CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Agricultural sector played a strategic role in the process of economic development of a

country. It had already made a significant contribution to the economic prosperity of advanced

countries and its role in the economic development of less developed countries is of vital

importance. Increased in agricultural production and the rise in the per-capital income of the

rural community, together with the industrialization and urbanization, led to an increased

demand in industrial production. It was seen that increased agricultural output and productivity

tended to contribute substantially to an overall economic development of the country, it would be

rational and appropriate to place greater emphasis on further development of the agricultural

sector (Praburaj, 2018). According to (Lin, 2018), agriculture played a critical role in

transforming economies to reach the goal, along with achieving other essential development

goals like ensuring food security and improving nutrition. Therefore, in order to end hunger and

under nutrition while accelerating economic growth, agricultural transformation had become a

reality.

Hydroponics is the technique of growing plants using a water-based nutrient solution

rather than soil, and could include an aggregate substrate, or growing media, such as coconut

coir, or perlite (Sweety, 2023). In traditional Hydroponics, growers would submerge plant roots

in the water with added nutrients. Waterborne diseases pose a significant risk in hydroponic
crops, especially those caused by some species such as Fusarium, Pythium and Phytophthora

(Suárez-Cáceres et al., 2021). On the other hand, fogponics operated on the principle of

delivering nutrients directly to plant roots in the form of a fine mist or fog (Harsavardini, 2023).

With no growing medium and nutrient rich moist atmosphere, fogponics system reduced water

usage by 98%, fertilizer usage by 60% and pesticides usage by 100%, while maximizing crop

yields. On the other hand hydroponics due to stagnation of nutrient rich solution there were

possibilities for the spread of disease to the plants and surroundings (Venkatesh et al., 2020).

While growing plants in a hydroponic system helped reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases, the

continuous circulation of water through the system put the plants at risk of contracting some

waterborne diseases. Sometimes, these diseases were carried by the water solution from one

plant to the rest. This could potentially destroy all the plants in the system (Mccray, 2023).

Switching from soil-based to hydroponic systems might have eliminated soil-borne diseases;

however, it increased the risk of other pathogens emerging, particularly those that were suited to

aquatic environments. Among these, the Phytophthora, Pythium, and Fusarium species stood out

because they spread quickly through the recirculating fertilizer solution. Pythium root rot

continually threatened the productivity of numerous kinds of crops in hydroponic systems.

Pythium, in hydroponics, is usually induced by high or unstable water temperatures. Oxygen

levels are extremely low in water temperatures above 22°C (72°F), and when mixed with acidic

plant food, a hydroponic system can quickly become the perfect breeding ground for plant

disease.

According to Lueceka et al (2022), hydroponic systems were extremely permissive to the

persistence of oomycetes and P. dissotocum caused infection. Plant stunting, chlorosis, leaf

bending and wilting, and brown necrotic roots were discovered in seedlings soaked in water for
two weeks in an indoor hydroponic farm in the Dream Harvest Farming Company LLC,

Houston. Disease eventually claimed 80-100 percent of usable plants were lost. Furthermore,

Punja et al. (2018) discovered that the most common root pathogens, Pythium dissotocum

Drechsler and P. Myriotylum Drechsler was discovered to be capable of infecting a wide variety

of plants. This displays the pathogen's ability to spread across large distances, resulting in plant

stunting, yellowing, and occasionally death.

Fogponic was also introduced and researched in the Philippines. According to Agrotomy

(2019), there is a working vertical gardening farm which utilize the use of mist to grow a crop

that is located in Laguna, Philippines. This means that the Philippines environment and climate is

sufficient enough for Fogponics to be feasible. Using this as a reference, it could be said that the

possibility of fogponics in the Philippines to work is highly possible. According to Pineda

(2023), “aeroponic farming is a potential source of sustainable food systems that can further

advance the country’s food security agenda”. This claim supported that it was possible to set up

fogponics in this country. It could also be derived in this claim that fogponics was safe and

sustainable to some extent. This being the case the possibility of fogponics to avoid water borne

disease can be observed.

Based on the observation of the researchers, hydroponics system were commonly and

widely used in the locality in order to produce quality byproducts of lettuce. But this farming

system exposed crops to various plant water-borne diseases. Since they produced food and were

resource-managed with discipline, these hydroponics systems had become increasingly popular.

Scaling up the development of the hydroponic system is not cost-effective, despite the fact that it

was created in a closed-loop system and that substrate nourishment boosted output. However the
advent of fogponics raised the possibility of better oxygenation surrounding the root zone and

increased nutrient absorption, indicating that it might be a viable substitute.

With this research, the researchers aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fogponics on plants

growth. With its innovative approach, plants were cultivated in a compact environment, making

it suitable for urban areas or locations with limited space. In fogponics, a nutrient-rich mist was

directly provided to the plant roots, allowing them to absorb essential nutrients without being

exposed to soil-borne pathogens and other pathogens that were present in aeroponic and

hydrophonic systems.

Theoretical Background of the Study

This study aimed to assess the difference in growth on fogponics compared to

hydroponics method in planting and cultivating certain plants. This study specifically used

lettuce to compare the environment stated beforehand. The theories in which this study was

rooted were the “Disease Triangle” by Stevens (1960 as cited by Buechel, 2023), Carbon-

nutrient balance theory (Bryant et al., 1983; Bazzaz et al., 1987; Tuomi et al., 1988; as cited by

Masciandaro et. al, 2018) and the Theory of Mineral Nutrition (Wendt, 1950; Russell, 1952;

Wild, 1988; Ploeg, 1999 as cited by Jehn et. Al, 2024).

 Figure 1. Disease Triangle.

The goal of Stevens (1960) “Disease Triangle” was to provide a conceptual model that

showed the interactions between the environment, the host and an infectious (or abiotic) agent.

This model was used to predict epidemiological outcomes in plant health and public health, both

in local and global communities. “In the case of plant disease, certain conditions had to be in

place for a disease to occur. This was often simplified in a picture called the disease triangle. The

disease triangle points out that three favorable conditions had to coexist to cause a disease

problem. These three conditions were the presence of a pathogen, a susceptible host and proper

environmental conditions (Buechel, 2023)”.

The disease triangle that was stated refers to how a living organism, in the case of this

research a plant, on how it could catch diseases and viruses. In which determined if the plant

grew healthy or not. This included on how the plant survived and thrived in certain conditions in

regard to their environment. In this theory, pathogens refers to the small microorganisms that can

affect the health of plants. This included organisms that could render a plant’s growth, leaves,

color, or height. A susceptible host refers to the plant that is at risk and vulnerable to such

pathogens. In this study, the susceptible host would be the lettuce. Proper environmental

conditions refers to the condition of the plant in the environment how the plant was watered,

flow of nutrients , humidity, and the temperature at which where it is located. This also includes

minerals and substances that were present in the environment of the plant.

Following this theory, it could relate in this study on how different environment of plant,

could have different effects on a plant’s growth toward getting healthy or not. As hydroponics
and aeroponics have different approach in nurturing a plant it is highly possible that a difference

exist in these set-ups.

“This theory stated that plants lived on humus-derived extracts containing simple water-

soluble compounds of C, H, O, and N from which they were able to rebuild more complex plant

tissue. Plants also were thought to be able, by means of an internal vital force to generate from

these four elements other vital constituents such as Si and K (Wendt, 1950; Russell, 1952; Wild,

1988; Ploeg, 1999 as cited by Jehn et. al, 2024)”.

This relates to this study on how lettuce build and grow . And to provide a comparative

analysis of how the exposure of the plant differs on fogponics and hydroponics.

In the study “On the Origin of the Theory of Mineral Nutrition of Plants and the Law of

Minimum” (last cited by Wang et. al. (2024) has an in-depth understanding and study of the

mineral theory.

According to Ploeg (1999), Black (1993) Quoted that, Liebig (1855, p. 23–25) stated his

law in three parts as:“1. By the deficiency or absence of one necessary constituent, all others

being present, the soil is rendered barren for all those crops to the life of which that one

constituent is indispensable. 2. With equal supplies of the atmospheric conditions for the growth

of plants, the yields are directly proportional to the mineral nutrients supplied in the manure. 3.

In a soil rich in mineral nutrients, the yield of a field cannot be increased by adding more of the

same substances.”

This theory in hydroponics and aeroponics implies that the use of adequate nutrients is a

necessary to acquire a yield. Absence of one or more important nutrient could render the plants

growth and overall yield.

 This theory provides proof as to how a nutrient could affect the growth and yield of the

crop. In relation to this research, this is an important theory to know if a nutrient is aligned to its

corresponding set-up .

“The Humus theory stated that plants lived on humus-derived extracts containing simple

water-soluble compounds of C, H, O, and N from which they were able to rebuild more complex

plant tissue. Plants also were thought to be able, by means of an internal vital force to generate

from these four elements other vital constituents such as Si and K (Wendt, 1950; Russell, 1952;

Wild, 1988; Ploeg, 1999 as cited by Jehn et. al, 2024)”.

This refers to how a plant grows and build itself. This theory states how a plant made its

own tissue by using Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen to make complex pattern and be

able to survive. As such the health and vulnerability of a plant depends on how a plant receive its

corresponding C, H, O, and N.

This relates to this study on how lettuce build itself . And depending as to how much the

lettuce is exposed to the said compounds to provide a comparative analysis of how the exposure

of the plant. In which we look for their difference on hydroponics and aeroponics system.
 GROWTH AND YIELD OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa) UNDER FOGPONIC AND HYDROPONIC
SYSTEM

Disease Triangle Humus Theory

(Stevens, 1960) (Albert Thaer, 1809)

Mineral Theory of Plant Nutrition

(Justus von Liebig, 1803-1873)

Influence of the Mineral present in the Substance as source of

environment around the medium (substances) for nutrients for the root
lettuce to its growth and the nutrients of the absorption of the lettuce
development lettuce growth

Assessing the efficacy of fogponics farming on the growth and

development of lettuce.

RECCOMENDATIONS
 Figure 2. Theoretical Framework of the Study.

Statement of the Problem

The main objectives of the study was to assess the effectiveness of fogponics farming

compare the growth of hydroponically grown lettuce. This study was conducted over the period

from March to May 2024. This study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the mean growth of the lettuce in fogponics farming every 4 days?

1.1. Height;

1.2. Crown Diameter;

1.2.1 Length of the widest portion of the crown;

1.2.2 Perpendicular to the area of the widest portion of the crown;

1.3 Number of Leaves;

1.4 Length and width of the largest leaf?

2. What is the mean growth of the lettuce in hydroponics farming every 4

days?

2.1. Height;

2.2. Crown Diameter;

 2.2.1 Length of the widest portion of the crown;

2.2.2 Perpendicular to the area of the widest portion of the crown;

2.3 Number of Leaves;

2.4 Length and width of the largest leaf?

3. Is there a significant difference between the mean growth of the lettuce using

hydroponics and fogponics systems over the period of 32 days, right before harvest in terms of:

3.1 Height;

3.2 Crown Diameter;

3.2.1 Length of the widest portion of the crown;

3.2.2 Perpendicular to the area of the widest portion of the crown;

3.3 Number of Leaves;

3.4 Length and width of the largest leaf ?

Statement of Hypothesis

The following hypothesis were tested:

H0: There is no significant difference in the growth of lettuce between hydroponics and

fogponics farming system.

Ha: There is a significant difference in the growth of lettuce between hydroponics and fogponics

farming system.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how effectively lettuce grew in hydroponic

systems compared to fogponics systems. This study might have an influence not only on one

individual but several individuals.

Farmers. This study could significantly benefit the farmers by providing them with

knowledge and tools to enhance farming production, improve resource efficiency, and build

climate resilience. Additionally, it could help farmers adapt to changing climate conditions,

mitigating the impact of adverse weather on the plants. Also, they can explore innovative

solutions to meet the challenges of modern agriculture.

Community. Study's primary focus is mainly on using plant roots in water as a growth

medium for the subjects, water conservation was practiced. By doing this, innovative methods

would save water and use the wasted water for useful purposes rather than use pure water.

Furthermore, rather than developing a topic with clean water, the community might have learned

new alternatives.

Future Researcher. Could have contributed to the development of sustainable and efficient

farming methods. This could have far-reaching implications for food production, especially in
areas with limited access to water and arable land. Furthermore, studying fogponics could have

provided valuable insights into the role of environmental factors.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on investigating the efficacy of fogponics compared to hydroponics in

the cultivation and production of lettuce. There were various studies conducted on the processes

of cultivating lettuce including hydroponics, aquaponics, traditional farming and etc. However,

there were studies conducted that lettuce was produced and grown fogponically with a ultrasonic

fogger machine.

This proposed study conducted was limited only to green lettuce plants and delimited to

the other types or species of lettuce plants. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the

efficacy of fogponics for growing and producing lettuce than in hydroponics. The daily growth

and change in color of lettuce planted were monitored. The change in growth and color between

the two farming system: fogponics and hydroponics, was compared. This served as the basis to

identify whether planting and producing lettuce in fogponics was more efficient than in

hydroponics. This study was carried out at Bonifacio Street, Barangay Lamacan, Argao, Cebu. In

addition, the trial only included 24 seedlings in total in both set-up and measured their

effectiveness compared to the proposed alternate cultivating method. The data were gathered

through observation.
Definition of Terms

Lettuce - is the subject of this study. This would be use to compare the hydroponic set-up

and fogponic set-up.

Hydroponics Set-up - refers to the set-up in which where the lettuce would be allowed

[Link] set-up will follow a stagnant water flow and will be aligned horizontally.

Fogponics Set-up - refers to the set-up in which where the lettuce would be allowed to

grow. This setup would be used to compare with hydroponic. The set-up will follow a vertical

alignment of lettuces and will be grown with the help of fogging.

Fogger - is a device used to make a fog from water. As such it is used in order to

complete the fogponic set-up.

Height - refers to the vertical measurement of a lettuce from its roots to its peak.

Crown - refers to how wide the lettuce in its largest and narrowes
 Length and width of the largest leaf - refers to how big the area of the largest leaf is. It

is computed by using small rectangles.

T-test - is the test used to compare the two data from each set-up.

Fertilizer - is the nutrient solution that is used throughout the experiment. A controlled

variable that is maintained in both of the set-up. Namely, Masterblend™

PVC pipe - is the main medium for each of the fogponics

Net cups - is a small basket like cup that could be use with rock wool. It is where the

lettuce is planted before placing into the set-up.

Rock wool - is a thing that can support a growing plant. It is where the lettuce grow as it

is placed in each of its corresponding net cups.

Cocopeat - is made out of sterilized grounded coconut husk that is used to propagate the

lettuces.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature after the in-depth search done by the

previous researchers. It shows a literature review related to the subject, processes, and preceding

researchers in the specific field involved in this study. This chapter provides a conceptual

understanding of the things engaged in this study to comprehend this research's essence fully.

This chapter reviews and justifies previous research in this field of study.

Hydroponics

According to Nisha et. al. (2018), currently hydroponic cultivation is gaining popularity

all over the world because of efficient resources management and quality food production. Soil

based agriculture is now facing various challenges such as urbanization, natural disaster, climate

change, indiscriminate use of chemicals and pesticides which is depleting the land fertility. Due

to rapid urbanization and industrialization not only is the cultivable land is decreasing but also

conventional agricultural practices causing a wide range of negative impacts on the environment.

To sustainably feed the world’s growing population, methods for growing sufficient food have to
evolve. Modification in the growth medium is an alternative for sustainable production and to

conserve fast depleting land and available water resources.

Among these hydroponics techniques is gaining popularity because of its efficient

management of resources and food production. Various commercial and specialty crops can be

grown using hydroponics including leafy vegetables, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers,

strawberries, and many more. Hydroponics is a type of cultivation method which uses only water

mixed with nutrient solution to grow plants without using soil. This method helps farmers to

grow crops efficiently and more productive way using less water, labor and time. Soil is not

required for the plant to grow but it acts as a base to provide all the nutrients for the growth of

the plant. By providing these nutrients through water externally with external support to hold the

plant, water can take over soil. In hydroponics we externally provide nutrients that plant required

to grow and develop. Nutrients required by the plant are mixed within water and thus directly

providing the nutrients to plant roots. All plants will get an equal share of nutrients which leads

all plants to grow equally of all the time. It has a better nutrient value compare to the soil because

of no waste of nutrients and water in soil-less cultivation methods. Hydroponics can be used to

cultivate various type of plants like leafy crops, lettuce and fruit bearing plants like tomatoes,

cucumbers, herbs and peppers etc. The hydroponic cultivation method required to have

controlled temperature and humidity surroundings, pH and EC values of the nutrient solution are

to be well maintained in the required range. Many commercial hydroponic farmers use the

controlled greenhouse environment to get the highest quality product on a year round basis.

There are several applications that are used in the field of hydroponics, out of which

“Deep-Water Culture” method is most significantly used. The major limitation of this system is

that it requires user interventions. Their system fully automates working of the system which will
reduce user work (Shetty, 2021). According Swain et. al. (2021), Hydroponics is a technique of

growing plants in nutrient solutions (water containing fertilizers) with or without the use of an

inert medium (sand, gravel, vermiculite, rock wool, perlite, peat moss, coir or sawdust) to

provide mechanical support (Sharma et al., 2018). Maharana and Koul (2011) defined

hydroponics as a technique of growing plants in soil-less condition with their roots immersed in

nutrient solution. From study of Resh (2013), cited in the study of Sharma et al. (2021), most

hydroponics systems operate automatically to control the amount of water, nutrients and

photoperiod based on the requirements of different plants. According to Savaas (2017),

hydroponics can be briefly defined as cultivation of plants without soil. So, it is clear that in

hydroponics plants are grown without soil and they get nutrients from nutrient solution added to

water. Many weeds and soil-borne pests and illnesses are less likely to affect plants grown in

water. However, hydroponics are not infallible, if not monitored, issues may arise that are the

same or even worse than those that you would have in a conventional garden.

Aeroponics

Aeroponics, which is a sister to hydroponics, involving state-of-the-art controlled

environment agriculture (Gurley et. al, 2020). Aeroponics is the science of plant cultivation

without incorporation of the soil or a substrate culture, where plant grows in the air with the

assistance of an artificial support and no soil or substrate is required to support the plant.

Basically, it is an air water culture cultivation system, the roots of plant are hanged inside a

sealed container under darkness and openly exposed in the air to get water nutrient-rich spray

through atomizers. The upper portion of the plant leaves and crown extend above the wet zone.

The root and canopy of the plant are separated by the artificially provided structure. The system
uses the nutrient-enriched spray in the air with the help of pressure nozzles or foggers to sustain

hyper growth under controlled (Lakhiar et. al, 2018).

Based on the study conducted by Sahoo (2020), the aeroponic culture technique is an

optional device of soil-less culture in growth-controlled environments such as greenhouses. This

method consists of enclosing the root system in a dark chamber and supplying a nutrient solution

of mist device. This was widely used in horticultural species including tomato, lettuce,

cucumber, and ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum or poinsettia. Aeroponic systems for

seed production have been established following increased demand for more efficient high

quality seed production methods. Aeroponic systems are more water resource efficient than

hydroponic system. Another remarkable advantage of the aeroponics is the minimal contact

between the support structure and plant, due to which the unconstrained growth.

According to (Singh et. al, 2010) the technique of aeroponic culture is an optional method

of soil-less culture in growth-controlled environments such as greenhouses. This method consists

of enclosing root system in a dark chamber and supplying nutrient solution with a mist device.

The aeroponic system mainly consists of an electrical unit, two light proof (dark) growth

chambers, a nutrient solution chamber, a high pressure pump, filters, and spray nozzles

(Buckseth et. al, 2016) Indoor farms often use soil-free techniques such as hydroponics and

aeroponics. Aeroponics involves the application to roots of a nutrient aerosol, which can lead to

greater plant productivity than hydroponic cultivation. Aeroponics is thought to resolve a variety

of plant physiological constraints that occur within hydroponic systems (Eldridge et. al, 2020).

Fogponics
 Fogponics is an advanced aeroponic gardening technique. It is also the newest and most

demanding of all aeroponic techniques. This system delivers nutrient mist mixed with water into

a closed system which may be a crate or a tray used to seal in the plant root (Watson, 2018). As

the plant root is continuously exposed to the nutrients at particulate sizes, it is easier for the

plants to absorb them comparing to other aeroponic techniques. Fogponics offers a more efficient

means to grow plants indoor as compared to other aeroponic techniques. But the limitation of

this technique is that it requires regular use of power for mist supply and if there is an

interruption, it could result in a devastating result on the plants (Yield, 2013). The main

advantage of fogponics is that it allows introducing specific nutrient-water mist mixtures suitable

for specific plants and thus increasing the quality of the yield.

Researchers and scientists have designed the Fogponics systems to reduce the maintenance

and increase yield as well as to maximize crop production. Fogponics system provides multiple

advantages such as: the enriched nutrients transferred by the fogs penetrate into root tissues

making them moist and well-nourished. Moreover, it minimizes the use of water and nutrients by

up to 50% due to limited use of water consumption (K. Al-Kodmany, 2018). The system is also

adequate even in a small space of area since the crops production is independent on land and soil

quality i.e. less fertilizer.

Over the years, technological advancement has revolutionized the world and made it

possible for the exploration of many multi-functional devices like the optimization of sensors

and actuators. By the development of this kind of technology, it may help in playing an

important role in terms of an agricultural perspective and farming tactics ([Link], 2017)
 The vapour that functions like smoke produced by the ultrasonic fogger machine will keep the

air inside the containers moist and full of nutrients. This method is a very efficient way to grow

crops and plants since there is no need for water flowing yet consume maximum amount of

nutrients allowing to produce crops much faster compared to Hydroponics and Aquaponics ( R.

Walker et. al, 2018).

Fogponics is a modern modified version of an Aeroponics farming system which may

also be known as “Aeroponics 2.0”. This kind of farming method has been practiced and

introduced by NASA through a lot of researches and experiments. To explain further, Fogponics

operates similarly like the Aeroponics which uses soilless cultivation and the process of growing

plants is by suspending it in the air or a fog without relying on soil to give the nutrients that

plants required to grow. In addition to that, the fog is produced by placing an ultrasonic fog

generator inside the mixture of water and nutrients within an enclosed base chamber. The

ultrasonic fog generator capable to vibrates at supersonic frequencies and produced micro

droplets of water nutrient make it easier and faster for the plant to absorb via the roots with

enough amount of mixture and oxygenation. In general, one of the main factors to grow plants is

the existence of sunlight energy where it will later be converted into chemical energy through the

process of photosynthesis. During this process, water is broken down through a chemical

reaction to separate oxygen and hydrogen with the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

(Uddin and Suliaman, 2021).

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

The lettuce (Laсtuca sativa) is one of the most economically important leafy vegetable

crops in the world. It is one of the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide, but its
nutritional value has been underestimated. Lettuce is low in calories, fat and sodium. It is a good

source of fiber, iron, folate, and vitamin C. Lettuce is also a good source of various other health-

beneficial bioactive compounds (Kim et. al, 2016). According to this study conducted by Kim et.

al. (2016), Lettuce is popularly consumed in salad mixes and consumption of salads is

increasing. Therefore, lettuce can contribute significantly to the nutritional content of diets

(Kenny and O’Beirne, 2009). Since lettuce is generally eaten raw, more nutrients are retained

compared to other vegetables that are cooked or processed, such as potatoes.

Based on the study conducted by Castoldil (2014), the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an

annual herbaceous vegetable of the Asteraceae family, and represents an important source of

mineral salts, mainly calcium and vitamins (Filgueira, 2003), being one of the most cultivated

and consumed vegetable crops in Brazil. This is due to several factors, such as its adaptability to

varied climatic conditions, the possibility of successive crops in the same year, the low cost of

production and a low susceptibility to pests and disease (Medeiros et al., 2007). To produce

lettuce with good acceptance in the market, the planting of healthy and vigorous seedlings is of

paramount importance.

Thus, the production of seedlings can be considered as one of the most important stages

in the cultivation of lettuce, since depending on this are the productive performance of the plants,

the quality of the product destined for the consumer market and the profits of the producer

(Minami, 1995; Souza et al., 2008). In the production of vegetable seedlings the use of trays and

substrates is common, facilitating handling and enabling greater health and nutritional control. A

substrate for the production of seedlings has the purpose of ensuring quality plant growth in a

short time and at low cost (Filgueira, 2003). Silva Júnior and Visconti (1991) describe how a

good substrate should have the ability to retain nutrients and water, good aeration, low resistance
to root penetration and good resistance to loss of the structure of the root ball, which is essential

for success when transplanting. Substantial increases in productivity, achieved in production

systems of vegetable seedlings, are largely due to the use of substrates (Smiderle Et Al., 2001).

In this context, the formulation of substrates by the farmer can be very advantageous (Menezes

Júnior; Fernandes, 1998). However, the formulation of an alternative substrate which would be

more sustainable from a socio-economic and environmental view point, is dependent on the

availability of quality material for its composition, this characteristic varying with the region. A

good alternative is to use regional substrates that can be easily obtained (Carneiro Júnior; Seno;

Ferreira Filho, 2000).

According to Paulus et al. (2012) in the study conducted by Carvalho et. al. (2018), for

hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation, it is possible to use nutrient solutions prepared

with low quality water, or reuse nutrient solutions. The use of alternative sources of water and

fertilizers may represent a reduction in production costs in the hydroponic system (Azad et al.,

2013), but there is a lack of information on the correct management of the nutrient solution

(Bugbee, 2004). Although effluents contain macro and micronutrients, the contents found may

be limiting to the growth of plants, either by excess or nutrient deficiency (Almuktar et al.,

2015).

Plant Growth

Plant growth is referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and this can stimulate

plant growth either indirectly or directly. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by

rhizobacteria have the capacity to promote plant growth as well as perform biocontrol of fungal

pathogens. The microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) are characterized by a low
molecular weight and a high vapor pressure, which facilitate evaporation and diffusion at normal

temperatures and at above-ground and below-ground pressures (Del Rosario et. al, 2016).

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are the soil bacteria inhabiting around/on the root

surface and are directly or indirectly involved in promoting plant growth and development via

production and secretion of various regulatory chemicals in the vicinity of rhizosphere.

Generally, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria facilitate the plant growth directly by either

assisting in resource acquisition (nitrogen, phosphorus and essential minerals) or modulating

plant hormone levels, or indirectly by decreasing the inhibitory effects of various pathogens on

plant growth and development in the forms of biocontrol agents. Various studies have

documented the increased health and productivity of different plant species by the application of

plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under both normal and stressed conditions. The plant-

beneficial rhizobacteria may decrease the global dependence on hazardous agricultural chemicals

which destabilize the agro-ecosystems (Ahemad et. al, 2013).

Plant growth and development is driven by the continuous production of new cells. The

processes involved in making it possible for a cell to give rise to two daughter cells define the

cell division cycle. Plant development requires a fine control of cell division (rate, cell cycle exit

and reactivation, endoreplication) and differentiation. By affecting cell numbers and organ

formation, cell division and differentiation will affect plant growth and can therefore have a

profound impact on yield and biomass production (K. David et. al, 2016). According to

(Gonzalez, Powell and Lenhard et. al, 2012) In plants, growth usually is an irreversible increase

in size involving cell division and cell elongation. Plant growth is important in the competition

with neighbours for often scarce resources such as nutrients and light. Complex molecular
networks coordinate cell division and cell expansion, resulting in growth. These networks must

continuously adapt to an ever-changing environment.

According to (Smith and Sitt et. al 2007 and Zeeman et. al, 2012) growth is a highly

energy-demanding process that is tightly linked to the diurnal cycle and is restricted by

unfavourable conditions. Starch synthesis and degradation are diurnally regulated such that an

optimal carbohydrate balance is maintained during both day and night, and energy stress can be

avoided (Lastdrager at. Al 2014).

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research methods utilized and employed in the study. The

following components such as research design, research environment, research subject, research

instruments, research procedure, and statistical treatment of the data are found in the study.

Research Design

The research design of this study was experimental. An experimental research design was

typically focused on the relationship between two variables: the independent variable and the

dependent variable. The results of the experiment were compared to determine whether there is a

significant difference between the group that received the treatment and the control group (Saigo,

2022). The experimental design that would have been utilized in the study was the Completely

Randomized Design. As the researchers collected numerical data in which experimental

research design, Completely Randomized Design, was used to determine the result of the

effectiveness of fogponics farming method compared to hydroponics farming method to the

growth of lettuce.

Figure 3. Treatment 1: Figure 4. Treatment 2: Fogponic

Hydroponic farming. farming.

Table 1. Experimental Set-up.

Research Locale
 The research was conducted in Cebu Technological University – Argao Cebu, Lamacan,

Argao, Cebu, specifically in the greenhouse of the College of Agriculture. The locale had a

tropical climate with two seasons—the rainy time from June to November and the dry time from

December to May. The weather was not too hot or too cold. Sometimes, it rained a lot during the

wet season. Located at an elevation of None meters (0 feet) above sea level, Argao had a

Tropical monsoon climate (Classification: Am). The district’s yearly temperature was 29.12ºC

(84.42ºF) and it was 1.9% higher than Philippines’s averages. Argao typically received about

73.42 millimeters (2.89 inches) of precipitation and had 183.04 rainy days (50.15% of the time)

annually. The climate in Argao was hot, oppressive, windy, and overcast. Over the course of the

year, the temperature typically varies from 75°F to 91°F and was rarely below 73°F or above

94°F.
Figure 5 : Location Map of the Research Environment.
Research Subjects

The researchers utilized lettuce, specifically green lettuce (Lactuca sativa), as the main

subject of the study because the process in growing the lettuce was easy and ideal. As lettuce

grew in approximately a month's time. The small seeds were germinated in a growing medium

before being moved into a hydroponics system supplied only with a nutrient-rich solution.

Fogponics system and hydroponics system were the two different mediums being used as a

source of nutrients. Additionally, the researchers used 24 lettuce seeds in total in conducting the

experiment, four for each three replicates of fogponics farming methods, and four for each three

replicates of hydroponics farming methods. The researchers utilized the coco peat, which was

sterilized using house cleaning product, zonrox, before using it as a substrate for the initial seed

germination of the lettuce. After then, the lettuce that had already sprouted was transferred in a

rock wool that will serve as its medium in growing the fogponic and hydroponic farming

methods. In which, researchers examined and monitored the growth of lettuce in terms of:

number, length, width of leaves and fresh weight of the subjects. Through observations the

researchers acquired appropriate data and drew conclusions for the study.

Research Instruments

The researchers employed research instrument was a quantitative observation method,

where daily recordings of progress of the growth of the lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were presented

in tabular form. The changes in the appearance of the subjects were monitored through

recordings that occured every 4 days throughout duration of the experimentation. Furthermore,

the tables organized the data, allowing the researchers to examine and record subjects' progress

in two different media. This supported the hypothesis that the researchers assessed concerning
the efficiency of fogponics system compared to hydroponics as medium of growth and

development of lettuce, which resulted in the quality of the crops produced.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers used two different independent mediums, the Fogponics Farming Setup

and the Hydroponics Farming Setup. The researchers used a two-sample independent t-test. This

was to assess and differentiate the growth of the subjects in two mediums in terms of the height

of the plant, crown diameter: widest portion of the crown and narrowest portion of the crown,

number of leaves, and length and width of the largest leaf. With this, the researchers aimed to

compare the growth between Fogponics Farming System and Hydroponics Farming System to

the growth of lettuce.

The study utilized this following formula:

x1 . x2 Difference between means

t=

√
2 2 Variance
s1 s2 Sample Size
+
n1 n 2

Where:

x 1 = mean of sample 1

x 2 = mean of sample 2
2
s1 = variance of sample 1

2
s2 = variance of sample 2

n1 = number of subject in sample 1

n2 = number of subject in sample 2

Research Procedure

The following procedures were followed in conducting this research. First, the

researchers asked permission from the principal and the subject teacher to conduct the study.

Subsequently, the researchers then wrote a letter to the parents, to ask permission to conduct the

study at the chosen location. After careful deliberation and finalization of the topic, the

researchers proceeded in the experimentation proper.

Preparation of the Lettuce

The researchers inquired about the cost of the desired seeds, which were the lettuce seeds,

and proceeded to place an order for them. Once the lettuce seeds were delivered, they delicately

place them into the prepared rockwool cubes, ensuring that each lettuce seeds was properly

nestled within the fibers. One had taken a delicate approach when placing the lettuce seeds in

pre-made rockwool cubes so that every seed is properly held by fibers. Then they gave these

lettuce seeds time for their first germination period with warm temperature and light and moist

environment they need for growth. Lettuce seedlings were carefully moved along with the

rockwool into net tray ensuring that their roots remain intact upon. After this, they transferred the

lettuce seedlings from the net trays to the set-up having enough conditions required for them to

grow well depending on their needs. Lastly, watched each particular set-up and wait the initial

growth and development of the lettuce seedlings within each individual set-up, monitoring their

progress and making any necessary adjustments to ensure their continued success.

Preparation of the Substrate

 The researchers had decided to use rockwool as a medium where the lettuce would be

planted. Rockwool was a popular hydroponic substrate used in planting plants. It was made from

basalt rock and chalk that were heated and then spun into fibrous cubes or slabs. The process was

similar to making cotton candy. The resulting product was lightweight, porous, and retains water

well, making it an ideal medium for plant roots in hydroponic systems. Rockwool provided

excellent aeration, ensuring that plant roots received ample oxygen. It also had a neutral pH,

which was beneficial for plant growth. However, it was important to soak and rinse rockwool

before use to remove any dust and to adjust its pH if necessary. Overall, rockwool offered a

clean, disease-free environment for plants to grow without soil, making it a popular choice

among hydroponic growers. Rock wool, which is a planting medium for lettuce, requires careful

preparation.

First of all, the rock wool was soaked in distilled water for around thirty minutes so that it

becomes saturated entirely. They used the distilled water because it did not contain any minerals

that could change the rockwool’s pH level. After soaking the rockwool, drained it and soaked

once more in a nutrient solution with a pH of between 6.0 and 6.5 which was right for growing

lettuces. This second soaking usually lasts for another half an hour. Once completely saturated

with nutrient solution, rockwool was ready to receive lettuce seeds. A small hole is made on top

of the rockwool just about quarter inch down into this substance. Then one or two lettuce seeds

were placed inside before being gently covered with portions of surrounding rockwools. The

seeded rockwool was then placed in a tray having a little amount of nutrient solution at its

bottom to keep up moisture levels. Furthermore, the tray was positioned in warm well- lit area

allowing the seeds to germinate and grow while carefully monitored and adjusted as necessary
for pH and nutrient solution concentration over time period; within approximately one week or

so seedling were seen emerging from the media surface.

Figure 6. Rock wool.

Preparation of the Nutrient-rich Solution

Given that the researcher used water as the medium, it was essential to prepare a nutrient-

rich solution. Therefore, the researcher decided to utilize a solution that contained all the

necessary nutrients for the growth of the lettuce plant. The chosen solution consisted of Master

Blend's 5-11-26 Hydroponic Formula, Calcium Nitrate 15.5-0-0 (cal-nit), and Magnesium

Sulfate (Epsom Salt). Masterblend was a type of fertilizer used in growing mediums that were

soil-free. It aided in the growth of plants in a liquid nutrient solution, with or without the use of

artificial media. Commonly used mediums included expanded clay, coir, perlite, vermiculite,

brick shards, polystyrene packing peanuts, and wood fiber.

It was recognized as an effective method for producing vegetables like tomatoes, lettuce,

cucumbers, and peppers, as well as ornamental crops such as herbs, roses, freesia, and foliage
plants. The Masterblend 5-11-26 Hydroponic Formula contained a Total of 5% of Nitrogen and

Nitrate Nitrogen, 11% of Phosphate (P2O5), 26% of Soluble Potash (K2O), 3.11% of

Magnesium (Mg), 3.11% of Water Soluble Magnesium (Mg), 4% of Sulfur (S), 0.05% of Boron

(B), 0.015% of Copper (Cu), 0.015% of Chelated Copper (Cu), 0.30% of Iron (Fe), 0.30% by

Chelated Iron (Fe), 0.05% by Manganese (Mn), 0.05% of Chelated Manganese (Mn), 0.01% of

Molybdenum (Mo), 0.015% of Zinc (Zn), and 0.015% of Chelated Zinc (Zn). Calcium Nitrate

15.5-0-0, also known as Ammonium Calcium Nitrate, is a colorless anhydrous salt that consists

of 15.5% of Nitrogen and 19% of Calcium.

It served as a nitrogen fertilizer that was particularly used in acid soils, due to its

acidifying effect on the soil. Magnesium Sulfate, also known as Epsom Salt, was a highly water-

soluble compound that was specifically useful for providing magnesium (10% Mg) and sulfur

(13% S) to plants. The addition of magnesium sulfate was a great supplement to the soil that

helped plants achieve a dark green color, indicating healthy growth. For the ratio and

measurements of the solution, in a 200 liter of distilled water, we will be adding 191.72 grams of

Masterblend 5-11-26, with 64 grams of Epsom Salt , and 128.2 grams of Calcium nitrate.

Preparation of the Hydroponic Farming Set-up

In hydroponic farming using the stagnant or Kratky method, the setup was thoughtfully

crafted from affordable and readily available materials to ensure accessibility and replicability.

The choice of materials included fruit trays, which were sourced based on their affordability and

widespread availability in the public market. The researchers inquired about the prices and costs

of each material, emphasizing cost-effectiveness in the selection process. The setup comprised
three replications, each utilizing fruit trays, rock wool placed inside net cups, and other necessary

components. The meticulous process of creating the hydroponic setup involved several steps.

Firstly, the researchers measured the dimensions of the fruit trays to determine how many

net cups can fit into each replication containing 4 net cups for each of the 3 replication.

Subsequently, precise holes were carefully cut into the fruit trays using a styro cutter, ensuring

proper fitment for the net cups. This meticulous fitment process was crucial for the successful

placement and support of the lettuce seedlings.

After the fruit trays were prepared, a nutrient solution was mixed and poured into the

trays. This solution served as the growing medium for the hydroponic lettuce plants. Following

this, the lettuce seedlings, already placed in net cups, were delicately transferred to the fruit trays

with the nutrient solution. This transplanting process was executed with care to ensure the

seamless adaptation of seedlings to their new hydroponic environment.

To maintain experimental integrity and eliminate bias, the researchers adopted the

Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for the hydroponic experiment. This design helped

ensure that each replication received equal consideration, contributing to the reliability and

validity of the experimental outcomes. The comprehensive approach to material selection, setup

creation, and experimental design aligned with the overarching goal of providing valuable

insights into optimal lettuce cultivation practices within the hydroponic Kratky method. This

endeavor contributed to the advancement of sustainable agriculture and the optimization of crop

yield in an accessible and cost-effective manner.

 Figure 7. Hydroponic Farming Set-up.

Preparation of the Fogponic Farming Set-up

For fogponics farming, the setup involved utilizing PVC pipes as the medium to create

an efficient and affordable system. The materials employed include 1-meter-long, 4-inch

diameter PVC pipes for 4 net cups for each of the three replications. Within these pipes, rock

wool was placed inside net cups, providing a stable foundation for the lettuce seedlings. An

ultrasonic misting machine was incorporated to generate a nutrient-rich mist around the plants,

and it was placed within the bottom of the PVC pipe. To ensure affordability and accessibility,

the materials were chosen with consideration for their availability in the market.

The setup process involved several crucial steps. Initially, the highest point that the

fogger device could reach was tested, and the height of the PVC pipes were adjusted accordingly

to ensure even distribution of mist to each of the four lettuce plants within. The misting machine

was strategically positioned to cover the entire length of the PVC pipe. The planting distance of
net cups, each containing a lettuce seedling, was precisely set at 8 inches apart from one another

within the PVC pipe.

The net cups were accommodated through a meticulous fitment process. A heat gun and a

drill were utilized to create holes in the PVC pipe, ensuring proper fitment for the net cups. This

methodical approach guaranteed a secure and stable placement of the lettuce seedlings,

promoting optimal growth conditions.

In terms of experimental design, the CRD (Completely Randomized Design) was

implemented. This ensured a randomized and unbiased distribution of fogponic setups within the

designated experimental area. The use of CRD enhanced the reliability of the experimental

results by minimizing potential sources of bias and provided a robust foundation for the

subsequent statistical analysis.

The consideration of cost-effective materials, meticulous setup procedures, and adherence

to a standardized experimental design collectively contributed to the overall effectiveness and

affordability of the fogponic farming method. This comprehensive approach aimed to provide

valuable insights into the growth patterns, nutrient uptake, and overall plant health, allowing for

meaningful comparisons with traditional hydroponics systems.

Figure 8. Fogponic Farming Set-up.

Preparation of the Experimental Set-up

In the preparation of the experimental setup, there were 2 treatments which are the

fogponics set-up and the hydroponics set-up and in each treatment there will be 3 replications to

ensure the findings of the study is eligible. The researchers employed the Completely

Randomized Design (CRD) to ensure a robust and unbiased experimental design. In using CRD,

the first step involved randomly assigning each treatment, in this case, the different replications

or setups, to the experimental units.

The objective was to eliminate any systematic bias and evenly distribute potential

variations across the treatments. To apply CRD, the researchers utilized a randomization process

that involved using a random number generator or drawing lots. This random assignment ensured

that each replication, such as Treatment 1 Replication 1, Treatment 2 Replication 1, and so on,

had an equal chance of receiving any specific treatment condition. This methodological approach

helped in minimizing the influence of extraneous variables, allowing for a more precise

evaluation of the effects of the fogponics and hydroponic cultivation methods on lettuce growth.

The adoption of CRD reflected the researchers' commitment to achieve a scientifically rigorous

and unbiased assessment of the experimental outcomes.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers used the randomized naming of the lettuce as a label to which each of its

measurements was collected into a tabular data.

Treatment 1: Hydroponics System Set-up.

 Table 2. Raw Data Table of Treatment 1.

Treatment 2: Fogponics System Set-up.

Table 3. Raw Data Table of Treatment 2.

The raw data was provided through listing its measurements from both of the set-ups.

Hydroponic and Fogponic Set-up were recorded in this. It lasted for 25 days, obtaining 8 raw

data for each set-up.

Treatment 1: Hydroponics System Set-up.

 Table 4. Mean of 4th Day Table of Gathered Data For Both Variable of Treatment 1.

Treatment 2: Fogponics System Set-up.

Table 5. Mean of 4th Day Table of Gathered Data For Both Variable of Treatment 2.

Two of these were used in order to grasp the data more carefully. Furthermore, the

researchers created a graph of growth through this method making it viable for the data

gathering. After gathering data this way the rest was calculated carefully through the use of T-

test in order to get the desired results.

 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data gathered in this study. The

information gathered was based on observation conducted within the time frame of the

experiment. The said data were collected in tabular form in accordance with the specific

questions posted on the statement of the problem.

Mean Growth of the Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Hydroponic System during Trial One

The researchers observed and recorded the mean growth of the plant subjects in terms of the

height, crown diameter; widest portion of the crown and narrowest portion of the crown, number

of leaves, and length and width of the largest leaf of lettuce that were planted in this system.

Height of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the height of the plant

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 1. Mean Height of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean Height of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

 Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.08 cm 1.73 cm 1.76 cm

R2 1.2 cm 2.1 cm 2.10 cm

R3 1.23 cm 2.08 cm 2.08 cm

Mean 1.17 cm 1.93 cm 1.98 cm 1.70 cm

Table 1. Mean Height of Lettuce in Treatment 1 (Hydroponic Farming System)

The table above shows the mean height of every replication throughout the entire duration of the

trial. As shown in the table, a mean height of 1.17 cm was recorded during the initial growth of

observation. Following that, the plant samples reached a mean growth of 1.93 cm on the fourth

day. During the four days of data gathering, the calculated height increase reached 0.76 cm from

the initial growth. On the eighth day of monitoring, the lettuce attained a mean growth of 1.98

cm. The lettuce are growing at a calculated rate of 0.05 cm for the fourth and eighth day. Within

these days, it indicates the constant growth rate of the [Link] these data, a computed overall

mean growth is 1.70 cm, as can be seen on the table above.

Crown Diameter (Y) of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the crown diameter (Y)

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 2. Mean of the Crown Diameter (Y) of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean of Crown Diameter (Y) of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

 R1 1.38 cm 1.95 cm 1.95 cm

R2 1.53 cm 2.75 cm 2.73 cm

R3 1.58 cm 2.28 cm 2.28 cm

Mean 1.50 cm 2.33 cm 2.32 cm 2.05 cm

Table 2. Mean Crown Diameter (Y) of Lettuce in Treatment 1 (Hydroponic Farming System)

The table above show the mean growth of the crown diameter’s largest portion (Y) of every

replication through out the entire duration of the trial. The mean growth of the lettuce in R1

increase on Day 4. The same happened to the lettuce in R2 And R3. But after Day 8 the mean

growth of the crown of the lettuce in R1 and R3 did not change and remained at 1.95 cm and

2.28 cm respectively. However, this is not the case of the R2 which decreased its widest portion

by 0.02 cm. This is due to the suspected wilt caused by the extremely warm weather of the

environment. This environmental extraneous variable would be controlled in the 2 trial. nd

Furthermore, the trend of the mean of the initial growth, Day 4, and Day 8 have increased and

decreased respectively. All in all, normal growth of the crown has been observed.

Crown Diameter (X) of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the crown diameter (X)

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 3. Mean of the Crown Diameter (X) of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean of Crown Diameter (X) of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

 R1 1.15 cm 1.13 cm 1.13 cm

R2 1.08 cm 1.68 cm 1.68 cm

R3 1.18 cm 1.20 cm 1.20 cm

Mean 1.14 cm 1.34 cm 1.34 cm 1.27 cm

Table 3. Mean Crown Diameter (X) of Lettuce in Treatment 1 (Hydroponics Farming

System)

Another table above reveals the means of the crown diameter perpendicular to the widest

portion (X) of the lettuce. At the 4 day the lettuce crown diameter (X) have all increased. But
th

this increase is not as high as to the crown diameter (Y). At the 8 day R1, R2, and R3 are all the
th

same as the previous record. In addition, the trend of the mean of all of the replication from

initial day to Day 8 have increased and remained unchanged accordingly. This shows that

something happened to the environment at the 4 to 8 day that caused the growth of the lettuce to
th th

stop abruptly. And made it unable to have a higher growth rate.

Number of Leaves of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the number of leaves

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 4. Mean Number of Leaves of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean of Number of Leaves of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 2 2.5 2.5
 R2 2.25 3 3

R3 2 2.75 2.75

Mean 2.08 2.75 2 2.53 cm

Table [Link] Number of Leaves of Lettuce in Treatment 1 (Hydroponic Farming

System)

Given the tabular presentation of the mean, the replicates have reached a mean number of

leaves of 2.08 from the initial growth. Following that, a mean growth of 2.75 leaves has been

recorded on the fourth day. This indicates that the calculated mean number of leaves increased

by 0.67 on the fourth day from the initial growth. By the eighth day of the trial, the mean number

of leaves attained a mean number of 2. This clearly signifies that the interval number of leaves

attained shows a slight decrease of 0.75 in the mean number.

Length and Width of the Largest Leaf of the Plant

As presented by the table, the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the length of the

plant throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing is presented

in the proceeding table below.

Table 5. Mean of the largest leaf of lettuce (length) in treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean length of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.38 cm 1.15 cm 1.15 cm

R2 1.13 cm 1.46 cm 1.46 cm

R3 1.35 cm 1.4 cm 1.26 cm

 Mean 1.29 cm 1.34 cm 1.29 cm 1.31 cm

Table 5. Mean Length of Larger Leaf of Lettuce in Treatment 1 (Hydroponics Farming System)

As shown in the table above, a mean length of 1.29 cm was recorded during the initial growth.

Following that, the lettuce reached a mean growth of 1.34 cm on the fourth day. In the eighth day

of monitoring, the lettuce obtained a mean growth of 1.29 cm. The lettuce are growing at a

calculated rate of 0.05 cm for the fourth and eighth day. The growth of lettuce seems to decrease

at a calculated rate of 0.05 cm on the eighth day with a mean length of 1.29 cm, this signifies that

growth is not consistent and changes due to uncontrollable factors such as environmental

influences. With these data, a computed overall mean of 1.31 of growth. As can be seen on the

table above.

Table 6. Mean of the largest leaf of lettuce (width) in treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.15 cm 1.05 cm 1.05 cm

R2 1.08 cm 1.63 cm 1.54 cm

R3 1.18 cm 1.20 cm 1.20 cm

Mean 1.14 cm 1.29 cm 1.26 cm 1.23 cm

Table 6. Mean width of Largest Leaf of Lettuce in Treatment 1 (Hydroponics Farming System)

The table above shows a mean width of 1.14 cm was recorded number during the initial growth

of the lettuce. The mean growth of the lettuce in the terms of width was 1.29 cm on the fourth

day. Following that, the lettuce reached a mean width of 1.26 on the eighth day of monitoring.

With these data gathered above the computed overall mean in terms of width was 1.23 cm. The
growth of the lettuce increased by a rate of 0.15 cm from the initial growth up to day four.

Growth decreases from day 4 to day 8 by a rate of 0.03 cm. With these data, this signifies that

growth is not consistent and changes due to uncontrollable factors such as environmental

influences.

Mean Growth of the Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Fogponic System during Trial One

The researchers observed and recorded the mean growth of the lettuce subjects in terms of

the height, crown diameter; widest portion of the crown and narrowest portion of the crown,

number of leaves, and length and width of the largest leaf of lettuce that were planted in this

system.

Height of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the height of the plant throughout

the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is presented in the

proceeding table below.

Table 7. Mean height of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Height of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.4 cm 2.13 cm 0 cm

R2 1.38 cm 2.15 cm 2.13 cm

R3 1.1 cm 2.23 cm 0 cm

Mean 1.29 cm 2.17 0.71 cm 1.04 cm

Table 7. Mean Height of Lettuce in Treatment 2 (Fogponics Farming System)

 As the table illustrates, the lettuce measured during the first observation had a mean height

of 1.29 cm at the beginning of its growth. On the fourth day of observation, the lettuce grew by

an average of 2.17 cm after that. From the first growth until the fourth day of monitoring, the

lettuce are developing at an estimated pace of 0.88 cm. It shows the lettuce steady growth rate

during these days. Following this, a mean height of 0.71 cm was noted on the ninth day of data

collection. It is evident that the spacing on the fourth and eighth days decreases. The lettuce has a

pretty abrupt 2 centimeter drop in mean growth. This shows that development fluctuates because

of external forces, particularly the extremely high temperatures in the area, and is not constant.

The most common reason for this circumstance, according to Gent (2016), is that the

environment's extremely high temperatures had an impact on how evenly the fog produced by

the fogger machine dispersed. The likelihood of the fogger machine creating enough fog to meet

the demands of the lettuce for growth is sluggish and quite low in an environment when

temperatures are very high. Additionally, it has an impact on the lettuce's relative growth rate.

Extreme temperatures can also have an effect on the fogger machine's functionality and

effectiveness, which could have an influence on the quantity and quality of fog that is created.

fog may emerge extremely fast and then vanish just as quickly, depending on the temperature

and humidity levels. All things considered, the environment's temperature had a significant

impact on the lettuce's growth and ultimately caused its abrupt death.

However, if the lettuce weekly mean height is used instead of its interval, this indicates that

the fogponics system is effective in growing lettuce in a somewhat controlled environment. The

main explanation for this is that elevated temperatures have the potential to accelerate the

evaporation of the solvent in the fogging solution, hence decreasing the machine's output of fog.
Crown Diameter of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the crown diameter (Y) of the plant

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 8. Mean of the crown diameter (Y) of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Crown Diameter (Y) of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.13 cm 2.28 cm 0 cm

R2 1.1 cm 2.25 cm 2 cm

R3 1.13 cm 2.38 cm 0 cm

Mean 1.12 cm 2.30 cm 0.67 cm 1.36 cm

Table 8. Mean Crown Diameter (Y) of Lettuce in Treatment 2 (Fogponics Farming System)

The data provides insight into the mean growth of the crown diameter's largest portion (Y)

of lettuce in the Fogponics System treatment over the course of the trial. In replication one, the

mean growth of the lettuce increased from 1.13 cm at the initial stage to 2.28 cm by day four.

However, by day eight, the growth dropped to 0 cm, suggesting a deterioration, most likely due

to the leaves shrinking and slowly dying. A similar pattern was observed in replication three,

where the lettuce initially grew to 2.38 cm by day four, but then the growth regressed to 0 cm by

day eight. In contrast, replication two showed a different pattern with initial growth from 1.1 cm

to 2.25 cm by day four and then a decrease to 2 cm by day eight, which could be attributed to

suspected wilt, possibly caused by the extremely warm environmental conditions. The overall
mean growth of the lettuce crown diameter in the Fogponics System treatment was 1.36 cm,

indicating a significant increase from the initial growth to day four, followed by a decline by day

eight. This suggests that while the Fogponics System treatment initially promoted growth, its

effectiveness diminished over time, potentially due to environmental factors

Table 9. Mean of the crown diameter (X) of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Crown Diameter (X) of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.15 cm 1.4 cm 0 cm

R2 1.05 cm 1.35 cm 1.1 cm

R3 0.98 cm 1.35 cm 0 cm

Mean 3.18 cm 1.37 cm 0.37 cm 1.64 cm

Table 9. Mean Crown Diameter (X) of Lettuce in Treatment 2 (Fogponics Farming System)

Another table above reveals the means of the crown diameter perpendicular to the

widest portion (X) of the lettuce. On the fourth day the lettuce crown diameter (X) has all

increased. But this increase is not as high as the crown diameter (Y). On the eighth day,

replication one suddenly dropped at 0 cm, replication two dropped at 1.1 cm, and replication

three also dropped at 0 cm. In addition, the trend of the mean of all of the replication from initial

day to day 8 have decreased accordingly. This shows that something happened to the

environment on the fourth to eight day that caused the growth of the lettuce to stop abruptly. And

made it unable to have a higher growth rate.

Number of Leaves of the Plant

 The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the number of leaves of the plant

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 10. Mean number of leaves of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Number of Leaves of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 2 2 0

R2 2.25 2.5 2.5

R3 2 2.5 0

Mean 2.08 2.33 0.83 1.75 cm

Table 10. Mean Number of Leaves of Lettuce in Treatment in Treatment 2 (Fogponics Farming

System)

Given the tabular presentation of the mean, the replicates have reached a mean number of

leaves of 2.08 from the initial growth. Following that, a mean growth of 2.33 leaves has been

recorded on the fourth day. This indicates that the calculated mean number of leaves increased

by 0.25 on the fourth day from the initial growth. By the eighth day of the trial, the mean number

of leaves attained a mean number of 0.83. This clearly signifies that the interval number of

leaves attained shows a slight decrease of 0.75 in the mean number.

Length and width of the largest leaf of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the length and width of the largest

leaf of the plant throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing

medium is presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 11. Mean of the largest leaf of lettuce (length) in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean length of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.1 cm 1.4 cm 0 cm

R2 1.1 cm 1.23 cm 1.23 cm

R3 1.05 cm 1.35 cm 0 cm

Mean 1.08 cm 1.33 cm 0.41 cm 0.94 cm

Table 11. Mean Length of Lettuce in Treatment 2 (Fogponics Farming System)

As shown in the table above, a mean length of 1.29 cm was recorded during the initial

growth. Following that, the lettuce reached a mean growth of 1.34 cm on the fourth day. On the

eighth day of monitoring, the lettuce obtained a mean growth of 1.29 cm. The lettuce are

growing at a calculated rate of 0.05 cm for the fourth and eighth day. The growth of lettuce

seems to decrease at a calculated rate of 0.05 cm on the eighth day with a mean length of 1.29

cm, this signifies that growth is not consistent and changes due to uncontrollable factors such as

environmental influences. With these data, a computed overall mean of 1.31 of growth. As can

be seen on the table above.

Table 12. Mean of the largest leaf of lettuce (width) in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Growth Day 4 Day 8 Overall Mean

R1 1.05 cm 1.4 cm 0 cm

R2 1.05 cm 1.35 cm 1.35 cm

R3 0.98 cm 1.35 cm 0 cm
 Mean 1.03 cm 1.37 cm 0.45 cm 0.95 cm

Table 12. Mean Width of Lettuce in Treatment 2 (Fogponics Farming System)

The table presents the mean measurements of the largest leaf width of lettuce in treatment

two, which utilizes the Fogponics System. During the initial growth stage, the mean width was

recorded at 1.03 cm. By day four, the width increased to 1.37 cm, signifying a positive growth

trend. However, on day eight, there was a sharp decline, with the width dropping to 0.45 cm.

Examining the individual replicates, in replication one , the width started at 1.05 cm, increased to

1.4 cm by day four, then declined to 0 cm by day eight. Replication two showed a consistent

width of 1.05 cm during initial growth and maintained a steady width of 1.35 cm on both day

four and day eight. Replication three, similarly, had an initial width of 0.98 cm, increased to 1.35

cm by day four, then dropped to 0 cm by day eight. The overall mean width on day eight was

0.95 cm, indicating a considerable decrease from the initial growth stage. These results suggest

that while the Fogponics System led to significant growth during the early stages, there was a

concerning drop in growth by day eight. Further investigation is required to understand the

reason behind this sudden decline in growth.

Significant Difference in the Growth of the lettuce in Different Farming System

The mean growth of lettuce in each method applied with their respective farming systems,

fogponics, and hydroponics, is compared along with their corresponding replicates. Over a span

of 25 days, measurements such as plant leaves, height, crown diameter (Y and X), number of

leaves, largest leaf length and width, and overall appearance of the plant subjects were recorded

every fourth day. The two groups were compared to ascertain any significant differences in their

data. An independent t-test was conducted to support the findings.

Height of the Lettuce

Figure 9: Line Graph. Mean Height of Lettuce

Based on the data shown in the line graph above, on the initial day, mean height of the

lettuce in both farming methods does not greatly differ from each other. By the fourth day,

lettuce grown using the fogponics farming system is slightly taller compared to the lettuce grown

in the hydroponic farming system, indicating a faster growth rate initially with fogponics.

However by day eight, the trend reverses and the lettuce in the hydroponic farming system is

now taller compared to the lettuce in the fogponics farming system. This suggests that while

fogponics might lead to quicker initial growth, hydroponics could potentially yield taller lettuce

over a longer period.

Crown Diameter (Y)

Figure 10: Line Graph. Mean of Crown Diameter (Y) of Lettuce

The line graph illustrates that on the initial growth, both fogponics and hydroponics farming

systems start with a similar mean crown diameter(Y), indicating no significant difference in the

growth at the beginning of the experiment. On day fpur, the fogponic lettuce shows a substantial

increase in mean crown diameter, peaking at approximately 2.25 cm, which suggests rapid

growth. In contrast, the hydroponic lettuce also grows butonly reaches a mean crown diameter of

about 1.75 cm. However , both farming systems show a decline in the mean crown diameter of

lettuce. However, the fogponic lettuce experiences a more significant decrease, falling below the

mean crown diameter of the hydroponic lettuce. This indicates that fogponics might promote
faster initial growth, it may not sustain it over a longer period or there could be other factors at

play affecting the growth on day eight.

Crown Diameter (X)

Figure 11: Line Graph. Mean of Crown Diameter (X) of Lettuce

On the initial growth the lettuce in both forming systems stand with a similar mean crown

diameter still indicating no significant differences in growth at the outset of the experiment, as

demonstrated on the line graph above. By day four, the lettuce in the fogponics farming system

exhibits a slight increase in mean crown diameter suggesting potential growth, while the lettuce

in the hydroponics farming system remains relatively constant. However on day eight, there is a

notable decrease in the mean crown diameter for lettuce grown in the fogponics farming system,

which could in growth. In contrast, the lettuce grown in the hydroponic farming system

maintains its size, suggesting a more stable growth pattern. In this graph, it could imply that
fogponics farming may initially stimulate growth but might not be as effective in maintaining it

over time compared to hydroponics. But this might also indicate that this could because of

potential factors affecting the growth and capability of the fogponics farming system supporting

the growth of the lettuce.

Number of Leaves

Figure 12: Line Graph. Mean of Number of Leaves of Lettuce

Based on the line graph shown in the graph above, on the initial growth, both farming

systems mean the number of leaves. This suggests that the initial conditions for both farming

methods were the same. By day four , the mean no. of leaves for the lettuce growth in the

hydroponics farming system is slightly higher compared to the lettuce growth in fogponics

farming method. By the day eight, the mean number of leaves for both methods has decreased.
However, the lettuce grown using hydroponic farming system has a higher mean number of

leaves compared to the lettuce grown using fogponics system. This suggest that over a longer

period, hydroponic farming system might be more effective.

Largest leaf (length)

Figure 13: Line Graph. Mean Length of the Largest Leaf of Lettuce

Based on the data illustrated in the line graph, on the initial growth, lettuce in both farming

systems starts with a mean leaf length of approximately 1.0. By the fourth day, lettuce grown in

the fogponics farming system experienced rapid growth of approximately 0.2 cm while the

lettuce grown in the hydroponic farming system remained constant. However, on day eight,

lettuce grown in the fogponics farming system experienced a more significant decrease than in

the lettuce grown in hydroponics farming system. This indicates that the sudden rapid decrease

in the growth of lettuce under the fogponics farming system might be caused by environmental

factors such as extreme temperature.

Largest leaf (width)

Figure 14: Line Graph. Mean Width of the Largest Leaf of Lettuce

The line graph illustrates that, on the initial growth both fogponics and hydroponics start

with a similar mean width of the largest leaf of the lettuce, indicating no significant difference at

the beginning of the experiment. By day four, the leaf width of the lettuce under fogponics shows

a significant increase, suggesting that the fogponics farming system may be more effective than

hydroponics in promoting leaf growth in the initial stages. However, on day eight, lettuce under

the fogponics farming system experienced a sharp decrease in leaf width, which could indicate

some issues with this method over a longer period or perhaps an environmental factor affecting

the growth. In contrast, hydroponics shows a stable growth pattern, showing and maintaining a

consistent leaf width from day four to day eight.

 Based on the result in the first trial, the researchers can conclude that the reason of the

sudden decrease on the growth of lettuce in terms of height, crown diameter, no. of leaves and

length and width of the largest leaf is might because of the extreme heat or temperature present

in the environment where the research was conducted. Based on the heat index it has the average

of 31.4 degrees Celsius as shown in the figure below, which is not ideal for a plant to grow

especially in this kind of medium, where fog is used to distribute nutrients to the plant. The

extreme temperature unable the fog to accumulate and create a moisture that will sustain the

needed nutrients in order for the lettuce to grow.

The researcher then comes up with the idea to proceed to trial two and change its

environment where the environment is controlled, with less exposure to extreme heat. From the

Greenhouse of Agriculture Department of Cebu Technological University- Argao Campus, the

researchers decided to move it from there to Camarillo’s residence in Lamacan, Argao, Cebu

where there is a certain place that the researcher can conduct the research with an environment

that can be controlled.

Mean Growth of the Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Hydroponic System during Trial Two

The researchers observed and recorded the mean growth of the plant subjects in terms of the

height, crown diameter; widest portion of the crown and narrowest portion of the crown, number

of leaves, and length and width of the largest leaf of lettuce that were planted in this system.

Height of the Plant

 The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the height of the plant

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below

Table 13. Mean Height of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean Height of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 4.25 cm 6.63 cm 6.45 cm 9.55 cm 11.1cm 10.15cm 9.7cm 5.5 cm

R2 3.2 cm 6.45 cm 5 cm 5.53 cm 5.8 cm 1.6 cm 1.18 cm 0 cm

R3 3.48 cm 7.05 cm 5.9 cm 7.68 cm 7.5 cm 6.9 cm 7.3 cm 5.83 cm

Mean 3.64 cm 6.71 cm 5.78 cm 7.52cm 8.13cm 6.21cm 6.08cm 3.78cm 5.98 cm

Table 13. Mean Height of the Lettuce (Hydroponics System).

The table shows the mean height of each replication throughout the entire duration of the

trial. A mean height of 3.64 cm was recorded in the initial growth of the lettuce. Following that,

a mean height of 6.71 cm was recorded on the fourth day. However, throughout the second week

of observation, a calculated height decrease reached 0.93 cm. But on the twelve day, the mean

height of the lettuce increased to 1.74 cm, recording 7.52 cm on the growth of lettuce. On the

sixteenth day of data collection, a mean growth of 8.13 cm was recorded, and on the twentieth

day of data collection, a mean growth of 6.21 cm was recorded, indicating that there is a decrease

on the growth of lettuce. Within these weeks of collecting data, a decrease on the growth of

lettuce measuring 6.08 cm was recorded. The following week, on the twenty-fourth day of
 monitoring, a mean growth of 6.08 cm was recorded. On the last day of data collection, a mean

growth of 3.78 cm was obtained. With these data, a computed rate of interval 2.3 cm has

decrease on the growth of lettuce from the previous week is shown. As can be seen, during the

eighth day, twentieth day, and twenty-fifth day, there is decreasing interval on the growth of

lettuce. This means that the height of the lettuce is not consistent. The overall computed mean

height of the lettuce is 6.4 cm.

Crown Diameter (Y) of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the crown diameter (Y)

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 14. Mean of the Crown Diameter (Y) of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean of Crown Diameter (Y) of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 4.05 cm 4.5 cm 4.53 cm 5.6 cm 4.83 cm 6 cm 5.13cm 7.25 cm

R2 3.08 cm 3.4 cm 4.35 cm 3.48 cm 2.83 cm 0.6 cm 0.6 cm 0.5 cm

R3 3.48 cm 3.78 cm 5.1 cm 5.15 cm 4.93 cm 5.65 cm 4.08 cm 4.23 cm

Mean 3.54 cm 3.89 cm 4.66 cm 3.95 cm 4.20 cm 4.08 cm 3.27 cm 3.99 cm 3.33 cm

Table 14. Mean Crown Diameter (Y) of the Largest Leaf of the Lettuce.

The table shown above is the data that provides insight into the mean growth of the crown

diameter’s largest portion (Y) of lettuce in the Hydroponics System. A mean growth of 3.54 cm
 of the crown diameter was recorded during the initial growth, and 3.89 cm was recorded on the

fourth day of data collection, this shows that 0.35 cm has increased growth. On the eighth day, a

mean growth of 4.66 cm of the crown diameter and a 3.95 cm mean growth of the crown

diameter on day twelve, suggesting a decrease of growth of lettuce from the eight day and to the

twelfth day . Following, on day sixteen, an increased mean growth of the crown diameter is 4.20

cm, this shows that over the days the crown diameter of the lettuce has increased by over 0.25

cm between day eight and day twelve. However on day twenty, the mean growth of the diameter

of the lettuce has decreased by 0.93 cm, this shows that the growth of the lettuce decreased over

the few last days. On the twenty-fourth day, the mean growth of the crown diameter increased

up to 0.72 cm which equals 3.99 cm. On the last day of the data collection, the growth of the

crown diameter was 3.33 cm, which decreased by 0.66 cm in the past days. This indicates that

the growth of the crown diameter over the trials is not consistent.

Crown Diameter (X) of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the crown diameter (X)

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 15. Mean of the Crown Diameter (X) of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean of Crown Diameter (X) of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growt Mean
h

R1 2.18 cm 2.5 cm 2.83 cm 3.53 cm 3.03 cm 2.38 cm 4.38 cm 2.25 cm

R2 1.75 cm 2.5 cm 2.88 cm 2.5 cm 2.05 cm 0.38 cm 0.38 cm 0 cm

R3 1.85 cm 2.15 cm 2.85 cm 2.98 cm 3.13 cm 2.45 cm 3.13 cm 1.13 cm

Mean 1.93 cm 2.38 cm 2.85 cm 3.00 cm 2.74 cm 1.74 cm 2.63 cm 1.13 cm 2.13 cm

Table 15. Mean Crown Diameter of the Largest Leaf of lettuce.

The table shows the mean growth of the crown diameter (X) of lettuce leaf in a hydroponic

system over twenty-five days. The initial mean growth of the largest leaves was 1.93 centimeters

(cm). On average, the leaves exhibited the most growth between days four, eight, and twelve,

increasing in mean size by about 0.45 cm and 0.47 each day. There was a decrease of 0.26 cm in

the average growth of the crown diameter that made it at 2.74 cm on day sixteen. Followed by a

sudden mean decrease of about 1.38 cm on the twentieth day. Following an increase of 0.73 cm

of mean growth on the twenty fourth day and on the last day of the trial a recorded 0.42 cm of

decrease of the mean growth of the crown diameter (X). Overall, the growth of crown diameter

on the final day of the experiment (day twenty fifth) was 1.13 cm, which is 0.8 cm smaller than

the initial measurement. These findings suggest that the growth of the crown diameter grown

hydroponically experienced significant growth in length during the early stages (days fourth,

eighth and twelfth) followed by a period of slower but continued growth.

Number of Leaves of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the plant samples in terms of the number of leaves

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

 Table 16. Mean Number of Leaves of lettuce in Treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean of Number of Leaves of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 4.25 cm 3 cm 3 cm 2.75 cm 2.75 cm 2.25 cm 3 cm 3.25 cm

R2 5.0 cm 3.25 cm 2.5 cm 2 cm 2.5 cm 0.5 cm 0.5 cm 0.75 cm

R3 3.5 cm 2.75 cm 2.75 cm 2 cm 2.25 cm 2.5 cm 2.75 cm 3 cm

Mean 4.25 cm 3.00 cm 2.75 cm 2.25 cm 2.5 cm 1.75 cm 2.08 cm 2.33 cm 2.61 cm

Table 16. Mean Number of Leaves of lettuce

The table provided displays the average number of leaves of lettuce grown in Hydroponics.

The recorded initial growth of 4.25 was recorded, during the fourth day the lettuce has

experienced a decreased on the growth, decreasing by 1.25 cm . On day eight the lettuce, it

continued to decrease by 0.25 cm. In the span of twelve days the lettuce decreased from 4.25 to

2.25. During sixteenth day onwards up until to day twenty, the lettuce did not show any

increased growth. However during the last day of observation, the growth of the lettuce increased

by 0.25. Additionally, the computed overall mean of each replication during the data collection

was 4.21. This indicates a sudden fluctuation in the number of leaves due to the environment

during the days of data collection.

Length and Width of the Largest Leaf of the Plant

 As presented by the table, the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the length of the

plant throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing is presented

in the proceeding table below.

Table 17. Mean length of the largest leaf of lettuce in treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean length of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growt Mean
h

R1 3.93 cm 5.3 cm 6.48 cm 6.7 cm 6.9 cm 8.13 cm 8 cm 5.13 cm

R2 3.33 cm 4.35 cm 4.93 cm 3.85 cm 3.75 cm 1.03 cm 0.5 cm 0 cm

R3 2.73 cm 5 cm 5.55 cm 4.93 cm 5.73 cm 4.88 cm 4.75 cm 2.83 cm

Mean 3.33 cm 4.88 cm 5.65 cm 5.16 cm 5.46 cm 4.68 cm 4.42 cm 2.65 cm 4.53 cm

Table 17. Mean length of the Largest leaf of the lettuce.

The table shows the mean length of the largest lettuce leaf in a hydroponic system over

twenty-five days. The mean initial growth length of the largest leaves was 3.33 centimeters. On

the fourth day of the trial it recorded a mean growth of 4.88 cm, following a steady increase from

day eight recording a 5.65 cm growth, however, a decrease on the length of the lettuce has

happened, decreasing by 5.16 cm on day twelfth, and it suddenly increased up to 5.46 cm on day

sixteenth. But on day twenty, the length of the lettuce has decreased, recording 4.68 cm. On day

twenty-four of the trial it shows a decrease of 0.26 cm where it recorded a mean growth of 4.42

cm and it shows a record breaking decrease of mean growth at a rate of 1.77 cm which equals to

a recorded mean growth of 2.65 cm on the twenty fifth day of the trial. This indicates that

something may have affected or had occurred during the trial between twentieth day and the last
day of the trial causing a sudden decrease of growth of the lettuce. It may have something to do

with the sudden change of temperature leading to a decrease of growth to the lettuce.

Table 18. Mean width of the largest leaf of lettuce in treatment 1: Hydroponics System

Mean width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Hydroponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 2.13 cm 2.95 cm 3.43 cm 3.48 cm 3.6 cm 2.88 cm 2.98 cm 3.13 cm

R2 1.95 cm 2.63 cm 2.98 cm 2.23 cm 2.08 cm 0.7 cm 0.88 cm 0 cm

R3 1.93 cm 2.88 cm 3.25 cm 3.48 cm 4.83 cm 2.38 cm 2.53 cm 2.43 cm

Mean 2.00 cm 2.82 cm 3.22 cm 3.06 cm 3.5 cm 1.99 cm 2.13 cm 1.85 cm 2.57 cm

Table 18. Mean Width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce.

The table shows the mean width of lettuce leaves that were grown in a hydroponic system

over a twenty-five day period. The initial width of the leaves was 2 cm. On average, the leaves

exhibited the most growth between day four and day eight, increasing by a mean size of 0.4 cm

each day. However on day twelve up, the mean width of the largest leaf of lettuce has decreased

by 0.16 cm. But on day sixteen, there is an increase by 0.44 cm on the growth. Followed by a

decrease of about 1.51 cm on day twenty, but on day twenty-four, it increase back up again by

0.14 cm. And on day twenty-five, the data decreased by 0.28 cm. Overall average leaf width at

the end of the experiment was 1.85 cm, which is 0.15 cm smaller than the initial measurement.

These findings suggest that lettuce leaves grown hydroponically can experience significant

growth in width over a relatively short period.

Mean Growth of the Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Fogponic System during Trial Two
 The researchers observed and recorded the mean growth of the lettuce subjects in terms of

the height, crown diameter; widest portion of the crown and narrowest portion of the crown,

number of leaves, and length and width of the largest leaf of lettuce that were planted in this

system.

Height of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the height of the plant throughout

the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is presented in the

proceeding table below.

Table 19. Mean height of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Height of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 3.98 cm 6.7 cm 4.9 cm 7.08 cm 7.28 cm 7.1 cm 8.63 cm 7.25 cm

R2 3.78 cm 7.88 cm 5.65 cm 7.78 cm 8.18 cm 8.28 cm 9.03 cm 6.78 cm

R3 5.88 cm 7 cm 5.38 cm 8.2 cm 8.25 cm 7.88 cm 6.98 cm 7.13 cm

Mean 4.55 cm 7.19 cm 5.31 cm 7.69 cm 7.90 cm 7.63 cm 8.21 cm 7.05 cm 6.94 cm
Table 19. Mean Height of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce.

The table shows the mean height of the lettuce throughout the entire duration of the

second trial. A trial of 4.55 cm was recorded in the initial growth of the lettuce. Following that, a

mean height of 7.19 cm was recorded on the fourth day. During the second week of observation,

a calculated height increase reached 2.64 cm. On the eighth day, the mean height of the lettuce
 reached 5.31 cm. On the twelve days of monitoring the plant, a mean height of 7.69cm was

obtained. It indicates that during the four days of monitoring, the lettuce has increased by 1.88

cm. On the sixteenth day of data collection, a mean growth of 7.90 cm was recorded, and on the

twentieth day of data collection, it decreased to a mean growth of 7.63cm. Within these weeks of

collecting data, the growth decreased by 0.27 cm. The following week, on the twenty-fourth day

of monitoring, a mean growth of 8.21 cm was recorded. On the last day of data collection, a

mean growth of 7.05 cm was obtained. These data show a computed rate of interval 1.16 cm of

growth from the previous week. As can be seen, during the fourth day, twentieth day, and

twenty-fifth day, there is an increasing and decreasing interval. This means that the height of the

lettuce is not consistent. The overall computed mean height of the lettuce is 6.94 cm.

Crown Diameter of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the crown diameter (Y) of the plant

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 20. Mean of the crown diameter (Y) of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Crown Diameter (Y) of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 3.58 cm 3.95 cm 4.1 cm 5.83 cm 4.55 cm 5.28 cm 6.83 cm 5.4 cm

R2 4.4 cm 5.43 cm 5.43 cm 6.67 cm 6.15 cm 4.73 cm 7.98 cm 8.35 cm

R3 4.88 cm 4.93 cm 4.9 cm 5.28 cm 6.15 cm 5.83 cm 6.33 cm 7.63 cm

Mean 4.29 cm 4.77 cm 4.81 cm 5.93 cm 5.62 cm 5.28 cm 7.05 cm 7.13 cm 5.61 cm

Table 20. Mean Crown Diameter (Y) of the lettuce.

The table above shows the data growth of the diameter of the lettuce is 5.28 cm. This

shows that the lettuce deteriorated over thhat provides insight into the mean growth of the crown

diameter’s largest portion (Y) of lettuce in the Fogponics System. In the replication one, a mean

growth of 4.29 cm of the crown diameter was recorded and 4.77 cm on the fourth day of data

collection, this shows that 0.55 cm has increased growth. On the eighth day, a mean growth of

4.81 cm of the crown diameter, and a 5.93cm mean growth of the crown diameter on day twelve.

However, on day sixteen, a decreased mean growth of the crown diameter is 5.62 cm, this shows

that over the days the crown diameter of the lettuce has decreased by over 0.31 cm between day

eight and day twelve. On day twenty the mean e last few days. On the twenty-fourth day, the

mean growth of the crown diameter increased up to 1.77 cm which equals 7.05 cm. On the last

day of data collection, the growth of the crown diameter was 7.13 cm, which increased by 0.08

cm in the past days. There is an increasing and decreasing interval of the mean of the crown

diameter this indicates that the growth of the crown diameter over the trials is not consistent.

Table 21. Mean of the crown diameter (X) of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Crown Diameter (X) of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 2.25 cm 3.03 cm 2.73 cm 2.45 cm 2.75 cm 2.5 cm 2.75 cm 2.63 cm

R2 2.13 cm 3.33 cm 3.45 cm 3.35 cm 4 cm 2.5 cm 3.7 cm 3.53 cm

R3 2.33 cm 3.15 cm 3.7 cm 3.23 cm 3.4 cm 2.63 cm 2 cm 2.43 cm

Mean 2.24 cm 3.17 cm 3.29 cm 3.01 cm 3.38 cm 2.54 cm 2.82 cm 2.86 cm 2.66 cm
 Table 21. Mean Crown Diameter (X) of the lettuce

Another table above reveals the means of the crown diameter perpendicular to the widest

portion (X) of the lettuce grown in Fogponics Farming System. On the fourth day, the lettuce

crown diameter (X) had all increased. However, this increase is not as high as the crown

diameter (Y). On the eighth day, replication one suddenly decreased by 0.3 cm leading to its

dropped to 2.73cm, replication two increased by 0.12 cm leading at 3.45cm and replication

three also increased by 0.82 cm leading to 3.7 cm. On the twelfth day, all the lettuce crown

diameters had dropped leading to a difference of the mean of 0.47 cm from the previous day. On

the sixteenth day, the lettuce crown diameter (x) had all increased, replication one rose at 2.75

cm, replication two rose at 4cm, and replication three rose at 3.4 cm. On the twentieth day,

replication one decreased by 0.25 cm leading to dropped of 2.5 cm, replication two also

decreased by 1.5 cm leading to dropped of 2.5 cm making it the same crown diameter as

replication one, replication three had also decreased by 0.77 cm leading to dropped at 2.63 cm.

On the twenty-fourth day, replication one increased by 0.25 cm having it rose to 2.75 cm,

replication two also increased by 1.2 cm having it rose to 3.7 cm, on replication three the crown

diameter suddenly decreased by 0.63 cm having dropped to 2 cm. On the last day, day twenty-

fifth all the lettuce crown diameter increased a little, having a mean of 2.86 cm having increased

0.04 cm from the previous day of day twenty-four. In addition, the trend of the mean of all of

the replications from the initial day to day twenty-five had followed an alternate increased and

decreased pattern. This shows that something happened to the environment on every alternate

day that caused the growth of the lettuce to drop and rise abruptly. And made it unable to have a

higher growth rate.

Number of Leaves of the Plant

 The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the number of leaves of the plant

throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as growing medium is

presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 22. Mean number of leaves of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean Number of Leaves of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

Growth Mean

R1 4 2.5 2.5 2.75 2.5 3 2.75 3

R2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3.25 4

R3 4.25 3 3.5 2.5 3.58 3.25 2.75 3

Mean 4.08 2.83 3 2.75 3.03 3.08 2.92 3.33 3.13

Table 22. Mean Number of Leaves of the lettuce

The table above shows the mean number of leaves of the lettuce grown in the Fogponics

Farming System. On the fourth day, the lettuce number of leaves dropped. On replication one the

number of leaves decreased to 2.5 cm from 4 cm, replication two also decreased to 3 cm from 4

cm, and replication three also decreased to 3 cm from 4.25 cm. On the eighth day, replication

one did not have any progress and remained at 2.5 cm, replication two also did not have any

progress and remained at 3 cm, and replication three made progress and increased by 0.5 cm

leading it to rose to 3.5 cm. On the twelfth day, replication one rose at 2.75 cm, replication two

however did not make any progress and remained at 3 cm, on replication three it showed a

decrease of 1.0 cm having it dropped at 2.5 cm. On the sixteenth day, replication one dropped at

2.5 cm, replication two rose and did not show any progress and just remained at 3 cm, and

replication three increased by 1.08 cm having it rose to 3.58 cm. On the twentieth day,
replication one increased by 0.5 cm leading to rose at 3 cm, replication two did not make any

progress and remained at 3cm, and replication three decreased by 0.33 cm leading to dropped of

3.25 cm. On the twenty-fourth day, replication one increased by 0.25 cm having it rose at 3 cm,

replication two still did not make any progress and remained at 3 cm, on replication three the

number of leaves increased by 0.25 cm having it rose at 3.25 cm. On the last day, day twenty-

fifth all the lettuce number of leaves increased, having a mean increase of 0.41 cm leading it rose

to 3.33 cm from the previous day of day twenty-four. In addition, the trend of the mean of all

of the replications from the initial day to day twenty-five followed different patterns, on the first

four days of the experiment showed and decrease then an increased pattern alternatively, on the

next two days the fifth and sixth day showed an increase, while on the last two days, the pattern

came back to the original pattern of decreased then increased. This shows that something

happened to the environment on the first 4 days and the last two days that caused the number of

leaves of the lettuce to drop and rise abruptly. Likewise, something must also happened in the

environment during the fifth and sixth day of the experiment that made a consecutive increase of

2 days. And made it unable to have a higher growth rate.

Length and width of the largest leaf of the Plant

The result of the mean growth of the lettuce in terms of the length and width of the

largest leaf of the plant throughout the 25 days of monitoring utilizing this farming system as

growing medium is presented in the proceeding table below.

Table 23. Mean length of the largest leaf of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean length of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Fogponics System)

Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall

 Growth Mean

R1 3 cm 4.13 cm 4.83 cm 4.7 cm 4.85 cm 4.85 cm 6.33 cm 5.15 cm

R2 3.3 cm 5.1 cm 5.5 cm 5.5 cm 5.4 cm 5.53 cm 6.2 cm 5.38 cm

R3 3.38 cm 4.6 cm 5.05 cm 5.43 cm 5.6 cm 4 cm 5.35 cm 5 cm

Mean 3.27 cm 4.61 cm 5.13 cm 5.21 cm 5.28 cm 4.79 cm 5.96 cm 5.18 cm 4.93 cm
Table 23. Mean length of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce

As presented by the table above, the mean initial growth of all the replication in terms of

the length of the lettuce throughout the 25 days of monitoring was 3.27 cm. Following that, each

replication recorded a growth rate of 1.34 cm on day four, 1.86 cm on day eight, 0.08 cm on day

twelve, and 0.07 cm on day sixteen. On the twentieth day of monitoring, the mean growth of

each replication dropped drastically to a record of 4.79 cm. The mean growth of each replication

increased at a rate of 1.17 on the twenty-fourth day of monitoring. On the twenty-fifth day of

monitoring, each replication recorded a mean growth of 5.18 cm in which it decreased at a rate

of 0.78 cm from the twenty-fourth day of monitoring where it recorded a mean growth of 5.96

cm. Which could indicate some issues with this method over a longer period or perhaps an

environmental factor affecting the growth. According to Kozai et al. (2015) the complexity of the

system requires teamwork and optimally designed tasks and processes. Secondly, there is

controversy regarding energy-intensive use, including light, temperature, and humidity that

needs to be controlled. Lastly, with these data, each replication recorded an overall mean of 4.93

cm all throughout the twenty-five days of monitoring.

Table 24. Mean width of the largest leaf of lettuce in treatment 2: Fogponics System

Mean width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce (Fogponic System)

 Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25 Overall
Growth Mean

R1 2.1 cm 3.2 cm 3.08 cm 3.2 cm 3.1 cm 2.98 cm 3.25 cm 2.33 cm

R2 2.43 cm 3.48 cm 3.63 cm 3.7 cm 4.15 cm 3.35 cm 3.63 cm 3.28 cm

R3 2.45 cm 3.33 cm 3.48 cm 3.63 cm 3.78 cm 4.23 cm 2.93 cm 3.2 cm

Mean 2.33 cm 3.34 cm 3.40 cm 3.51 cm 3.68 cm 3.52 cm 3.27 cm 2.94 cm 3.25 cm
Table 24. Mean Width of the largest leaf of lettuce

The table above shows in the span of twenty-five days of monitoring, each replication

recorded a mean initial growth in terms of width of 2.33 cm. From the fourth day of monitoring

to the sixteenth day of monitoring each replication shows an increase of growth at a rate of 0.23

cm. Following that, on the twentieth day of monitoring the growth seems to decrease and

recorded a mean of 3.52 cm and also at the twenty-fourth day of monitoring where it also

decreased at 3.27 cm. A record of 2.94 cm was recorded on the twenty-fifth day of monitoring

where we can see it decreased drastically. This suggests that while fogponics might lead to

quicker initial growth, hydroponics could potentially yield taller lettuce over a longer period.

This method is a very efficient way to grow crops and plants since there is no need for water

flowing yet consume maximum amount of nutrients allowing to produce crops much faster

compared to Hydroponics and Aquaponics according to R. Walker, L et al. (2018) .With the

shown data above, a computed overall mean of 3.25 cm of growth as we can see at the table

above.
Significant Difference in the Growth of the lettuce in Different Farming System

The mean growth of lettuce in each method applied with their respective farming systems,

fogponics, and hydroponics, is compared along with their corresponding replicates. Over a span

of 25 days, measurements such as plant leaves, height, crown diameter (Y and X), number of

leaves, largest leaf length and width, and overall appearance of the plant subjects were recorded

every fourth day. The two groups were compared to ascertain any significant differences in their

data. An independent t-test was conducted to support the findings.

Height

Figure 15. Line Graph: Mean Height of the Lettuce

Based on the data shown in the line graph, from initial growth to fourth day, the lettuce

grown using Fogponics farming system shows a rapid increase in height, suggesting that this

method promotes faster initial growth. However during the eighth day, both farming system

experienced rapid decrease. But it increased again on the next day, twelve day. After Day twelve,

the Fogponics-grown lettuce experiences a slower rate of growth as well as to the lettuce grown
 Mean Height of the Lettuce
9

0
Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25

Fogponics Hydroponics
using Hydroponics exhibits unsteady growth throughout this period. The Fogponics-grown

lettuce surpasses the Hydroponics-grown lettuce in height on Day 24, indicating that fogponics

may provide more consistent growth over a longer period. However during the last day og

observation both methods show a slight decline in the mean height after their peaks, which could

indicate a natural plateau in the growth of the lettuce or possibly some environmental factors

affecting the growth.

Crown Diameter (Y)

 Mean of Crown Diameter (Y) of the Lettuce
8

0
Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25

Fogponics Hydroponics

Figure 16. Line Graph: Mean of Crown Diameter (Y) of the Lettuce

As shown in the line graph, both Fogponics and Hydroponics farming system show an

increase in the mean crown diameter of the lettuce. However, the lettuce grown using

Hydroponics peaks earlier around Day 8. The lettuce grown with Fogponics shows a larger

crown diameter than Hydroponics, indicating a more robust growth during this [Link] Day

12, the mean crown diameter of the lettuce grown using fogponics farming system starts to

increase. On the other hand, the lettuce grow consistently using Hydroponics farming system

until Day Twenty where it starts to increase. Hydroponics catches up but did not surpasses the

growth of Fogponics by Day 25.

Crown Diameter (X)

 Mean of Crown Diameter (X) of the Lettuce
4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25

Fogponics Hydroponics

Figure 17. Line Graph: Mean of Crown Diameter (X) of the Lettuce

The line graph illustrates that from Initial to Day 8: The lettuce grown using both

Fogponics and Hydroponics show similar growth in crown diameter. This suggests that both

methods are equally effective in promoting initial growth. From Day eight onwards, the lettuce

grown using exhibits a more rapid increase in crown diameter compared to Hydroponics .

Lettuce grown in Fogponics farming system shows a consistent and steeper increase in crown

diameter, indicating a faster growth rate compared to Hydroponics Farming System. Since

Hydroponics Farming System exhibits a more gradual increase in crown diameter. This suggests

a steady but slower growth [Link] indicates that Fogponics Farming system, may be more

effective in promoting the expansion of the lettuce crown over time.

Number of Leaves
 Mean of Number of Leaves of the Lettuce
4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25

Fogponics Hydroponics

Figure 18. Line Graph: Mean of the Number of leaves of the Lettuce

On the initial growth, both Fogponics and Hydroponics start with the same mean number

of leaves. Hydroponics shows a higher mean number of leaves compared to Fogponics,

suggesting a faster initial leaf production. However, as time progresses, the lettuce grown using

Fogponics has a slightly higher mean number of leaves. From Day 16 to Day 25, the lettuce

grown using Fogponics exhibits an increase in leaf count while the lettuce grown using

Hydropincs experience continues decrease in leaf count. This suggests that Fogponics may be

more effective in promoting leaf growth in the later stages of development. Fogponics takes the

lead in leaf count, indicating that the plants may be thriving better or experiencing more

favorable conditions under this method during this period.

Length of the Largest leaf

 Mean length of the Largest Leaf of the Lettuce
7

0
Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25

Fogponics Hydroponics

Figure 19. Line Graph: Mean Length of the Largest Leaf of the Lettuce

Based on the illustrated in the line graph, both Fogponics and Hydroponics start at a

similar point, indicating that the mean length of the largest leaf of the lettuce was approximately

the same for both methods at the beginning. From Day 4 to Day 16, the lettuce grown using the

Hydroponics method consistently has larger leaves than the lettuce grown using the Hydroponics

method. The Hydroponics line peaks around Days 8 to 12. After Day 16, the lettuce grown using

the Fogponics method starts to catch up. By Day 25, the Fogponics line slightly surpasses the

Hydroponics line, indicating that the mean length of the largest leaf of the lettuce grown using is

Fogponics slightly larger than that of the lettuce grown using Hydroponics. After Day 25, both

methods exhibit a decline in leaf length, with fogponics maintaining a slight advantage over

hydroponics.
Width of the Largest Leaf

Mean width of the Largest Leaf of the Lettuce

4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Initial Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Day 24 Day 25

Fogponics Hydroponics

Figure 20. Line Graph: Mean Width of the Largest Leaf of the Lettuce

The line graph illustrates that both Fogponics and Hydroponics show an increase in the

mean width of the largest leaf of lettuce. This suggests that both methods are effective in

promoting leaf growth during this period. However, the Fogponics method appears to be slightly

more effective as it leads in leaf width during this time. By Day sixteen, the mean leaf width in

the Fogponics method starts to decline, suggesting that the growth rate slows down or even

reverses. On the other hand, the Hydroponics method also starts to decline, however, by day

twenty it started to show an increase in leaf width, indicating sustained growth.

COMPUTED MEAN AND T-TEST OF THE SAMPLES THROUGHOUT

25 DAYS PERIOD

Mean Independent t-test Description

Fogponics Hydroponics Computed Critical

Value Value
 Height 7.053333 3.776667 0.226091 4.302653 No
Significant
Difference

CD (Y) 7.126667 3.333333 0.145153 3.182446 No

Significant
Difference

CD (X) 2.863333 1.126667 0.09838 3.182446 No

Significant
Difference

No. of 3.333333 1.666667 0.164113 3.182446 No

Leaves Significant
Difference

Length of 5.176667 2.653333 0.231939 4.302653 No

Largest Leaf Significant
Difference

Width of 2.936667 1.853333 0.390364 4.302653 No

Largest Leaf Significant
Difference

Height

The critical value of the Width of the Largest Leaf of the data the researchers obtain

during is 4.302653 while the calculated value 0.390364. This means that there is no significant

difference between the final Width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce in both the fogponics and

hydroponic set-up.

Crown Diameter (Y)

The critical value of the Width of the Largest Leaf of the data the researchers obtain

during is 4.302653 while the calculated value 0.390364. This means that there is no significant
difference between the final Width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce in both the fogponics and

hydroponic set-up.

Crown Diameter (X)

The critical value of the Width of the Largest Leaf of the data the researchers obtain

during is 4.302653 while the calculated value 0.390364. This means that there is no significant

difference between the final Width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce in both the fogponics and

hydroponic set-up.

No. of Leaves

The critical value of the Width of the Largest Leaf of the data the researchers obtain

during is 4.302653 while the calculated value 0.390364. This means that there is no significant

difference between the final Width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce in both the fogponics and

hydroponic set-up.

Length of Largest Leaf

The critical value of the Width of the Largest Leaf of the data the researchers obtain

during is 4.302653 while the calculated value 0.390364. This means that there is no significant

difference between the final Width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce in both the fogponics and

hydroponic set-up.

Width of Largest Leaf

The critical value of the Width of the Largest Leaf of the data the researchers obtain

during is 4.302653 while the calculated value 0.390364. This means that there is no significant
difference between the final Width of the Largest Leaf of the lettuce in both the fogponics and

hydroponic set-up.
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icz9c?trk=public_post
CURRICULUM
VITAE
A. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Asenjo, Kesha Crystel P.

Age: 17 years old

Place: Talaytay, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number:09621416592

Email Account: keshacrystelasenjo@[Link]

Birthday: August 14,2006

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Painting and drawing

Motto in Life: Broken crayon still color and creates a masterpiece.

B. FAMILY

Mother: Rosalie P. Asenjo Occupation: Teacher

 Father: Ruste B. Asenjo Occupation: Farmer/Business Man

No. of siblings: 2

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Talaytay Elementary School

Junior High School: Argao National High School

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honor

A. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Bajenting, Yuan Anton C.

Age: 18 years old

Place: Luwac, Canbanua, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number:09152371598

Email Account: yuanlucks@[Link]

Birthday: June 03,2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Watching Movies, tutorial videos, and documentaries, Playing video games

Motto in Life: He who fears shall suffer, he who suffers already fear

B. FAMILY

Mother: Isabel S. Camposo Occupation: Housewife

Father: Occupation:
 No. of siblings:

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Argao Central Elementary School

Junior High School: Academia De San Miguel Arcanghel

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honor

A. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Camarillo, Keshia Jasmine G.

Age: 18 years old

Place: Lamacan, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number: 09692510241

Email Account: keshiajasmine08@[Link]

Birthday: August 08,2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Dancing and Reading

Motto in Life: If others can do better, then you can also do your best

B. FAMILY

Mother: Jovy G. Camarillo Occupation: Housewife

Father: Andress E. Camarillo Jr. Occupation: Seafarer

 No. of siblings: 2

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Mother Mary’s Children School

Junior High School: Argao National High School

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honors
A. PERSONAL DATA
2Name: Nacario, Akeylah C.

Age: 17 years old

Place: Looc, Poblacion, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number: 09458057647

Email Account: akeylahnacario123@[Link]

Birthday: September 6, 2006

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Arts and Craft

Motto in Life: Some things are worth sacrificing for.

B. FAMILY

Mother: Ellyn Michel C. Nacario Occupation: None

Father: Ericson N. Nacario Occupation: LGU employee

No. of siblings: 2

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Argao Central Elementary School

Junior High School: Argao National High School

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honors
A. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Quillosa, Keth Chandy D.

Age: 17 years old

Place: Lamacan, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number: 09913620967

Email Account: kethchandy@[Link]

Birthday: May 11,2006

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Watching movies, dancing

Motto in Life: This too shall pass

B. FAMILY

Mother: Marilyn D. Quillosa Occupation: Housewife

Father: George A. Quillosa Occupation: Overseas Filipino Worker

No. of siblings: 1

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Argao Central Elementary School

Junior High School: Argao National High School

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honors
A. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Saragena, Trisha Mae A.

Age: 18 years old

Place: Guso, Jomgao, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number: 09770197468

Email Account: trishamaesaragena@[Link]

Birthday: December 05,2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Listening to music, Readingwattpad novels, Eating, Travelling, and Watching movies

Motto in Life: God is good, all the time….

B. FAMILY

Mother: Maricel A. Saragena Occupation: Utility Worker

Father: Geno T. Saragena Occupation: Fisherman

No. of siblings: 1

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Argao Central Elementary School

Junior High School: Argao National High School

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honors
A. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Sardido, Michael Dax S.

Age: 17 years old

Place: Calagasan, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number: 09083007071

Email Account: dax3alwaysneew@[Link]

Birthday: March10,2006

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: None

Motto in Life: None

B. FAMILY

Mother: Imelda S Sardido Occupation: Teacher

Father: Duque A Sardido Occupation: Farmer

No. of siblings: 2

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Calagasan Elementary School

Junior High School: Argao National High School

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honors
A. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Sardido, Rhea Gale A.

Age: 18 years old

Place: Cancainap, Tulic, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number: 09158590392

Email Account: rheagalesardido@[Link]

Birthday: August 16,2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Listening to music, Reading Manhwas, and Watching Movies and K-dramas

Motto in Life: With God all things are possible..

B. FAMILY

Mother: Grace A. Sardido Occupation: Teacher

Father: Romeo O. Sardido Occupation: Crane Operator

No. of siblings: 1

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Guiwanon Elementary School

Junior High School: Academia De San Miguel Archangel

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honors
A. PERSONAL DATA

Name: Vertudes, Marvy Mae C.

Age: 18 years old

Place: Canduran, Tulic, Argao, Cebu

Contact Number: 09453945373

Email Account: vertudesmarvymae@[Link]

Birthday: March 22,2005

Religion: Roman Catholic

Nationality: Filipino

Hobbies: Reading wattpad stories, Travelling, Singing, and Watching k-drama movies

Motto in Life: Trust in God, live simply.

B. FAMILY

Mother: Maria Elena C. Vertudes Occupation: Teacher

Father: Jayme O. Vertudes Occupation: Farmer

No. of siblings: 1

C. EDUCATION

Elementary: Tulic Elementary School

Junior High School: Argao National High School

Senior High School: Argao National High School

D. ACHIEVEMENTS

High School Graduate (Junior High School)

With Honors

SK Councilor