DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
School Year 2022-2023
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The food that enters the human body often cannot be utilized by the cells because their particles are either
too big to be able to pass through the plasma membrane, or insoluble in water and other bodily liquids.
Through digestion, the food molecules can be broken down into smaller units through mechanical action
of digestive organs or chemical reaction with digestive enzymes.
Digestive System is composed of:
➢ Alimentary tract
➢ Salivary Glands
➢ Accessory organs of digestive system
FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
➢ Absorb ingested nutrients
➢ Excrete waste products of digestion
ALIMENTRAY TRACT
Long fibromuscular tube stretching from the mouth to the anus.
4 main layers of the walls of alimentary tube
➢ Tunica mucosa
➢ Tela submucosa
➢ Tunica muscularis
➢ Tunica adventitia
MAIN ORGANS OF ALIMENTART TRACT
JAM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
School Year 2022-2023
Mouth / Oral Cavity is divided into:
➢ Oral cavity proper - portion posterior to the teeth and gums.
➢ Vestibule of oral cavity - is in the portion between the lips and the cheeks externally and the
teeth gums internally
ORGANS INVOLVE IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Tongue - composed of interlacing of striated muscles, arranged in horizontal planes with fibroelastic
connective tissue between.
Teeth
2 sets of teeth:
➢ Milk teeth - first set of teeth.
➢ Permanent teeth - 32 teeth, named from their shape or function.
➢ Incisors - serve to cut food
➢ Canines - teeth for tearing & shredding food
➢ Bicuspids or premolars -crush & grind food
JAM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
School Year 2022-2023
➢ Molars - crush and grind food; wisdom tooth is the last molar tooth in each jaw
TISSUES OF TOOTH
Enamel -covers the crown.
Dentin - sensitive yellowish basis of the tooth.
Cementum - bony covering for the tooth.
Pulp - fibrous material containing nerves and vessels
Periodontal membrane - continuous with lamina propria of the gums & is attached to both the cement &
alveolar wall
SALIVARY GLANDS
Produce thicker mucous secretion and comes into 3 pairs:
➢ Parotid glands
➢ Submandibular glands
➢ Sublingual glands
TWO TYPES OF MASTICATION
➢ Mechanical Mastication
➢ Chemical Mastication
THREE PHASES OF SWALLOWING
➢ Voluntary Phase
➢ Pharyngeal Phase
➢ Esophageal Phase
REGULATION OF EMPTYING STOMACH
➢ chyme entering the duodenum inhibits the movement through neuronal reflexes
➢ gastrin and stretching of stomach regulate emptying
ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Liver
JAM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
School Year 2022-2023
Largest organ in the body.
Functions of Liver
➢ Stores and process nutrients
➢ Produce bile
➢ Produces blood content
Gallbladder
a pear-shaped organ lying against the inferior surface of the liver covered by peritoneum.
Functions of Gallbladder
➢ stores and concentrates bile
➢ Regulate bile flow
➢ Absorption of certain vitamins in the body
Pancreas
Elongated hammer-shaped gland that lies in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium.
Types of Islets of Langerhans
JAM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
School Year 2022-2023
➢ Alpha cells – secretes glucagon
➢ Beta cells – secretes insulin
➢ Delta cells – secretes somatostatin
Function of Pancreas
➢ Cholecystokinin
➢ Produce enzymes to digest food
➢ Secretes insulin
References
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JAM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
School Year 2022-2023
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