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SOIL ORGANISMS
1 Soil Animals or Soil fauna!
Cproteroa , nematodes, earthworms, arthropods)
a. Soi) micfoorganicms of coil Florq
cBackria , actinomyceks , pongi, algae)
psychruphitt ~ cold teving .
oegophiie ~ madera femperalvre loving
Thermophil€ ~ heat loving
owe Kiem» mesophilic Kmpcratyrt
"wan att room moisture , neutral/aikaline
‘oil action and narrow ¢:N ratio oF
geil and organi matte art, nquttd por
rapid and belter decomporition oF
organic. matter ”
Ecological eelatiunship Among Soil
‘organisms
mubvatishe associahons :
- both Mt inkrachng oganisms /
partners are bencpited prom each
ements
offer
compedtue_ interactions
~ compet por Food and space
MINERAUZATION - convert organic
Tato inorganic crak.
=reperred aS amnmonipicahin |
IMMOBILIZATION - convert inorganic” |
mineral nitrogen to organit Form |
Caicropiat protin) |
zation
wworganic
NITRIFICATION = oxidabin involved in
Wt conversion OF ammonium +0
nitrah
"|
|
|
GYMB\OSS > motvally benepicial
rulakionship of legumes and
backria op he genera Rhizobium
and Gradyrhizobivm
BIDDEGRA — = degradation of pcs hicides
and cavercion into ig wmpou
‘oy Miervorgarnigms — os
RECALCITRANT + show complete tesistanct +o
‘vindegradation
DeTOMIbICATION + conversion of the peckeide,
enoteeult. tO a RONFOYIC eompeU
vecaauAtion = ortaving down oF complex |
govetrore into simpler products reading
finally to mingealizahoe
AcrwarioNt + egnvercion of eontaxie, cUactrakt
into ai toxic molccole
WONTUCATION Ceomples FOFMAKON oF addition
etachion)
- organisms moXe tne suetrar
mort complex
Symbiotic Bidlegical N pixation
srenders available fy plants
Non-symbioke N fixation
conversion oF atmesphenc N
by microorganiems without on
argociaked plant host
organic ‘i Transrormati
a0 siege Nsrormation
}
biochemical reduction of nitrate “NW
PENITRIFICATION = microbial reduchon ~—» r
ro gaxeOus
of nitrak and nitrite |
VOLATILIZATION. ~ conversion of ammonium |
+2 ammonia gas |
|
NITROGEN Fixation - conversion of = _/
tlemental nitrogen to ammonia
INDUSTRIAL NITROGEN FixaTy
CHABER - BoscH PRocest )
“ammonia ig synthesized from
O 3a and ND onixtury in HME PEESENCE
OF an im catalyst
nRAnnnrnnrnAPRe ee Soi
SURVEY
CLASSIFICATION
AND
"00 gmaties} unit OF volume
‘hat may be called a soit
ypedon + collects
CUFFicient
Classipied
‘On OF pedons
Y alike to be
in he some soit
| Enkisol + coi
oF Very WiFi)
Seinen
‘i Proper Kes tar
mnnttited cram the eon
NdiSO! + goits oF
1
limited change in parent
Maria) wecayEr
agg oF etna
Molise! + soits with frigble aurpige
borizons no “darkened
Spondosel-* soits with ihovial B.
.
horizons
and
TROVE cignipicar
OF FRE Fe and Al oxides | non-
engsta ine
clays ond humus
A‘KSol + soils
signi atin
‘accumulation
with
ub
PROPERTIES
Goll
Ni
uu
OF
u
PHTSICAL
THE
calor
indi oF stil prodvetivit
ome ells igh a ae prduchive )
Caed Coil = old and infertile)
indicator of yarn moterial
Coark -colored minerals tai
ist to dark-colored soils
Reddish color indicates that
Yne soil is high in oxides oF Fe)
sindicater oF drainage condition
Ceotied coil - spots oF diff- colors)
ASPECTS OF SOIL COLOR
— er
HVE - dominant spectral color
*VAWE = degree oF tightness /darteness
“CHROMA = strenght oF purity oF
domicant cpectrat color
MUNSELL cone CHART - used to document
so0F in a ctandard notion
give
AM ount oF crystating Soil Texturt - mater ion of various:
clays sined ganvcles,
7 woaly with GNGHTRESHTGFIBT lam -oamm teen
: qapetty S-O2mM ~ 6.062 mm (sit) } Soil Porkicles
UNS + nits 1 ccoamm (ete)
wits signigicant amount oF Cena ot “
erytatine clays reedivie@) * cuanacremence, smo ray
wait sg, tang tow wid “thigh igh
Oxisol containing + Atrtion . .
2B hor: eonsist primoni ‘vrainage Rate
OF eesquioxides or v1 clays sCompackinility
Sestigat + suits that
OSU organic suit
Andisol +
experienced
eduction Importance oF coil atrah'en
eres OF WOTeR
crores
\ Solid + port space
Faces AFFECTING PARTICLE “OENSITY;,
Organic Matter content
2 mineralogical composition of the colt
FACTORS AFFECTING gute DENSITY:
!Organie matter content
2 Mineralogical composition of Hhe coi)
3. porwsity of Me Soil
4. sei! dept
& wikvation
Soil texture
1. Soil porsthy = porkion of the soil nop
Pecupied by colid components and
Filed up ho and gases
8. Void malig - rah OF void volume
fo the volume of Soil solids
Soil aumation ~ exchange oF gases
between coil and the atmosphere
sub-Goi, ——__
wus
u
Ae
SOIL MOISTURE GQNSTANTS
‘Maximum Water Holding Capacity CNW
Fal port space art filled with fo
3. Fie i
+ Waler rom cOafSE por spaces art
drained henct, only medium and fine
Ports cantain watte
[Link] withing Point CewP
wating “cotppicent we)
+ moisture condition, whertby plants would
will permanentiy
4. scopic cotrFicient CHC)
“moisture conkeAt oF an ait dry soil
o— o—
2 %o = cand
24% + doy
* Sieve method i only opplicable te cand
Inydrametee enethod:
sand & sit = Uming 4 wave fe
Sone for pathic
cay = rT Se
NOTE: Yeand ¢ tacit + Mhclay = 100
7 Aagngate structort yormation
vert space ¥ 2 wo
FEDS -natyral_aggrtgatt
CLODS - aggregake From cultivation
FacmORS APFECTMG