (1)
B.
(i) The image shows a case of hypermetropia. (0.5)
(ii) shortening of the eyeball or focal length of the eye lens becomes
too long. (0.5)
(iii) No the concave lens would diverge the rays coming to the eyeball
and will push the image even further, but a convex lens should be
used which will help to converge the rays and create the image at
the exact place on the retina. (1)

------------
For visually impaired students
A. Hypermetropia is a defect that causes difficulty in focusing on near
objects, with clearer vision observed for distant objects. In Myopia
distant objects appear blurry while near objects are seen
clearly. (1)
B. High converging power of eye lens, elongation of eye-ball. (2)

32 A. 3
R∝𝑙
𝑙
R∝
𝐴
𝑙
R = 𝜌 𝐴. (1.5)
B.
𝑙
R = 𝜌𝐴
𝐴
𝜌 = R 𝑙 for A =1m2 and l =1m, we have
𝜌=R
Hence resistivity is the resistance offered by a wire of length 1 m having a
cross sectional area of 1 m2. (1.5)

33 A. Magnetic field strength is inversely proportional to the distance from the 3

 current carrying wire. Hence when Mona moved the compass away from
the current carrying wire, the magnetic effect was less on it and hence the
deflection was less. (1)
B. Magnetic field strength is directly proportional to the current in the wire.
So, Mona could increase the current in the circuit to observe a greater
deflection in the compass needle. (1)
C. The battery suggests that the current is going from top of the plane to the
bottom of the plane. Using the right hand thumb rule we can say that the
magnetic field will be clockwise. (1)

Section-D

34 Student to attempt either option A or B. 5

A.
(i) Keerthi’s thinking is correct as substitution reactions occur in
saturated hydrocarbons, hydrogen atoms are replaced with
heteroatoms in saturated hydrocarbons. Whereas in unsaturated
hydrocarbons an addition reaction occurs, simple molecules are
added across double and/or triple bonds. (1)
(ii) Methane and propane undergo combustion reaction in presence of
oxygen and produce large amount of energy. (1)
The lower homologue of propane is ethane has the following electron
dot structure:

(1)
ANY TWO CHARACTERISTICS
- Difference in -CH2- / 14u molecular mass of any two adjacent
homologues.
- Same general formula/ functional group
- Similar chemical properties
- Gradual change in physical properties (1)
(iii) The mixture of ethyne and oxygen in sufficient amounts undergoes
complete combustion to fire a clean blue flame. In pressure of
insufficient supply of oxygen or in presence of air, ethyne does not
undergo complete combustion and produces sooty flame. (1)
OR
 B.
(i) ‘B’ is preferred for cleansing action. The calcium and magnesium salts
present in underground water are precipitated with carboxylic acids.
The Ca++ and Mg++ salts of sulphonic acid are soluble in water. ‘B’ is
a more effective cleansing agent in presence of Ca and Mg salts. (1)
(ii)
 Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing
properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water, while the
other end is hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons.
 The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain
carboxylic acids. The ionic end of soap dissolves in water while the
carbon chain dissolves in oil. The soap molecules, thus form
structures called micelles where one end of the molecules is
towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside. This forms
an emulsion in water. The soap micelle thus helps in dissolving the
dirt in water and we can wash our clothes clean

(Labelled fig - 1 + 2)
(iii) CH3COOCH3+ NaOH  CH3COONa+ CH3OH
The process is saponification. (0.5 + 0.5)

35 Students to attempt either option A or B. 5

A.
(i) Vegetative propagation/ asexual reproduction. (0.5+0.5)
(ii) More crops in same time interval, genetically identical, flower fruit
faster, no need to depend on pollinators. (1+1)
(iii) Cross pollination, the pollen from anther will be transferred the stigma
of another banana plant using agents like wind, water, or insects etc.
(0.5+0.5)
(iv) There would be minor changes/some variation during the process of
copying of the DNA. (1)
------------
For visually impaired students
(i) Vegetative propagation/ asexual reproduction. (0.5+0.5)
(ii) More crops in same time interval, genetically identical, flower fruit
faster, no need to depend on pollinators. (1+1)
(iii) Cross pollination, the pollen from anther will be transferred the stigma
of another banana plant using agents like wind, water, or insects etc.
(0.5+0.5)
 (iv) There would be minor changes/some variation during the process of
copying of the DNA. (1)
OR
B.
(i) Nutrients /glucose/oxygen/ waste. (any two) (1)
(ii) less surface area for nutrients (glucose/oxygen) to pass from mother
to embryo slow growth. (1)
(iii) uterus; has thick lining with rich supply of blood to nourish the embryo.
(1)
(iv)
a) male child
b) misused as if the foetus is female, some people engage in
aborting the child leading to female foeticide. (2)
------------
For visually impaired students
A.
(i) Nutrients /glucose/oxygen/ waste. (any two) (1)
(ii) less surface area for nutrients (glucose/oxygen) to pass from mother
to embryo slow growth. (1)
(iii) uterus; has thick lining with rich supply of blood to nourish the
embryo. (1)
(iv)
a) male child
b) misused as if the foetus is female, some people engage in
aborting the child leading to female foeticide. (2)

36 Students to attempt either option A or B. 5

A.
(i) p.d. across 4 Ω resistor = p.d. Across R2 as both are in parallel.
(0.5)
1.5 (A) × 4 (Ω) = 6 V (0.5)
(ii) Total Current through 4 Ω and R2 = 2.0 A (given).
Current through 4 Ω = 1.5 A (given) (0.5)
Hence current through R2 = 2-1.5= 0.5 A
Using Ohm’s law for R2 we get (0.5)
6 V= 0.5 A x R2
Hence R2 = 6/0.5 = 12 Ω (0.5)
(iii) p.d. across R1 = Total p.d. - (p.d. across R2) - (p.d. across 2.0
Ω) (0.5)
p.d. across 2.0 Ω = 2x2 = 4 V
p.d. across R2 = 6 V (calculated before) (0.5)

Hence p.d. across R1 = 12 − 6 − 4 = 2 V (0.5)

Current through R1 = 2A (0.5)
Using Ohm’s Law, we get
R1 = 2V/2A = 1Ω (0.5)
Alternative method
(4 𝑥 12)
Total Resistance = R1 + (4+12) + 2 = 12V/2 A = 6Ω (0.5)
R1 = 6 – (3 + 2) = 1 Ω (0.5)
OR
B.
(i) Use of P = IV (0.5)
I = P ÷ V = 24 W ÷ 12V
Current in lamp A – 2 A (0.5)
(ii) Voltmeter reading = 12 V (0.5)
Lamp A and Lamp B are in parallel.
Hence p.d. across the arm containing A = p.d. across arm
containing B
= 12 V (from a) (0.5)
(iii) p.d. across R2 + p.d. across B = 12 V. (0.5)
p.d. across B = 6 V (given)
Hence p.d. across R2 = 12 V - 6 V = 6V (0.5)

Current through R2 = Current through B = 3A (given) (0.5)

Use of R = V/I
R2 =6V/3A = 2Ω (0.5)
(iv) Current through R1 = Total Current = 3A+2A = 5A (0.5)
p.d. across R1 = 15V -12 V = 3V
R1=3V/5A = 0.6 Ω (0.5)

------------
For visually impaired students
A.
(i) Ohm's Law is the law, which states that the electric current (I)
flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage
(V) applied across it and inversely proportional to the resistance
(R) of the conductor. Mathematically, it can be represented as: (1)
𝑉 ∝𝐼
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (1)

(ii) Let the energy consumed by the fans be 𝐸𝑓 and the energy
consumed by the electric press be 𝐸𝑝 .
100 ×4
 𝐸𝑓 = 𝑃 × 𝑡 = = 0.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ
1000
500 ×2
 𝐸𝑝 = 𝑃 × 𝑡 = = 1 𝑘𝑊ℎ (1)
1000
 Total energy consumed in 1 day = 𝐸𝑝 + 𝐸𝑓 = 1.4 𝑘𝑊ℎ
Total energy consumed in 60 days = 1.4 × 60 = 84 𝑘𝑊ℎ.
Total cost = 84 × 𝑅𝑠. 6.5 = 𝑅𝑠. 546.00 (2)

OR
B.
(i) Joule's Law of Heating states that the amount of heat produced
in a conductor is directly proportional to the square of the electric
current passing through it, the resistance of the conductor, and
 the time for which the current flows. Mathematically, it can be
expressed as
𝐻 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡
● H is the heat produced (in joules),
● I is the electric current (in amperes),
● R is the resistance of the conductor (in ohms),
● t is the time for which the current flows (in seconds).
(ii) Let the equivalent resistance in series be denoted by 𝑅𝑠 and
that for parallel be denoted by 𝑅𝑝 . Total voltage of the circuit is
given by 𝑉 in both cases and the time is denoted by 𝑡.
 𝑅𝑠 = 2 + 4 = 6𝛺
1 1 1 3 4
 𝑅 = 2 + 4 = 4 , 𝑅𝑝 = 3
𝑝
𝑉2 𝑉2
 𝐻𝑠 = 𝑡, 𝐻𝑝 = 𝑡
𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑝
𝐻𝑠 𝑅𝑝 2
 = =
𝐻𝑝 𝑅𝑠 9

SECTION – E

37 A. A - Sodium chloride 4
Y - Chlorine gas,
Z - Hydrogen gas,
M - Sodium metal,
P - Sodium ethanoate &
R - Ethyl ethanoate/ester (0.5 X 6 = 3)
Student to attempt either subpart B or C.
B. Any activity similar to the given figure (1)

OR
C. Chlor alkali process
The process is called the chlor-alkali process because of the
products formed from chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide. (1)
 ------------
For visually impaired students
A.
ETHANOIC ACID ETHANOL

Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates: No reaction

Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen
carbonates to give rise to salt, carbon dioxide and
water. The salt produced is commonly called
sodium acetate.
2CH3 COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

(1+1)
B. Ethene
C2H5OH ------Hot Conc Sulphuric acid--- CH2=CH2 + H2O (1)
C. In combustion reactions oxygen is added hence all combustion reactions
are oxidation, whereas in oxidation reactions, energy may or may not be
released (along with the products), hence all oxidation reactions are not
combustion reactions. (1)

38 Students to attempt either subpart A or B. 4

A.
● Bending of shoots of plants is a response to the stimulus and a
directional, growth-related movement.
● When growing plants detect sunlight, a hormone called auxin,
synthesized at shoot tip helps the cells to grow longer.
● When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses to the
shady side of the shoot.
● This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells of the shoot to grow
longer on the side of the shoot which is away from the light. Thus,
plant appears to bend towards light. (0.5 x 4 =2)
OR
B.
● Leaves of ‘Touch me not’ plant respond to the stimulus by showing
growth independent movement.
● These plants use electrical–chemical means to convey the
information from cell to cell.
● Movement happens at a point different from the point of touch.
● Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them,
resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in changing shape.
(0.5 x 4 =2)
C. Growth of pollen tubes towards the ovule is an example of
chemotropism whereas bending of shoots towards sunlight is an
example of phototropism. (1)
 D.
i) Although both plants and animals show electrical–chemical means
to convey the information from cell to cell but unlike nerve cells in
animals there is no specialized tissue in plants for conduction of
information. (0.5)
ii) In animal cells, change in shape occurs because of the specialized
proteins found in muscle cells; plant cells change shape by changing
the amount of water in them. (0.5)
------------
For visually impaired students
Students to attempt either subpart A or B.
A.
● Bending of shoots of plants is a response to the stimulus and a
directional, growth-related movement.
● When growing plants detect sunlight, a hormone called auxin,
synthesized at shoot tip helps the cells to grow longer.
● When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses to
the shady side of the shoot.
● This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells of the shoot to grow
longer on the side of the shoot which is away from the light. Thus,
plant appears to bend towards light. (0.5 x 4 =2)
OR
B.
● Leaves of ‘Touch me not’ plant respond to the stimulus by showing
growth independent movement.
● These plants use electrical–chemical means to convey the
information from cell to cell.
● Movement happens at a point different from the point of touch.
● Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them,
resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in changing shape.
(0.5 x 4 =2)
C. Growth of pollen tubes towards the ovule is an example of
chemotropism whereas bending of shoots towards sunlight is an
example of phototropism. (1)
D.
i) Although both plants and animals show electrical–chemical means
to convey the information from cell to cell but unlike nerve cells in
animals there is no specialized tissue in plants for conduction of
information. (0.5)
ii) In animal cells, change in shape occurs because of the specialized
proteins found in muscle cells; plant cells change shape by changing
the amount of water in them. (0.5)

39 A. Real Image (the final image is formed due to the lens at the eye-piece) 4
(1)
 B. Concave Mirror (1)
Student to attempt either subpart C or D.
C. A converging lens is used at the eyepiece to collect the rays from the
plane mirror and help the viewer to see a real erect image of the star.
(2)
OR
D. The plane mirror laterally inverts the image formed by the curved
mirror and its position helps to direct the rays towards the eye-piece.
(2)
------------
For visually impaired students
A. Convex lens. (1)
B. Converging property. The lens can converge parallel rays to one
point. (1)
Student to attempt either subpart C or D
C. To correct hypermetropia, lenses of telescopes, microscopes and
slide projectors. (2)
OR
D. If the object is kept between the optical centre and the focus the image
obtained is virtual, rest in all cases the image is real.

**********