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Chapter 4

Chemistry-4

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11 views46 pages

Chapter 4

Chemistry-4

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rahulkarambir
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os AQUEOUS REACTIONS S AND SOLUTION o STOICHIOMETRY OF THE PNCIC OCEAN along the Caomi coasting 1 WHAT’S AHEAD 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions Webegin by eaming te nture of he sutances Tons molecules o some mite the wo. This ‘of reaantein aqueous sation 42. Precipitation Reactions Well ently acon which lube ‘acta anne prod 4.3 Acid-Base Reactions Weil explore reactions a whieh protons, 44. Oxidation Reduction Reactons "We wil enamine rections whch electron are ‘naalered beeen cin 45 46 Concentrations of Solutions Weve ecognze tha te amount of acompound agivenvelume of solution sealed i ‘encnation Concertation can be expressed in furor of ways; tbe most wale whch moles ‘fcompound perlite of sition (mtr) Solution Stolchiomety and Chemical Anayss ‘We willie what we have kamed bout oichomety nd oncetation acts he {trount or concentrations of adbtaness in ‘THE WATERS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN, seen in this chapter-opening, photograph of the California coast, are part of the World Ocean that covers almost two-thirds of our planet. Water has been the key to much of Earth’s evolutionary history. Life itself almost certainly originated in water, and the need for water by ll forms of life has helped determine diverse biological fructures. Your ovn body is abot fs ator by mase Wewill see ropestedly ‘throughout this text that walerpossessce many unusual properties esenlal 1 supporting life on Earth ‘The waters ofthe World Ocean may not appear tobe any differnt fom ‘ose of Lake Tahoe o the water that Rows rom you kth facet, but 2 taste of senvrater all takes to demonstrate tha there san important citer fence, Water hasan exceptional aby to dissolve a wide variety of substance, ‘Water on Earth whether is drinking water from the tp, water from a lear ‘mountain steam or seavrator— invariably contains a variety of disslved sub ‘ances. slution a which water is the dissolving medium ts called an aqueous solution Seawater erent fom what we call freshwater” Be ‘auseit has a much higher total concentration of dissolved lone substances. ‘ters the medi for most of the chemical reactions that fake pace within us and around us. Nutrients dissolved in blood ae carrie to our calls, ‘where they enter int reactions that help keep us alive. Automobile parts rust ng 120 CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry ‘stitan gm ae Limestone Gesu yh lig aon ‘hebmestne When they come int fequent contact with ques solutions that contain Var ious dissolved substances Spetaclae limestone cxves (Figure 414) are formed by the dissolving action of undergeound water containing carbon dioxide, COs): CaCOYG) + M01] + COs) —+ CaLHICOSHIa) In Chapter we sve a fw simple types of chemical rections and their descriptions. In this chapter we continue to examine chemical reactions By fo- using on aquens solutions. A pret deal of important chemistry occurs fqucosssolatons, so we need Yo leon the woeabslary and concepts use to dtscribe and understand this chest. In adlition, we will extend the con- cpt of stoichiometry that we learned in Chapter 3 by contdering how sok tion concentrations ate expressed and use. 4.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Recall that a soln is a homogencous mixture of two or more substances. {Sm (Section 1?) The substance present inthe grestest quantity s usally called the solvent. The other substances inthe solution are called the solutes they are stid to be dissolved in the solvent. When a small emount of sodium chowde {NaCt) is dssaved ina large quantity of water, fr example, the water is the solvent and the sodium chloride isthe solute Electrolytic Properties Imagine proparing two aqueous salutions—one by dissolving a tsspoon of luble salt (sodium chlonide} ina cup of water andthe other by dissolving 2 tes Soon of table sugar (sucrose) ina cup of water. Both solutions are clear and colores. How do they difer? One way, hich might not be immediately obvi ous is in ther electrical conductivity: The salt solution Isa good conductor of leticty; the sugar solution i not. Whether a solution conducts electricity can be determined by using a de vice suchas that shown in Figure 42>. To light the bub, an elecre curve ost flow between the two clectodes tat are immerse in the solution. Al though water itself ia poor conductor of electra the presence of ions caus 5 njucius solutions to become good conductors lone cnry electrical charge from one elctrode othe other, completing the electrical circuit Thus, the cor dlctvity of NaCl solations indicates the presence of sons in the soltion. The Tack of condoctivity of sucrose salutions indientes the absence of ons. When NaCl discolves in water, the solution contains Na" and Cir ons, each sue rounded by water molecules When scone (C1H220)) dissolves in water the Selution coatains only neutral sucrose molecules surounded by. waler mmoles, ‘Acabatance (och as NaCl) whose aqusom solutions contain ins i called an electrolyte. substance (suchas Cs:0)that doesnot form ions in sou Hon is called a noneletrlyte The difference between NaCl and CiaFlsOn, anes largely beense NaCLis onic whereas Cy .0y is molec lonic Compounds in Water Recall from Section 27 and expecially Figure 223 tht slid NaCl consis of orderly atrangement of Na~ and CI" ions. When NaCI dissolves in wate, oe lon separates from the solid structure and disperses noughout the solution, a shown in Figure 43(¢}>-The tonic solid disses into ts component ons sit dissolves. 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 121 ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES ‘One say tient ro agus solutions it empoy adie tat measures thir este. conducts. The ably ofa olution to conduct cleric pends he mubeof isi ‘cai. Ar etait solution contin oth srw charge cares, “nusing the but igh ba ree ae Anon seston Whelan cng ase Hteritimamins Serena beef al il lunge ramber a on eu ‘et dcr ag ‘mon Sis wey 4 Figure 42 Mearng ton concentration sing conduct ‘Figure 43 isolation n water, (0) When a orc cmpound sos in aes HO molecules prt, sround and Sener rig ‘heen ‘ees conus bck pes whch ngrtent earn atoms bath pe) and () te weer lies re bor ‘Spars thatthe ote price on be cen move ce ‘evant esa) sthano, Con, amaseuar compan ove wht im CHAPTER ¢ + Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry o Be ‘Waters a very effective solvent fr Sonic compounds. Although water isn AY + BX last Example: AgNOyas) + KCl(as) —> AgCil) + KNOSay) ‘Such reactions are called exchange reactions, or metathesis reactions (mh TTATHehsis, which is the Grock wort fr "to tanspose”) Precipitation reactions conform t this pater, as do many acid-base rections a will ‘ein Secon $3. ‘Tocomplete and balance a metathesis equation, we follow these sep 1. Use the chemical formas ofthe reactants t determine the ions that are present 2. White the chemical formulas ofthe products by combining the cation from ‘one reactant with the anion of he other. (Ue the charges 0 the ions to de termine the subscripts in the chemical fozmulas) 5. Finally balance the equation I SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.3 | Predicting a Metatess Reaction (a) Predict the deniy of he prostate thst forme when plone of aC; and KeOvareaibed 7 PP (0) Wi te Sancod chemical equation or the action soution ‘Amaya Weare piven two ionic cians and seed oped he insoluble pod Soha ey fom Pan eo widow thon prem he aca and chang he {hose products wean se Table 41 to etrine whch is isan water Dow fg ie rotors an loys et wats coq oh ci {The eacants conan Ba", C1, K and S04 los I we exchange the anions sew have aSOyang KI Acording mabe, owt compound of SO, a ‘habitat thse of sre ae. Than By lute and wl pecans om folutan clon he otberhand be (2) From pa a) we know the chemical formula f the puts, BaSO, and KCL ‘The balanced equation wih phase aes shown BuClsay) + KSO4ay) — BASO4) + 2KCKo) sm PRACTICE EXERCISE (@) Wat compound preipitates whan solatons of Fe{0,) and LOH ae mine? (8) Woe s bane eouatinfr te earton.o) Wila pips or when tons BNO and KOH ae mine pepe ‘Aner a) TOT) Tex) + 6 OM) —e ZRAOHIMS) 3 LsSOsaa to no (bs posse product are wate slube) lonic Equations In wrtng chemical equations for reactions in aqueoss sluton i soften ws. ful indicate explicily whether the dissolved substances are present predoct- inantiy as fone oe ax molecsles. Let's reconsider the precipitation rescton ‘between PUNO.) and 2K, shown previously in Figure 44 PL(NO.)la) + 2Kllay) —» PBs) + 2KNOSa9) An equation writen in hs fashion, showing the complete chemical formals of| the reactants and products iscalled» molecular equation because it shoves the ‘chemical formula of the reactants and products without indicating dhe lone ‘character. Because Po(NOs)y KI/and KNO3 ar all soluble oni compounds nd therefore strong elecrolyes, we can verte the chemical equation to indicate cexplicly dhe ons hat aren the soon Poa) + 2 NOS as) + 2K"(ay) + 21749) —> Pbiy() + 2K%(as) + 2NOSH) AT] An equation vein in this form, with al sable strong electrolytes shovin as ons; called 3 complete joni equation, ‘Notice that Ka) and NOs{ay appear on both wes of Equation [Link] that appear in identical forms among both the reactants and produits of om. ples tonic equation are caled spectator ina, These ane are Prevent But ay 90 ‘iret role in the reaction. When spectator fons are omitted from the equation (they cancel out ike algebraic quantities), we ars le with he net onic equation: Po (ay) +219) —> POIs) ts] Ant oni uation includes only the ont and molecules directly involved in the reaction. Charge s conserved in reactions, so the sum othe charges ofthe ton emus be the sane on both sides ofa balanced net oni equation. In ths case the 2 change of the cation and the two I~ changes of the anions add 9 give 2a, the charge of the clecrcally acuta product fcry in na compete me ‘uations pet thes no ractonocas ‘Ae any spectator on shown inthe flowing chemi equation? Aga) + Naa) + CMs) — ACIS) + Natta) Net fnie equations are widely used to usta de simaties between large numbers of reactions involving electrolytes. For example, Equation 48 ‘expresses the eesental feptre ofthe precipitation reaction between any ‘eectlyte containing PD” and any string lect cotaling ~The PD" (a) and (a) ions combine to form a preps of Poly. Thus a et tonic equation ‘demonstrates that more than one set of reactants can lead to the same nel reaction. For example, aqueous soltions of Kl and Me: share mary chemisl ‘inlantes becuse both contain I ons. The complet equation, om the oer had, identifies the actual reactants that participate ina eatin, 42. Precipitation Reactions aw 128 CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry ts et) an bse “The following steps summarize the procelue for writing net oie equation: 1, Witea balanced molecular equation forthe reaction 2 Reverie the equation to show thefons that frm in soiton when each sluble strong eectrbyte docs into is component ona. Only steels ‘ised magus slut ae ton a 8 Identify and cance spectator ons. lm SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.4 | Weng a Nt lone Equation Wete de nan equation forthe pretation cin aoc when solutions “Analyze: Ou tsk eto write net oni emt fo a prcptaton esto, en ‘Schtines the metas pana insat ‘hen dtrmune which product isinclusla We hen ie and balance he oleae ‘compete an equaon. Fly weelimnae the Fpeato! ons to olan ene eceqeee ‘ce av aquron slain of he subance is Cage), Sed abot scone ere igen 0, on Ren geo ation ch compound escOvay nthe molar aquntons for preipatonseacin the nla ad GS, BER Peed Sete gee Nac Accra oe elbly gue squstion ° CaCha) + NasCOaq) —+ CSCO) + 2NSCI) Ina completoionc equation on solved ston aleve (cha sluble onic ‘oapoude) ae wit Span ons As the) denghains renin wx CaCl ‘Noonan NaCl ae all italed in the stone Purtermory ny areal ang {BecuvesCaCOs an onic compound buts not sauble We do ht write he Som any tease compound st component fone Thy the comple onc eatin | aap + 2C49) + 28) + COF*H) — CacOse) + 2Ne"t) + 2) (Cand Na" ae spectator ons Cancing thm ies the lowing et oni equation ea) = COM a9) — CaCO¥8) ‘Check: We cu check ou esl by conieming tat uth he clements nd Be ace ‘easde equals . wr ‘Comment: ne of hens ian ane egution removed fam salaton oF ‘Stange in ome way then thy al are pectat oeand ecto des nt mm PRACTICE EXERCISE ‘We the not nd equation forthe pretation reaction tha ecu when 2gHe0u5 | etc of iver sale plea chek te me ‘Answers: 3 g(a) PO") — AB POYS) 4.3 ACID-BASE REACTIONS Many acids and bases ae industrial and household substances (Figure 45-4), and some are important components of biological fuids. Hydochlonc aid, for example, i an important industrial chemieal and the main cnsticaen of ‘gastijlce in your stomach, Acids and bases ae also common electrolytes ‘Acids ‘Adids are substances that ionize in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, thereby increasing the concentration of H (a) ns. Because hydrogen atom ‘consists ofa proton and anelecton, H”issimply a proton. Thus, acidsare often falled proton danots. Molecular models of wwe common acids, HCI, HNO, Sed CHSCOOH, are shown nthe magi. Just as cations are surrounded and bound by water molecules (sce Figure “431a the proton i also solvated by water molecules, The nature of the proton in waters discussed in detail Seton 162. In writing chemical equations in- ‘volving the proton in water, we represent ic simply a5 Fa) Molecules of diferent acids can fone to form diferent numbers of H lions. Both HC and HINO, are monopeti acids, which yield one H per mole- ‘ule of acid Sulfuric sid 50, i ipa acid, ne tat yields two H per ‘molecule of acid. The ionization of 10g and other diprotie aids occurs in| two steps He80a9) —> Hay) + FSO) 9} HS0,71ug) == Ha) ~ SO} bao) Although 1804 is strong lett, ony he fst snization is complete ‘Thus aqueous solution of salu aed contain a mixture of Ha, SO), ard $04. “The molecule CHJCOOH acetic acd shat we Rave mentioned freguenty ise primary component in vinegae. Act ocd us our hysoqens, Suton tne of them capable of being onan in water Only the hySrogen hat ‘ound to oxygen inthe COOH group wil onze in water the ther Ayres arc tound ta carbon and do nol beak thir CH bonds in wate We wil die ‘ses acid mach morein Chapter 1 Pi cive it some tHoucuT ‘Theseyctural formal tia aman component rset, shown here: i H—¢—cook HO-)—coor: {coors 4 How many Ha) can be pened by each cai ad molecule when ci aid Alsclved mwa? Bases Bases ate substances that accept (react wit) Hons. Bases produce hydroxide fons (OH7) when they’ dissolve in water onic hydroxide componnd sch 38 20H, KOH, and Ca(OH), ave among the most common bases. When dis. solved in water thay dissociate into Wir component ions, inteducing OH ions into the solation, ‘Compounds that donot contain OH ions can also be bases. For eample, smmonia (NHa) ia common base, When added ater, accepts an Hon ‘om the water molecule and thereby produces an OL" ion (Figure 4.5) NEs(ag) + HO) —* NH") + OF) fam Ammonis ia weak electrolyte because ony a smal faction ofthe NH about 15) forms NH and OH ions. 43 Acid-Base Reactions 129 HNO} ‘cH,COoH, #0 OFF 29 NH NH ‘A Fgure 46 trogen tn raster ‘nro moc acs» potn donor (ao ana Nisa proton acceptor (tase). Gry a racton of te Ny reacts ‘STO Rey betwee 130 CHAPTER ¢ Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry ydoclors HG] Grup 1A meal Kydeodes (LOH, NOH, KOH, HOH, CaOH) Hyerbrame elev group 24™metal hystonides (CHO! Sey Bat Hydoiaie Ghose HCO, Pexalore HC, Nii tINOy Sula, 1504 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Acids and bases that ae stong electrolytes (completely ionize in solution) are ‘alld strong acids and strong bases, Those that are weak election (patton ine) ae called weak aids aul weak bases. tong acids are more reactive an weak acids whan the reactivity depends only an the concentration of F(a) ‘The eae) ofan acd, however, can depend onthe anion as well as on HC) For example, hydofisorie ac (HF) a weak aed only pst onied in age ‘us solution}, but iis very reactive and vigorously attacks many substances, is ‘lading glut This reactivity isd lo the combined ation of (a nd F(a). “Tble £24 lists the common stong acids and bases, You shosld commit those to memory. As You examine this abe, nie that some of the mest ee smo acids, suchas HCL, HNOs and F804, ae stong. (Por H:Sy as we noted ‘alicy,enly the fst proton completly ionizes) Three ofthe strong acids are the hydrogen compounds ofthe halogen fanuly. (HE however, a weak add) The fst of strong acc is very short Most cis are weak. The only common strong bases are the hydroxides of Li", Na", K", RB and Co" (Ue alka metal [roup 1A) andthe hydroxides of Ca", Se" and Ba the heavy alkaline earths, Jou 2A), These ae the common sob metal hyoxides. Most other meta Ihydrowides are insoluble in water The snot comon weak base Is NH, which reacts with water o form OH ions (Equation $11). ho fig eng SO CHP Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.5 | Comparing Acid Strengths ‘The flowing diagrams represent aqueous rolutons of hee ais (X,Y, and TZ) ‘wi wir mblecles ond for cy Rank dem om stongeto esha. Hx eee eg? @ o%3 Anae am ad nnkth c stngst fy me aon Sestat dering of slate Paani ont neni Setheras deerme Geeltireneerteret ‘lela specs prc The agents he oe wih tH fone tnd Ingest number of undissocited moles. Solve: The oederis HY > HZ > HX. HY ia stg acid because totaly ionized (Ga molecules in ston wher both DX and ae weak cd, whose sol {lina con of stu of lees and ona, Beause HZ contains re Hons snd fower moles than IN ss onger sid. mm PRACTICE EXERCISE Imagine a dram showing 10 Ns” ian an 10 OH fn ths lation ware ‘st witht one pcre onthe previo page fr HY what wold the diagram [toe ie ht represent he salto ae any anal rea? (ons tl ac ‘eth OF oe fom HL) ‘Answer The fal dara Would show 10 Na* ons, 2 OH” Sons, 8 Ys, and ethO moter Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes Lf we cemember the common sttong acids and bases (Table 42) and ako remember that NH #8 weak bate, we can make resonable predictions bout the electrolyte strength ofa great nurier of water soluble Substances ‘able 439 summarizes our observations about electrolytes. Tocaslfy «solu: bie substance as a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, ot noncectolyt, fe simply work our way down and across ths lable. We first ask ourselves ‘whether dhe substance i onic molecular. IF is ini, i 62 strong ele troyte The second column of Table 43 els us that all onic compounds are strong elaceolytes If the substance we want to classify la molecular, we ask ‘whether sts an aeid or a ase (Doe t have H fst in the chemeal forma oF Contain a COOH group?) i iis an sci, we rely om the memorized lit fom ‘able 42 to determine whether it fs x strong or weak electrolyte All tng ack are strong electrolytes, and sll weak acids ae weak electrolytes. fan ai {Snot listed in Table 42, is probably a weak acid and therefore a weak lee ‘rolyte. For example, HyPOy, H;S0s, and HCHO are not listed in Table 42 and are weak acids. fthe substance we want wo clasiy isa base, we again turn to Table 42 to determine whether it sone ofthe Usted strong bases, Ny the ‘only molecular base that we consider inthis chapter and Table 3 tellus tsa ‘weak cletolyte (There are compounds called amines that are related t0 NH {dare also molecular bates, but se will no eneside hers ntl Chapter 18) ‘inal, any molecular substance that we encounter inthis chapter tht ienot 2 {acid of NE s probably a nonclecteayte, ‘Strong letlyte Wisk Heclyte_Noneletlyee Molecular Strongacide (se Table 42) Weak cde Weakbases Alot compounds 43 Acid-Base Reactions 131 152 CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry ‘Figure 47 me ates ndctar ‘rorya bie. she eats ce [Ease luton an yalow nse ‘Slton Thee knee ‘Saat’ nthe presen obs, ‘ites amon (aed 3 ‘Stmorum mydonse) The ight ask ‘owe onendentorin he psec st yerocor ae 1 SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.6 | Identifying Strong, Weak and Noneectralyes Cast cacho the flowing dialed sabstances ag astrng Sete weak fige ornare: Ca, NOs CON aan, HCOOH Forme 3, ea ee sie ce ‘ince astra ctu weak letra or nonleealte Plan The apprech we tks ouined in Table 43 We can pict hater subs ‘ances ono molec based on ls compostion As wes in Son 27, mast ‘teas ont mica compounds ar compossd ony ofronetas: Sete: Two compounds ft the crite for ine compounds Cay ane KOH. Be re aly thea two aubsance The Ue rang cSapounde ae moles (neat HNO ea common sang te Ivong cleialyte Because mont nid te weak ‘Sith our bes gues woul be tat HCOOH aes weak and (wenk sca). T's ferme he remaning sacl compound, CON, npelbee ah oid Ara bse poi sn rareietnay ‘Comment: Although C:34,08 has an OF group, isnot a meta yaoi: thsi Sota bee Ralls ia ce of da of topete comprare at have C61 bonds whih re knw asics = ton Te COOH group ‘ale he “anton ad roup" (chaper 1). Mec tat have Ss op oe Sivek tm pescrcr exercise Case ons Eee Pretorya bd Sridreiatencs tacoma are LS ree oe ca Gua eons eee a comenan darian, Saceae eee ChB A SWE A eaaon of MoO) plete fois equation associate with Equation 4.12.3, waperite dmagrcuun poeese, Hp + Cr) + Naas) + OFF (a) —> Ham water Te net ete dake one ona! Ha00) + Nettas) | CP%a9) HB] Regen sc ee fat Therefore, the netionic equations Clee cane ata, 7 Seto muster 15 aq) + OF @=) — 100 fas) [guston 4.1 summarizes the essential feature ofthe neutralization reaction ‘between any strong aid and any strong base: H(a) and OH(a) sons com bin to form HO. Figure 484 shows the reaction between hydrochloric acd and the base MgO, whichis insole in water A milky white euspension of Mg(OH)s ‘alled mk of magnesia is seen dissolving asthe neutalzation reaction ocs= ‘Molecular esation MgiOH),8) + 2HCilaq) —+ MgClfan) + 24.00) (415) Net onic eguaton MglOH36) + 211°C) —+ Mg™aq) + 21200 ft6) [Notice thatthe OH ions thse in # sold eacant and 1 ons combine form 10. Because the fons exchange partners, neutralization rections be- tnveen aids and metal hydroxides are also entathesi eatin, (mt SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.7 | Wein Chemical Equation fora Neutralization Reaction (a) Wee 3 balneed molar equation forthe waco Rerean agucout rlutone of ssi cd (CHACON) and ara pdeonideBa(Ohy @) Woe he het oc uation ori encon, sowurion Weare given the chemi forlorn aid abs ad eaked to wes balanced sclera equation and then, ‘Sraonc equation forts etralizaton reaction, Plan As Bquaon¢.12and the taliized statment at foows tind reizlzaton eats form two products HO and [on Wee cane ie ert i Ueowenr no of he aide detetine te omponton ofthe sll (Tsai contain cation of te base (x) Sa the anion of the acd (C81C00"), Thay he formula ofthe sl BNCH\COO), According to {he slut guldelies it Table ahs pound esol The unbalanced molar aun Etbrtnestahetion aches {CHsCOOHHE) + BHOH{49} —> HOW + BuCHCOO™a) 134 CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stichiometry ‘To dalnce this molecular uation, we mt po. Vide two melee of CHEOOH to rns he ‘ate cmt wih te See OH ae of Soke The alnced malar equations 2CHCOOHa) + BOHN as) + 2100) + BA{CH/CODH aH (by To se dhe nto equation, we mst dete fine whether each compound in squsou ston tripe pte B(OH ina song dec inf ta(chscOOiaslociong cacy Gare: 2CHSCOOM() + Ba) + 208) — ‘Sompatnd} Tho, he compete lnk eon 2HAAD + Ba") + 2CHACOO™ a) lniating he spectator ons ives 2CH,COOHLa) + 20H tai) —+ 2H,04 + 2CH,COOT) ‘Simpliying te coeticins es the rt anc erase COOH) + OF) —+ HL04 + CHLCOO™ es) (Ghece ie ca deturine hath He meal equation cre balanced by counting te rumber of tos fac nd ot ‘other ofthe arow Thre ae 10}, 40,4 an on each ade) However, tinea fo chk euntone Dy cat {ng group: There 2CHCOO group at wel at 1 Ba and ccltonal ato ead? adit O wos eneach ef ae Sesiot neck otto chcfotboaue moh nd fenton eset ches sa oh oft eatin (a Wise a batrcd molecu guatin forthe eto of atone (HCO) and potas yo (KOH) Watethe etiam eu forts act Aer) HscOsay) 1 2KOHIa) —> 2H,010 + K:COxa: 1) HCO) 1 20%") —> 24,00) | CO Gres woken ees ety, KO sega ne Cy eno AN seca ‘Acid-Base Reactions with Gas Formation “Many bases besides OH react with Hf frm molecular compounds. To of ‘howe that you might enenunter in the laboratory ape he wale fon an the cor bonate ion. Both ofthese anions react with aids to form gases that have lone Selubiits in water Hydrogen sulfide (HS), the substance that gives rotten tags thee foul odor, forms when an acid such ae Flay) reacts with a metal sade suchas Nass Motcalar equation: 2 HICl(ay) + NasS(aq) —> H,S(g) + 2NuCHag) 617] et ani egution 21 aq) + aq) — 185) 18) ‘Garhonates and bicarbonats reat with acids t form CO gas Reseton of Cos or ICO," with an aid frst gives carbonic acid (1;CO). For example, ‘hen hydrochloric ai is added fo sodium bicarbonate, the following eatin HCUag) + NasICOs(a) —> NaCl) + HeCOsay) (4.19) ‘Carbonic aci is unstable. carbonic ac is present in solution in sufficient concentrations, it decomposes lo form H,0 and CO which escapes (om the felution a gas [Link]) —+ 040 + CONS) 42m ‘The decomposition of H,COs produces bubbles of CO; ges, a8 shown in Figure 49-4 The averal reaction fe summarized by the following equiions Motcuar equation Clan) + NaHCOsag) —+ NaClen) + 1,01) + COs) (421) Cuaron Netiamicequaton: 1a) + HCOSaq) —+ HOH +009) (422) 44 Oxidation Reduction Restions 135 4 earns ANTACIDS ‘our stomach scetes acids 1 help dlgst foods. These Side which inlode hydronic acd, conan about (01 ml of "per te of salon The stomach and digestive ‘eatarenarmaly pote ram he corneas ft Schscidy. mutt ining inerson dew nh ning, oweves lowing Be acd lo atch the undying Use, ‘hung pin damage Tos oles, known a le can be ‘hued bythe scot of ect acide orby a weakoes nthe igs Lining, Sadia, however, tht many seers Se cased by bate [Link] 10 and 20% of ‘Ameteuns afer oon class af me pat inthe Bre ‘Many others experene cesional indigestion or het ‘hated to digstive acs entering the wophages Wie can ada the problem of excess stomach acd in wo spe ways) senovng the excess ei oF) dete {ng the production o sed. Te subnet Serve ex Acid-Newtaliring Agents NAHCOs ALOE Mg(Ot and CaCO, Maio Ma(OtD ana Axor, Mg(OHD and Al(OH}, [Link] COs ‘staid alle entan,whereas hase that decree the Production of aid ae eaed sid tai. gure 10 {hows sever common, overshecounter antacids ova are snp acs hat neutral degen acd They asd tones sclis boson they conan ie carbonate, or atbonate oe Table is atv Ingredients nso sa The, never” generation of antler dev, sich 8 “egamet? and Zana acd Sirs. Tey tom ac Produangeahin he ining othe stomach, Pomulatons Bat ‘cto adn sway aero avai oerthecounter ‘rags Figure 410 Antacids. Tee produ al sve a2 Both NaHICOs and NagCOs are use as acid neutralizer in ail pills: The bicaroonate or easbonate salts added unt the flzing det the formation of COx() stops Sometimes sodium bicarbonate i used as an antacid to soothe fan psc stomach. In that case the HCOy” reacts with stomach acid to form | {COx(). The az when Alka-Seltzer® tablets are added to water arses rom the reaction of sodium bicarbonate and citric ac / Give tt some tHoucur By analogy to examples already given in We tex, pode wht as for when NesSO) ated rth Cap, 44 OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS In precipitation reactions, cations and anions come together to form an insohs ble foie compound, In neutralisation rexcdons Ht ons and OH ions come together to fom H,0 molecules. Now le’ consider third important hind of| retin, one in which electrons are transferred betwen reactants. Such fe tions are called oxidaion-reduction, or refx, reactions. 136 CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry > Figure 4.11 comeston o ron. ‘Stackot enger and wer reaped Oxidation and Reduction ‘The corrosion of rom (ustng) and of other metal, such 28 the corosion of the terminals of an automobile battery, are familar process, What we call ‘oon isthe conversion of a mal into a metal compound by a reaction Be- ‘secon the metal and some substance in ts envionment Rusing as shown | Figure 4.114, snvolves the reaction af oxygen with rn nthe presence of watt "When metal cozrode, i loses electrons and forms cations. Calcium, for example is vigorously attacked by 26st form eaeium ions a6) + 2H Mag) + Ca ay) + Hale) be231 ‘When an atom, ion, of molecule has become more positively charged (hat, ‘when ithas los cletons), we say tht it hasbeen oxidized Loss econ by Sulstanc clad oxidation. Thus, Ca, which has no net chasge, is oidized (ane ‘dergoes oxidation) in Equation 43, forming Ca “The tern oxidation suse becouse the ist reactions of this sot tobe stud- ted thoroughly were reactions with oxygen. Many ental rect det with Op in ir to form metal ones. In these rections the metal loss electrons 0 ox ‘gen, forming an ionic compound ofthe metal ion and oxide lon. For example, teen calsum metal exposed to ai the bright mea sseace ofthe meta tamishes as Ca0 forms 2€als) + Oxfg) — 2€206) a2 [As Ca is oxidized in Equation 4.2, oxygen is transformed from neutral (02 10 two O tons Figure 412¥). When an atom, lon, or molecule has be- ome more negatively charged (gained electrons), we say that iis rue, 2Caf) + Ox) 2ca015) ‘Figure 4.12 Oxldation of caclam met! by moeelr oxygen. The oxiston ies ‘alert econ tom heats to Oy een eaang to omaton ol C20. 44. Oxidation Reduction Reactions The gain of electrons by a substance is called reduction. When one reactant loses leetrons (hat when it is oxdzed), another reactant must gain them, The ‘oxidation of one substance s always acompanied by the reduction of another ts electrons ae raferred between Shem Oxidation Numbers Before we can peopey identify an oxidation-eduction reaction, we must have a kind of bookkeeping systema way of keeping tack ofthe electrons gained by thesubstance reduced and those lostby the substance oxidized. The concept ‘of orklation aumbers (ls called cxdeion sales) was devised aa 3 way of ‘ing this Each atom in neutral molec or charged species is assigned | ‘oxidation number, which sth actual charge for a monatomic ion. Otherwise, the oxidation number is dhe hypothetical charge sstigned tothe atom, asm. ing thatthe letrns are completely held by one atom othe other. The ovation ‘ulbers of eta atomn change in an enidation-reducion reaction. Oxidation ‘ecurs when the oxidation umber increase, whereas reduetion occurs when | the oxidation number decreases, ‘We ssethe following rules for assigning oxidation sumer: 1. For loin it elementl form, th oiton mer ay e. ‘Thus, exch atom inthe Hp molecule hasan oxiaton numberof, and ‘ch P atom in the Py mae hasan cudation number of. 2. For any monatomic on th oan number pus th charge oh i “Tha, K" hos an oidaton maber of “1 Se hs an atom mmber of Vand 50 forth The alka meal Sons (group 1A) always have 2 t ‘Shang, and thereon he ala metas swsys have an oxidation nmber ‘of Hin ther compounds Sinan the slkaline earth etl group 28) fre always +2, ana aluminum (gop 3A) always +3 nt compounds {i wrung oxidation number, we wl wt the siga before the uber Aisin them fom tbe actual crn charges, which we Wate With thenmumber fist) 44 Nommetas usually have negative oxidation numbers, ahough they can Sometimes be postive (a) The oidation nue of nygen i wuly 2 in both ole and molecular compounds The major exception fs compounds elles pero, Sve contuin he OF on, sing each enygen an xidaton umber oe (0) The exiation umber drogen scully 1 oho bond nonmetal and toned mela (0) Theosiaton amter fflorne i ~1iallompounds The ter halogens have an oxidation number af —1 in most binary compounds When combined with anype, abn exyaniong, however, hey have postive dation tte 4 The sum ofthe oxidation numbers ofl atm neal compu iz Tsu oft cada nn ia tm in eps th charge of he on. For example i the byron on, 140" he owdaton ume of ach Ihyrogen bn and ato xen 6 “2. Ths, te sum of the oxidation ‘numbers (+1) (2) ~ rte which equals the nt charge ofthe to. This ales ver useflin obtaining the oxidation mam of one atm 8 compound orinif you kao the oaton numberof heater too ikatrated in Sample erste $8 (a) What nob gs ements he same number of electrons athe cde? (@) What the oxdason number of that noble as? Substance ‘xiiaed ose ‘Seeren) Subtance feduced ta on 137 138 CHAPTER ¢ Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.8 | Determining Oxidation Numbers Determine the onidaton auger of sl ach of the allowing: HS, 0) Sy CSCI, Nos80s 30. Annie: We ahd tering dato amis flit moss ‘he hang on especies We wil ae Uh us olin above o asp xidaon Sate: (2) When bonded ta nonmetal ydogen has an oxdaton number of +1 (ule) ‘cau the #5 molecular net the sam of the oxidation sambery tel ‘eo (ae 4). Leng x equal te odaion number af, we have 2H) x= ‘Thay Sharam uation namie of 2 (0) Beers than elemental form of ul, he oxidation number of 380 (ee 1 {e) Bacau then Binary compound, we expect eturne 9 have am ston ‘amber of 1 (le 3 The sum tthe oaton nto must gual seo ule) Poqal the xidaton numoer ofS we hover» (cI) = 0 Canseguce ‘xan number of Soa 72, {ah Sodium, an alam aay ak an oxidation name of 1 nts compounds (ue 3. Onygen has 3 eomaton oucaton sate of ~2 (ra a). Leting ea he (Saaton gutaer of ee have 1) 4 9-2) 0. There, onto ‘umber on his compound's + {The nsdaton stato On re a) Thess of te aidan aber gis $e te et hg of te SO on ue). hw mee oa) = 2 Pom ‘jd onthe compound n which oars Ts ondaton numb alae ee re ‘Whats theoxdation sate ofthe boc clement nach ofthe owing 8) PDs, WI NaHL te CO," ld) Sab le) BAO? ‘never ta) £5, 8) “1, 0) 2,18) *4,40) Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts “There are many kinds of redox reactions, For example, combustion resctions ae relox reactions because lemental oxygen seonveried to compounds of oxygen ‘Se (Secu 2) In ths chapter we consider the redox reactions between metals and either aids or sls In Chapter 20 we will examine more complex Kinds of redox rections "The feat ofa mela with ether an ac ora metal alt conforms tothe following general patter A+ OK axe (25) Examples, Zn) +2 Beg) —+ Zoran) ~ Hats) Manis) + PoxNOaq) —e MriNOshlaq) + PE) “Those reactions ae called displacement reactions because then in solution i ) 44. Oxidation Reduction Reactions “4 Floure 413 meaction f magnesia witha ‘Thebes we desta yaoger ans “To show that oxidation and reduction have occured, the oxidation number for ‘sch stom is shown below the chemical equation fr this reaction Mat +2119) — Md +H) 426) Oo 44 8 6 [Notice that the oxidation number of Mg changes fom Ot +[Link] increase the oxidation number indicates thatthe atom has los electrons and a there fore been oxidized. The Hon f the acd decreases in oxidation number from “+1 fo, nicaing that this ion has gan cletons and as therfore been duced. The oxidation number ofthe CI- ion emains ~I, and isa spectator fom in the reaction. The et ionic equation i follows Maia) + 2H 'Gq) —> Mg tay) + Hale) ban ‘Metals can alo be enidined by aqueous solutions of varius galt, Tron etal for example s oxidized to Re by aqueous solutions of NI such as NigNOahtop ‘Molec ejuation: —Fe(s) + Ni(NO3)laf) — Fe(NO3)aq) + Nils) 14.28), Net anc equation Fels) + Nag) — Fea) + NIG) (429), “The oxidation of Fe to form Fe inthis reaction is accompanied bythe reduc Won of NI fo Nk Remember: Whowner one sustance i oxdad,sme che b= savce mast be raced 139 uo CHAPTER ¢ Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.9 | writing Molecular and Net lone Equations {or Oxidaton-Reduction Reactions swith hyarromic a sowution “Anayee Wo st wate to eguaion—olacla and na on—for the sedox ‘eR bchwcena metals asd Plan: Mas ect wih acid to form satan ga To wee the tlanced eu ‘one we rl wrt the chemical mae rh ro etn anthem tern ‘hetomuln esa Tnesaitiscompoved a ection onmedby te mal an he shone acd ISAT, andthe ann tam hyarobromic acs Br. Thus the salt formed In tha ‘on i Alb Weng the eactants and products and thn balancing the ton ‘vee etoile eatin Ale) + 6HBHaq) —* 2A) + 3116) ath Band Ale ae oable tong ely. Th he completion unin DAG + GE) + 6B) — 2A + Bea + 3116) ‘cause Be ga spectro, the nto equation 2AM) + 6H") —> 2A) + SEG) Comment: The substance oxidized is the sluminam metal because oxidation SSC tps pn ite cl 3 nh cata hay remington ‘number The H"iredaced because its oxdaton sate changes rom #¥ inthe a 0 im PRACTICE ExeRcise (a) Weis te bance molecular and et anc agustions forthe action Between ‘hognosam and coba) sfate 0) What oudized ond hots ede in he “Asters: Mat) + CoSO4as) —> MSO 4a) * Co Mg) = CMa) —> May) Cola Bg i ordaed and Cs ‘The Activity Series Can we predict whether a certain metal will be oxidized either by an ac or by «particular salt? This question io practical importance as well as chemical terest According 10 Equation 428, for example, it would be unwise to stor & solution of nickel niteate in an ion container beenuse the solution would di Solve the container When metal is oxidized reacts t form Wares com pounds, Extensive oxidation can lea to the fae of metal machinery pats the deterioration of metal structures. Diflren metals vay in the ease with which they are oxidized. Zn is ox zed by aqueous solutions of Cu for ample, but Ags not. Zn, Uherwore, lost electrons more readily han Ag that Zn easier to oxidize than Ag. "Alistof metals arranged in order of decreasing ease ef oxidation ie clled an activity series. Tale 43> gives the activity series in aquens solution fe many ofthe most common metals. Hydrogen is also included inthe table. The Inet at the top ofthe ble, such asthe alka metals and the alkaline arth meta are most cally oxidized hats, they react most madly to form com pounds They are called thectze metal, The metals atthe Bota ofthe atvi- Ty sere, such a the tranaiton elements from groups 6B and 1B, are ver stable nd form compounds less realy. These metals, which ae used to make cons And jewelry ar called noble tals because of thee low reac “Theactiit series can be used t pric the outcome of reactions between metals and either metal salts or acids. Any metal on the Fit cam be exdizal y Theis of elements telow i. For example, copper is above slver inthe sete. 44 Oxidation Reduction Reactions 141 Metal utio Potesam Calcium Sodium Mages ‘Aluninast Manganese Chromium Cobat Nickel end ysrogen copre Stee Phare ia “Thus, copper metal will be oxidized by silver ons, as pitured in Figure 4.14¥ Culs) + [Link]"(as) —> Cua) + 2860 “The oxidation of copper to copper ions is accompanied by the eduction of a ‘vers tslver metal. The ver metals evident on the surface ofthe copper ‘wires in Figure 4146) and 414). The copper nitrate produces a blue color Oxidation Reaction ig) — Wan Ke a By ay 7 Ca) aap + 2° Nag) — Netep + Mg) —> Ng) 4 25° Als) — Pog 37 Ming) —> Min) =e 20) — ta) 2 9) ca = 3 Fa) —o Feta 020 C0) — Cay 7 Sie) — Nita ae Se) — Sa) 2 36) — FO + 2 Magy — 2109 = 2 Cal) aap 62 ee) — Agen oo 9 — Hg 2 Po Pag Sha) > ha In the solution, which a mast evident in par (2) CV {~\, —> ‘ cus) 2AgNOst) 24866) 430) rye pane ‘Shorecrest aoe Eas 142 CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry “Which isthe more easily reduced, Mg?" (ayj) or Ni?" (aq)? ‘Only those metals above hydrogen in the activity series are able to reat ‘with acids form Hl For example, Ni reat with FIC) o form I Nits) + 2H1CKag) — NICI{on) + Hats) fa [Because clement below hydrogen in the activity series are not oxiized by H°, Cu does not eat with HClag- Interestingly, copper does react with mite acid as shown previously in Figure 1.1, This reaction, however isnot a simple ‘xidation of Cu by the 1” kon ofthe acid, instead, the metal e oxidized 10 Cai by the neat fon ofthe eid, accompanied by the formation of brown trogon oxide, NOs Cu(s) + 4 HNO Yq) —+ CUNO, a9) + 241,00) + 2NOYG) 1432), ‘What substance i reduced as copper is oxidized in Equation 4.32 ln this ase the NO; ress fom the redaction of NOS. We wil examine reactions ofthis typein more deal Chapter 20, I SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.10 | Determining When an Oxidation Reduction Reaction Can See {ta goon lin of io ere ne mgr eal fs, ite ea a nee rece nse ave no thancer—an aire FeCl, ana etal Mg SEIS So abate cto occur he Fein in ety wl be ede fF, tnd Semen Mg wl Soe Sh, Bea yi or Fin nny, rion Wl ee writ Stil icuathe apodced ntcritan we mat emer echo [SC The magnesium sat fcmed inthe reaction & MgChy meaning the balanced pee Mat + Ci) — Mca =F) {eth fend MgC natn nny ane cine wsteninoncoem. Set happens cst nmciaa meee cman Nig) + Fea) —> Me) + FD Tet i oti rst Mae tind ed Fire rt inc: Note at he mtn qpton bined wih mpc ooh rg and wm paacrice exencise Which of owing meta wl be ove by PHNOs)s Zn, Ci, Fe? ‘Answer Zande ” 4.5 CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS “The behavior of solutions often depends onthe nature ofthe solutes ad thei “soncentations Scientists us the term concentration to designate the smo of Solute dlsolvad ina given quant of solvent or quantity of solution. The on ‘expt of concentrations inttive The greater the amount of sole dissolved in| ‘xtain amount of solvent, the more concentrated the rsltngsoluon In chem isiey wenten need to expres the concentrations of solutions qusnstativly 45. Concentrations of Solutions 143 ‘wisn Thenughout istry people fave shershed ol, have fought ors and ave died foe ‘the phys! and shams! propece of gold sere 9 snake i a specal meal Rist ib usc beety and way ‘panei precoae Second,pldeslt ant canbe easy Sort Io atte ebjet jewel and oie gure 159). Th folds oe ofthe nt seve mets (able 45) 1S et ox ‘Bow in air and dove not ct with water Its uneatoe - ‘rand ose slurs ond nul allacdicsclutons Asa mou [oldcan be found n nt ar pur lement ater than som Sed wid nye or oer element, which account fos "Many of he cry studies ofthe sections of gold arse fem the practice of lchemy in which peple amped turn cheap metals such son, ols. Alchemists dio (aha oid canbe doled ina enn conceded Syachlone and ine ay known ae agus pia Copa al). The atin of nite acid on gold esd at “pp fut 2) tht he te orate han 1 ‘dies the etl to AP” The Gone irc wih A” {oem highly abe AC ions. The netic uation the rescomf pid with agin mga ‘Auls) + NOs) +49 + 419) — ect)» 20M) + NOI) Allthe pl ever mined oul xy fina cube 19m on ‘side and weighing aout 1 210? kg (25000 fons), Mare ‘hans of hr mau fase pode ie he begining of the Calor old rath of 1868 Sack en wari po- ‘uct of pl amon to about 18 1 ky (00 tne Dy fest one 13 © 10" ag (eli og) flap re protic si Cold road mai nowy 3) cone {io and econ) Te se neces ees on is ‘len conduct ane ican estan Goldie or ‘sample 1 pil contacts in elt wich lays tl ‘tu A pi ouchtne taephane conan 3 pl sted ‘lac Gnd an ued in somata ther malo: tron devices her tne old wise used ok companen. Theause of rseanc coro by ards and ther subsiages found is sav, god oa ied etl for dental ‘Towne and cape whieh coun for shout ofthe al {sea thclemen. The prema ise sat use indents. Related Fare 897 Figure 415 Porta of Pharaoh totam (13461357 nc made of got Satadar seen, prac ae rom tb nee Agee ANALYZING CHEMICAL REACTIONS [other pmateetenimsintina petrantet ‘hmiamactons Aj tht dense ney ng to master rater of hs ort gang 9 el for what appear when chemi alowed fo st inf you might spvelat he wse wih which your pressor er aching ai {Gntcan Fuso the roof ceri stn On of at sls inh fextook st eip you Become more apt at pre- Eoeng te osteoma of actone The ay gn theo ‘el imuidor”bundostanding how to cogonve rections ‘Atenping to emer he many ial act 8 sherry wes fits ar moet ty ‘cog peters fo determine the general egy of vee Son sich retardation meucton Tha, hen oe ‘sefaed wih the allege of pring the outome face ‘Ss easton st youl fbwary pene guess ‘re they acolytes or nonelectl yes? ‘ithe reactant ae actos, will metathes prod precptte Water” Aas? fees in am ondaton redaction venctin? The sous {Rat ans be both vectant tht canbe oidsed and fre hat on bene By asking quoione sch ethos, you shoul be able predict what ght happen dung the ection, You might rot Evways be enazly corms, bet you keep your ws abot You, you well not be fr off As You gan expeence ith hem reaetiors, you wil gin to lok for rata tat ‘ight not be medal obvious, such wate rom the wo Ten oc oxygen om the tosphere “One of te resto tole asic to in ceo ‘experimentation Il you perform an experenent which 0 “Slaton sre mised, you an make Sverstons tat ep you undestand whit s happening, For example, sig ‘Mcmation in Table (1 fo pdt whether ppt il foum isnot nearly ab exiting as actualy sein ho preip- tae form, a igure Creel observe the bora for fh cue wi mae ou eae at Md CHAPTER 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry " © ” © a fepirsvoneroaserarioom —— Molarity [ikionafester fwegron Mola (6ymbolM)exprese the concentration of solution asthe numberof Sainte es solutein er of ation a) atthe CuSO Gers 2500, ‘moles sot ‘homens So asa Molarty~ Figure 4.18 Praca tor Preparing 250 mi of 0100 CaO, by ‘Gnton of1.00§ CS 6) Oram foe) Asd ht 380-0 ‘eluate kA wate ve ‘he slaan toot tlone of 80.4, ® © /\cive it some tHoucnt ow isthe molasty of 0.80 KB solution changed when waters added to double Sevalnet “The molarity ofthe mose concentrated stock solution (Man) i always lager than the molarity ofthe te solution (Mg). Because the volume ofthe sol tom increases upon dilution, Vays always larger than Vays Although Equation 1435 derived in terms of iter, any volume unit can he used as ong a thet ‘same unit is used on both sides of the equation. For example in the caleulation| ‘Wed forthe CuSO, solution, we have (1.00 89( Vg) = (0400 M250. mi.) Solving for Vie 4 Vinge ~ 25: ml before. I SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.14 | Preparing a Solutio by Diuion ow many mits of 30 M H,80, ar needed to make 80 mL of 0.10 M HS04? sowution “Anaya We need to lute 8 concentrated ston, We ae given the malay ofa ‘Rove nce solani andthe vlame and malar of mar aon hosamesclue (650 mL of 10 aolgtn) We mast lease We vole of cot alse shen ered to pra the oe sr! Plan We can caclate the numberof mols of rls, 0, in he dite aon (Ge thes clclte tc vlan ef he conceived sthuion herded fo supply Shount of solute Atemateey we can dels appy Equston S53. Lets tmpare ‘two ants » Sonny ™ Sete: Caleltng the mele of 1,50, inthe dite sui 0. mal 80, Ts sna ,n tenn = 0 La = 005 mol H:80, Catling the value ofthe concent solution that coniins 0045 mo 1,80, Comvering ters to iter gives 46 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis Te Ee ee (40.1 ag) ~ 10 450m) oxo Mast) ane) ism ther way, ce tht if we tet with 15 of 310M FSO and ute a tla ‘ole af bmi tbe dena 108 tion wa te ota (Chack The acute voume sm rssoable cats volume of concen ‘Shc slaton sted propa lange volume of de sluaon im PRACTICE EXERCISE (a) What volume of 250 M leat) aateaoaon contains 00500 mal of P27 (©) ow many mers 9¢ 50 M CHO, solution mute died to pete Bp nb of 10 M wn? (110.9 af 0 A tok saan of NSOH ae ‘4 to2 i, hate the concentration ofthe esultng sock elution? ‘Annvera) 02001." 20 mt) Sem 0 OAD He 46 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS luni that you have to determine the concentrations of several ions ina sat- peo lake water. Although many insrmental methods have been developed for such analyses, chemical reactions such as those discussed in this chapter ‘continue fo be used. In Chapter 3 we learned that if you know the cherie “equation and the amount of one estant consume in the reaction, you can a ‘late the quantities of other reacants and products In this ston we brely| ‘explore such analyses of solutions. ‘Recall that the coefcients in a balanced equation give the relative number ‘of mole of reactants and products. = (Seton 36) To use this information, we ‘must convert the quantifies of substances invoived in a reaction into moles ‘When we ate dealing with grams of substances, a we were in Chapler 3, 6 use the molar mass to achieve this conversion When we ae working with sol tions of known molarity however, we use molarity and volume to determine the number of moles (moles solute = M% 1). Figure 4199 summarizes this approach fusing stoichiometry Stoichimet “fice | Figure 419 Problem solving procedure. Outne oh procedure tose Seley gre hat eke essed aboot) ens of Pas, Sutin concentration (ati) ot ume v9 150 CHAPTER ¢ Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry [SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.15 | Using Mass Relations na Newralzation How many grams of COM) are nod to eutalize 250 mLof 100M HNO? soLution ‘The reactants at an cd HNO, and 9 bose, Ca(OH The volun and ‘Rory of HA ae ven, and wear sated how tary grams of CXOHy sre ‘red to neu tq o TNO = Plans We can wwe the molarity anc volume of the HNO) slton to cleat he ‘umber of mols of FINO, We thn sete balanced equation ola Ue mas HNO, to nck of EOF) Final we can conver? les of CCH fa fram ‘Those tps can be summa lows se, My = mol HINO3 = mol COM = CAH, Sete: The pad of he lar concentation ofa soliton ands woe in ers [ocrthe number of mole of se oles }INDs = Lo, Mh, = (0250 (a1 BLEINOH) coe hi ean cd-enetalaion sscon, HINO, and COI rat 0 GeniiOandineaiconsiing Co and NOS 2HNO Ma) + CH) + 214,00) + CANON) Thus 2 mal HINOs® tel CHO Tet, ‘ake 74120) seme nxn seca ~ c0r6 gcat0%m (Chachi The size ofthe answer is sasonable, A smal volume of due aid wll ‘Site only sem amount of Soe torus im PRACTICE EXERCISE (a Hove many gras of NAOH ate needed to netlize 200 mL. of 150 M 11504 ‘elton? tb) many Les of 50 la are need teat comply wih {100 mol of PHENO i), forma precipitate of PECL? ‘Annoers: a) 200g 16001 Ttrations “To determine the concentration of particle solstein 8 olution, chemists ten ‘arty outa itration, which involves combining a sample ofthe solution wth 3 reagent solution nf known concenrason, called «standard selution. Tati’ can be conducted using acid-base, preciptaton, oF oxdaton reduction eae tions. Suppose we have an HC solution of unknown concentration and an NaOH solson we know to be G00 IM To determine the concent of the LIC! solstion, we ‘ake a specie volume of that solution, say 200) ml. ‘We then sloly add the slandad NaOH solution tot until the neutralization = action between the HCl and NaOH is complete, The pint at which stoichinmet realy eqsivalent quantities ore brought together is known as the equivalence point of the Seaton Ce a uuneat e ‘many a ofthe NaOH slut av ued teach the xulalence poi? ‘To tieatean unknown with standard sation, thre must be some way to determine hen the equivalence pent ofthe ration hasbeen reached. fn id ‘ase trations, dyes known as a6d-base indicators are used for this purpose 46 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis 151 @ ® ‘Figure 4.20 change appearance of «slain contlnng phenalphthalelnndcator a bse free end pote sons eames (Ate er pa opposed pak clos wee He ‘Sets auded() Althe ene pom hs ae pr colr eens Urought te oldon ser bing Aver ‘more base added tener he pn arses For example, the dye known as phenolphthalein i colorless in acc solution ‘but pink in basic voltion. i we add phenalphthalen to an unknown solution ‘faci, the solution will ecolerless, as cen in Figure 42a). a We can then add Standatd base fom a bur! unl the olution barely tus on coloees o pink, 2 sen in Figure 4208). This color change indicate thatthe acid has been nese tralia andthe drop of bse that caused the soon ty Become colored hos no dei to react with. The solution therefore becomes base and dhe dye tums pink. The color change signals the end ont ofthe titration, which usualy coincides ‘ery neil withthe equivalence point, Care must be taken to choose indisors ‘whose end pons corespond #o the equivalence point ofthe ttraton. We wil “onsider this matter in Chapter 17, The station procedure i summarized! in| Figure 214. a Fgure 4.21 Procedure for “Stunted slat of MoH, (SAtcoweary to ae roa toate (Ao ae tse neater me de, an sane Naot Sten ‘em abr (The roles pon pad coor ‘fSage ne indetr Ppt Peal vtne _ fiat ‘ein ‘fSscnged io) ® © © a2 CHAPTER ¢ Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Im SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.16 | Determining the Quantyof Slate by Tration ‘The quant of I” nuncpal wate supply ie determine Hy aig Be sab plewth hg The reaction aking pice dung he rst Aga) + CT) —* ARCs) ‘Then point nye of ation ark by a change in cole of pec ype fedora How any yea of coe are sample ofthe wate 212° mt of O00 Ae Ag" Is Rewed to vat with a th chloride i the sample? (o)ifthesamplena aw of 00 what penant C-dows eon ‘Analy: We ae gen be voime 202 i) and molar (10M of solution of ‘Ag ind the chenca|equnon or acon fis wth Weare eked fatto ‘eddie te umber of anna inthe sample and second caine erst erento nthe ape me (Plan: We ep by sng he volue ad mola of Ag” to cate theme So cron i edi anton Wa cant se eS eon my -eznton( iso A) {GoundtbenobrsaarerClwehave =~ nC“ ie interme nos 01210 meta EHR = 737 103 gc° () Plan: To auto the peerage of Cathe spe, we compar the aber of FramnarCl in themple 717% 1p, wih he oneal maw oe mp 10D 2a x10 g Sete: Percent CF = Ta 00% = 717 Er oneness SHER ta aay epee neg elees wm paacriceexencise aap then ted wth 4720 of 0240 Mt Sn" saon The Beaton SEES eae aan ene MoO) SM BE) — Ma) + SFO + L000 {olow many eno. wee add a thoi?) How may ono pol Nein ple Hon many pane fon erin te a ee Eepindsmacltin p cha So peteingt stone ‘Amer a) 157% 10" mel MnO," @) 5286 10" opal Fe OO ivi I SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.17 | Determining Station Concetratin Via sn Acid-Base Titration (One commerci metod und pee potatoes i to sank tha ina solton of NAOH fora sot ine, semove the for the NAOH and spay fe pee. The Concent in of NaOH S aommaly in herange leet TheNaOH waived perodaly Ino sch anus, 457 mi of 500M H,S04 re to neal a 200-0 tpl of NaOH Slidon, Whats te coneteaton he NaOH ston?

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