Test Series: March, 2019

FOUNDATION COURSE
MOCK TEST PAPER
PAPER – 1: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING
Question No. 1 is compulsory.
Answer any four questions from the remaining five questions.
Wherever necessary, suitable assumptions should be made and disclosed
by way of note forming part of the answer.
Working Notes should form part of the answer.
(Time allowed: 3 Hours) (100 Marks)
1. (a) State with reasons whether the following statements are True or False:
(i) When shares are forfeited, the share capital account is debited with c alled up capital of shares
forfeited and the share forfeiture account is credited with calls in arrear of shares forfeited.
(iii) Accrual concept implies accounting on cash basis.
(iii) Finished goods are normally valued at cost or market price whichever is higher.
(iv) Discount at the time of retirement of a bill is a gain for the drawee.
(v) Partners can share profits or losses in their capital ratio, when there is no agreement.
(vi) Receipts and Payments Account highlights total income and expenditure.
(6 Statements x 2 Marks = 12 Marks)
(b) Explain Cash and Mercantile system of accounting. (4 Marks)
(c) Prepare Journal Entries for the following transactions in the books of Gamma Bros.
(i) Employees had taken stock worth Rs. 10,000 (Cost price Rs. 7,500) on the eve of Deepawali
and the same was deducted from their salaries in the subsequent month.
(ii) Wages paid for erection of Machinery Rs. 8,000.
(iii) Income tax liability of proprietor Rs. 1,700 was paid out of petty cash.
(iv) Purchase of goods from Naveen of the list price of Rs. 2,000. He allowed 10% trade discount,
Rs. 50 cash discount was also allowed for quick payment. (4 Marks)
2. (a) M/s Kedar, Profit and loss account showed a net profit of Rs. 8,00,000, after considering the closing
stock of Rs. 7,50,000 on 31st March, 2017. Subsequently the following information was obtained
from scrutiny of the books:
(i) Purchases for the year included Rs. 30,000 paid for new electric fittings for the shop.
(ii) M/s Kedar gave away goods valued at Rs. 80,000 as free samples for which no entry was
made in the books of accounts.
(iii) Invoices for goods amounting to Rs. 5,00,000 have been entered on 27 th March, 2017, but the
goods were not included in stock.
(iv) In March, 2017 goods of Rs. 4,00,000 sold and delivered were taken in the sales for
April, 2017.
(v) Goods costing Rs. 1,50,000 were sent on sale or return in March, 2017 at a margin of profit
of 33-1/3% on cost. Though approval was given in April, 2017 these were taken as sales for
March, 2017.

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 You are required to determine the adjusted net profit for the year ended on 31.3.2017 and calculate
the value of stock on 31 st March, 2017.
(b) The M/s LG Transport purchased 10 trucks at Rs. 45,00,000 each on 1st April 2014. On October
1st, 2016, one of the trucks is involved in an accident and is completely destroyed and
Rs. 27,00,000 is received from the insurance in full settlement. On the same date, another truck is
purchased by the company for the sum of Rs. 50,00,000. The company write off 20% on the original
cost per annum. The company observe the calendar year as its financial year.
You are required to prepare the motor truck account for two year ending 31 Dec, 2017.
(10 Marks +10 Marks = 20 Marks)
3. (a) On 1st January, 2018, X’s account in Y’s ledger showed a debit balance of Rs. 5,000. The following
transactions took place between Y and X during the quarter ended 31 st March, 2018:
2018 Rs.
Jan. 11 Y sold goods to X 6,000
Jan. 24 Y received a promisso ry note from X due after 3 mont h s 5,000
Feb. 01 X sold goods to Y 10,000
Feb. 04 Y sold goods to X 8,200
Feb. 07 X returne d goods to Y 1,000
March 01 X sold goods to Y 5,600
March 18 Y sold goods to X 9,200
March 23 X sold goods to Y 4,000
Accounts were settled on 31 March, 2018 by means of a cheque. Prepare an Account Current to
st

be submitted by Y to X as on 31 st March, 2018, taking interest into account @ 10% per annum.
Calculate interest to the nearest multiple of a rupee.
(b) Mr. B accepted a bill for Rs. 10,000 drawn on him by Mr. A on 1 st August, 2017 for 3 months. This
was for the amount which B owed to A. On the same date Mr. A got the bill discounted at his bank
for Rs. 9,800.
On the due date, B approached A for renewal of the bill. Mr. A agreed on condition that Rs. 2,000
be paid immediately along with interest on the remaining amount at 12% p.a. for 3 months and that
for the remaining balance B should accept a new bill for 3 months. These arrangements were
carried through. On 31 st December, 2017, B became insolvent and his estate paid 40%.
Prepare Journal Entries in the books of Mr. A (10 Marks +10 Marks = 20 Marks)
4. (a) The Balance Sheet of a Partnership Firm M/s AB & Co consisted of two partners A and B who
were sharing Profits and Losses in the ratio of 5 : 3 respectively. The position as on 31 -03-2018
was as follows:
Liabilities Rs. Assets Rs.
A's Capital 4,10,000 Land & Building 3,80,000
B's Capital 3,30,000 Plant & Machinery 1,70,000
Profit & Loss A/c 1,12,000 Furniture 1,09,480
Trade Creditors 54,800 Stock 1,45,260
Sundry debtors 60,000
Cash at Bank. 42,060
9,06,800 9,06,800

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 On the above date, C was admitted as a partner on the following terms:
(a) C should get 1/5th of share of profits.
(b) C brought Rs. 2,40,000 as his capital and Rs. 32,000 for his share of Goodwill.
(c) Plant and Machinery would be depreciated by 15% and Land & Buildings would be
appreciated by 40%.
A provision for doubtful debts to be created at 5% on sundry debtors.
An unrecorded liability of Rs. 6,000 for repairs to Buildings would be recorded in the books of
accounts.
(d) Immediately after C’s admission, Goodwill brought by him would be adjusted among old
partners. Thereafter, the capital accounts of old partners would be adjusted through the
current accounts of partners in such a manner that the capital accounts of all the partners
would be in their profit sharing ratio.
Prepare Revaluation A/c, Capital Accounts of the partners, New profit sharing ratio and Balance
Sheet of the Firm after the admission of C.
(b) Mr. Kotriwal is engaged in business of selling magazines. Several of his customers pay money in
advance for subscribing his magazines. Information related to year ended 31st March 2017 has
been given below:
On 1.4.2016 he had a balance of Rs.2,00,000 advance from customers of which Rs.1,50,000 is
related to year 2016-17 while remaining pertains to year 2017-18. During the year 2016-17 he
made cash sales of Rs. 5,00,000. You are required to compute:
(i) Total income for the year 2016-17.
(ii) Total money received during the year if the closing balance in Advance from customers
Account is Rs. 1,70,000. (12 Marks + 8 Marks = 20 Marks)
5. (a) A doctor, after retiring from govt. service, started private practice on 1 st April, 2017 with Rs. 20,000
of his own and Rs. 30,000 borrowed at an interest of 15% per annum on the security of his life
policies. His accounts for the year were kept on a cash basis and the following is his summarized
cash account:
Rs. Rs.
Own capital 20,000 Medicines purchased 24,500
Loan 30,000 Surgical equipments 25,000
Prescription fees 52,500 Motor car 32,000
Gifts from patients 13,500 Motor car expenses 12,000
Visiting fees 25,000 Wages and salaries 10,500
Fees from lectures 2,400 Rent of clinic 6,000
Pension received 30,000 General charges 4,900
Household expenses 18,000
Household Furniture 2,500
Expenses on daughter’s 21,500
marriage
Interest on loan 4,500
Balance at bank 11,000
_______ Cash in hand 1,000
1,73,400 1,73,400
3

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 You are required to prepare his capital account and income and expenditure account for the year
ended 31st March, 2018 and balance sheet as on that date. One-third of the motorcar expense may
be treated as applicable to the private use of car and Rs. 3,000 of the wages and salaries are in
respect of domestic servants.
The stock of mediciness in hand on 31 st March, 2018 was valued at Rs. 9,500.
(b) From the information given below, calculate (i) Current Ratio and (ii) Debt to Equity Ratio:
Net Profit of the year Rs. 80,000, Fixed Assets Rs. 2,00,000; Closing Inventory Rs. 10,000; Other
Current Assets Rs. 1,00,000; Current Liabilities Rs. 30,000; Share Capital Rs. 1,70,000; 12%
Debenture Rs. 60,000. (15 Marks +5 Marks = 20 Marks)
6. (a) Mohan Ltd. invited applications for 15 lakhs shares of Rs. 100 each payable as follows :
Rs.
On Application 20
On Allotment (on 1st June, 2017) 30
On First Call (on 1st Nov., 2017) 30
On Final Call (on 1st March., 2018) 20
All the shares were applied for and allotted. A shareholder holding 30,000 shares paid the whole
of the amount due along with allotment.
You are required to prepare the journal entries for the above-mentioned transactions, assuming
all sums due were received. Interest was paid to the shareholder concerned on 1 st March, 2018.
(b) Riya Limited issued 20,000 14% Debentures of the nominal value of Rs.1,00,00,000 as follows:
(a) To sundry persons for cash at 90% of nominal value of Rs. 50,00,000.
(b) To a vendor for purchase of fixed assets worth Rs. 20,00,000 – Rs. 25,00,000 nominal value.
(c) To the banker as collateral security for a loan of Rs. 20,00,000 – Rs. 25,00,000 nominal value.
You are required to prepare necessary journal entries Journal Entries.
(c) From the following particulars, prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement for Pathak Ltd. As on
31.3.2017
(1) Balance as per cash book is Rs. 1,20,000.
(2) Cheques issued but not presented in the bank amounts to Rs. 68,000.
(3) Bank charges amounts to Rs. 300.
(4) Interest credited by bank amounts to Rs. 1,500. (10 + 5 + 5 = 20 Marks)
OR
(c) Difference between Going Concern Concept and Cost Concept.

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 Test Series: March, 2019
FOUNDATION COURSE
MOCK TEST PAPER
PAPER – 1: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING
ANSWERS
1. (a) (i) False- When shares are forfeited, the share capital account is debited with called up capital
of shares forfeited and the share forfeiture account is credited with amount received on shares
forfeited.
(ii) False- Accrual concept implies accounting on ‘due’ or ‘accrual’ basis. Accrual basis of
accounting involves recognition of revenues and costs as and when they accrue irrespective
of actual receipts or payments.
(iii) False - Finished goods are normally valued at cost or net realizable value whichever is lower.
(iv) True - Discount at the time of retirement of a bill is a gain for the drawee and loss for the
drawer.
(v) False - According to Partnership Act, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary profits
and losses are to be shared equally among partners.
(vi) False- Receipts and payments account is a classified summary of cash receipts and
payments over a certain period together with cash and bank balances at the beginning and
close of the period.
(b) Cash and mercantile system: Cash system of accounting is a system by which a transaction is
recognized only if cash is received or paid. In cash system of accounting, entries are made only
when cash is received or paid, no entry being made when a payment or receipt is merely due. Cash
system is normally followed by professionals, educational institutions or non-profit making
organizations.
On the other hand, mercantile system of accounting is a system of classifying and summarizing
trandsactions into assets, liabilities, equity (owner’s fund), costs, revenues and recording thereof.
A transaction is recognized when either a liability is created/ impaired and an asset is created
/impaired. A record is made on the basis of amounts having become due for payment or receipt
irrespective of the fact whether payment is made or received actually.
Mercantile system of accounting is generally accepted accounting system by business entities
(c) Journal Entries in the books of Gamma Bros.
Particulars Dr. Cr.
Amount Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)

(i) Salaries A/c 7,500

To Purchase A/c 7,500
(Being entry made for stock taken by employees)
(ii) Machinery A/c 8,000
To Cash A/c 8,000
(Being wages paid for erection of machinery)
1

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 (iii) Drawings A/c 1,700
To Petty Cash A/c 1,700
(Being the income tax of proprietor paid out of business
money)
(iv) Purchase A/c 1,800
To Cash A/c 1,750
To Discount Received A/c 50
(Being the goods purchased from Naveen for Rs. 2,000
@ 10% trade discount and cash discount of Rs. 50)
2. (a) Profit and Loss Adjustment Account
Rs. Rs.
To Advertisement (samples) 80,000 By Net profit 8,00,000
To Sales 2,00,000 By Electric fittings 30,000
(goods approved in April to By Samples 80,000
be taken as April sales) By Stock (Purchases of March 5,00,000
To Adjusted net profit 16,80,000 not included in stock)
By Sales (goods sold in March 4,00,000
wrongly taken as April sales)
By Stock (goods sent on approval basis 1,50,000
not included in stock)
19,60,000 19,60,000
Calculation of value of inventory on 31st March, 2017
Rs.
Stock on 31 March, 2017 (given)
st 7,50,000
Add: Purchases of March, 2017 not included in the stock 5,00,000
Goods lying with customers on approval basis 1,50,000
14,00,000

(b) Motor Truck A/c

Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount
2016 2016
Jan-01 To balance b/d 2,92,50,000 Oct-01 By bank A/c 27,00,000
Oct-01 To Profit & Loss A/c Oct-01 By Depreciation on lost
(Profit on settlement of 4,50,000 assets 6,75,000
Truck)
Oct-01 To Bank A/c 50,00,000 Dec-31 By Depreciation A/c 83,50,000
Dec-31 By balance c/d 2,29,75,000
3,47,00,000 3,47,00,000
2017 2017
Jan-01 To balance b/d 2,29,75,000 Dec-31 By Depreciation A/c 91,00,000
Dec-31 By balance c/d 1,38,75,000

2,29,75,000 2,29,75,000

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 Working Note:
1. To find out loss on Profit on settlement of truck Rs.
Original cost as on 1.4.2014 45,00,000
Less: Depreciation for 2014 6,75,000
38,25,000
Less: Depreciation for 2015 9,00,000
29,25,000
Less: Depreciation for 2016 (9 months) 6,75,000
22,50,000
Less: Amount received from Insurance 27,00,000
company
4,50,000
3. (a) In the books of Y
X in Account Current with Y
(Interest to 31st March, 2018 @ 10% p.a)
Date Particulars Amount Days Product Date Particulars Amount Days Product
2018 Rs. Rs. 2018 Rs. Rs.
Jan.1 To Balance 5,000 90 4,50,000 Jan.24 By Promissiory 5,000 (27) (1,35,000)
b/d Note (due date
27th April)
Jan.11 To Sales 6,000 79 4,74,000 Feb. 1 By Purchases 10,000 58 5,80,000
Feb. 4 To Sales 8,200 55 4,51,000 Feb. 7 By Sales 1,000 52 52,000
Return
Mar.18 To Sales 9,200 13 1,19,600 Mar. 1 By Purchases 5,600 30 1,68,000
Mar.31 To Interest 219 Mar.23 By Purchases 4,000 8 32,000
Mar.31 By Balance of 7,97,600
Products
Mar.31 By Bank 3,019
28,619 14,94,600 28,619 14,94,600

Working Note:
Calculation of interest:
7,97,600 10
Interest =  = Rs. 219 (approx.)
365 100
(b). Journal Entries in the Books of Mr. A
Date Particulars L.F. Dr. Cr.
Amount Rs. Amount Rs.
2017
August 1 Bills Receivable A/c Dr. 10,000
To B 10,000
(Being the acceptance received from B to settle
his account)

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 August 1 Bank A/c Dr. 9,800
Discount A/c Dr. 200
To Bills Receivable 10,000
(Being the bill discounted for Rs. 9,800 from bank)
November 4 B Dr. 10,000
To Bank Account 10,000
(Being the B’s acceptance is to be renewed)
November 4 B Dr. 240
To Interest Account 240
(Being the interest due from B for 3 months i.e.,
8000x3/12 12%=240)
November 4 Cash A/c Dr. 2,240
Bills Receivable A/c Dr. 8,000
To B 10,240
(Being amount and acceptance of new bill
received from B)
December 31 B A/c Dr. 8,000
To Bills Receivable A/c 8,000
(Being B became insolvent)
December 31 Cash A/c Dr. 3,200
Bad debts A/c Dr. 4,800
To B 8,000
(Being the amount received and written off on B’s
insolvency)
4. (a) Revaluation Account
Rs. Rs.
To Plant & Machinery 25,500 By Land & Building A/c 1,52,000
(1,70,000 x 15%)
To Provision for Bad & Doubtful Debts
(60,000 x 5%) 3,000
To Outstanding Repairs to Building 6,000
To A’s Capital A/c (5/8) 73,438
To B’s Capital A/c (3/8) 44,062
1,52,000 1,52,000
Capital Accounts of Partners
A B C A B C
To A’s Capital - - 20,000 By Balance b/d 4,10,000 3,30,000 -
A/c
To B’s Capital
12,000 By Revaluation A/c 73,438 44,062 -
A/c
To B’s Current By Profit & Loss
- 68,062 70,000 42,000 -
A/c A/c
To Balance c/d 6,00,000 3,60,000 2,40,000 By Bank - - 2,72,000
By C’s Capital A/c 20,000 12,000 -
By A’s Current A/c 26,562 - -
6,00,000 4,28,062 2,72,000 6,00,000 4,28,062 2,72,000
4

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 Calculation of New Profit Sharing Ratio and gaining ratio:
C’s Share of Profit = 1/5 = 2/10
Remaining Share = 1 – 1/5 = 4/5
A’s Share = 5/8 x 4/5 = 20/40 = 5/10
B’s Share = 3/8 x 4/5 = 12/40 = 3/10
New Profit sharing Ratio = [Link]
Gaining ratio = 5:3 (same as old profit sharing ratio among old partners)
Balance sheet of AB & Co. as on 31.3.2018
Liabilities Rs. Assets
Capital Accounts: Land & Buildings 5,32,000
A 6,00,000 Plant & Machinery 1,70,000
B 3,60,000 Less: Depreciation 25,500 1,44,500
C 2,40,000 12,00,000 Furniture 1,09,480
B’s Current A/c 68,062 Stock 1,45,260
Trade Creditors 54,800 Sundry Debtors 60,000
Outstanding Repairs to 6,000 Less: Provision 3,000
57,000
Building
Cash at Bank 3,14,060
A’s current A/c 26,562
13,28,862 13,28,862
Working Note:
Required Balance of Capital Accounts
C’s Capital after writing off Goodwill = 2,72,000 – 32,000 = 2,40,000
C’s Share of Profit = 1/5
Thus Capital of the firm shall be = 2,40,000 x 5 = 12,00,000
A’s Capital = 12,00,000 x 5/10 = 6,00,000 and
B’s Capital = 12,00,000 x 3/10 = 3,60,000
(b) (i) Computation of Income for the year 2016-17:
Rs.
Money received during the year related to 2016-17 5,00,000
Add: Money received in advance during previous years 1,50,000
Total income of the year 2016-17 6,50,000

(ii) Advance from Customers A/c

Date Particulars Rs. Date Particulars Rs.
To Sales A/c 1,50,000 1.4.2016 By Balance b/d 2,00,000
(Advance related to current
year transferred to sales)

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 By Bank A/c 1,20,000
31.3.17 To Balance c/d 1,70,000 (Balancing
Figure)
3,20,000 3,20,000
So, total money received during the year is:
Rs.
Cash Sales during the year 5,00,000
Add: Advance received during the year 1,20,000
Total money received during the year 6,20,000

5. (a) Capital Account

for the year ended 31 st March, 2018
Rs. Rs.
To Drawings: By Cash/bank 20,000
Motor car expenses 4,000 By Cash bank (pension) 30,000
(one-third of Rs. 12,000) By By Net income from practice 47,500
Household expenses 18,000 (derived from income and
Daughter’s marriage exp. 21,500 expenditure a/c)
Wages of domestic servants 3,000
Household furniture 2,500
To Balance c/d 48,500 _____
97,500 97,500

Income and Expenditure Account

for the year ended 31 st March, 2018
Rs. Rs.
To Medicines consumed By Prescription fees 52,500
Purchases 24,500 By Gift from patients 13,500
Less: Stock on 31.3.11 (9,500) 15,000 By Visiting fees 25,000
To Motor car expense 8,000 By Fees from lectures 2,400
To Wages and salaries (Rs. 10,500 – Rs. 3,000) 7,500
To Rent for clinic 6,000
To General charges 4,900
To Interest on loan 4,500
To Net Income 47,500 ______
93,400 93,400
Balance Sheet as on 31st March, 2018
Liabilities Rs. Assets Rs.
Capital 48,500 Motor car 32,000
Loan 30,000 Surgical equipment 25,000
Stock of medicines 9,500

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 Cash at bank 11,000
______ Cash in hand 1,000
78,500 78,500
Current Assets ` 1,10,000
(b) (i) Current Ratio =   11 : 3 or 3.67 : 1
CurrentLiabilitie s ` 30,000

Current Assets= Closing Inventory + Other Current Assets

= Rs. 10,000 + Rs. 1,00,000 = Rs. 1,10,000
Long term Debt
(ii) Debt to Equity Ratio =
Sharholders' Equity

Debentures
=
Share Capital  Profit
` 60,000
=  0.24 : 1
` 2,50,000
6. (a) Journal of Mohan Ltd.
Dr. Cr.
2017 Rs. in lakhs Rs. in lakhs
June 1 Bank A/c Dr. 300
To Shares Application A/c 300
(Receipt of applications for 15 lakh shares along
with application money of Rs. 20 per share.)
June 1 Share Application and Allotment A/c Dr. 300
Share Allotment A/c Dr. 450
To Share Capital A/c 750
(The allotment of 15 lakh shares : payable on
application Rs. 20 share and Rs. 30 on allotment
as per Directors’ resolution no... dated...)
June 1 Bank A/c Dr. 465
To Shares Allotment A/c 450
To Calls in Advance A/c 15
[Receipt of money due on allotment @ Rs. 30, also
the two calls (Rs. 30 and Rs. 20) on 30,000
shares.]
Nov. 1 Share First Call A/c Dr. 450
To Share Capital A/c 450
(The amount due on 15 lakh shares @ Rs. 30 on
first call, as per Directors, resolution no... dated...)
Bank A/c Dr. 441
Calls in Advance A/c Dr. 9
To Share First Call A/c 450
(Receipt of the first call on 14.7 lakh shares, the
balance having been previously received
and now debited to call in advance account.)

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 2018
March 1 Share Final Call A/c Dr. 300
To Share Capital A/c 300
(The amount due on Final Call on 15 lakh shares
@ Rs. 20 per share, as per Directors’ resolution
no... dated...)
March1 Bank A/c Dr. 294
Calls in Advance A/c Dr. 6
To Share Final Call A/c 300
(Receipt of the moneys due on final call on 14.7
lakhs shares, the balance having been previously
received.)
March 1 Interest on calls in Advance A/c Dr. 0.99
To Shareholder A/c 0.99
(Being interest on call in advance made due)
Feb 1 Shareholder A/c Dr. 0.99
To Bank A/c 0.99
(Being interest paid)
Working Note:
The interest on calls in advance paid @ 12% on : Rs.
Rs. 9,00,000 (first call) from 1st June to 1st Nov., 2017–5 months 45,000
Rs. 6,00,000 (final call) from 1st June to 1st March., 2018–9 months 54,000
Total Interest Amount Due 99,000

(b) In the books of Riya Company Ltd.

Journal Entries
Date Particulars Dr. Cr.
Rs. Rs.
(a) Bank A/c Dr. 45,00,000
To Debentures Application A/c 45,00,000
(Being the application money received on 10,000
debentures @ Rs. 450 each)
Debentures Application A/c Dr. 45,00,000
Discount on issue of Debentures A/c Dr. 5,00,000
To 14% Debentures A/c 50,00,000
(Being the issue of 10,000 14% Debentures @ 90%
as per Board’s Resolution No….dated….)
(b) Fixed Assets A/c Dr. 20,00,000
To Vendor A/c 20,00,000
(Being the purchase of fixed assets from vendor)
Vendor A/c Dr. 20,00,000
Discount on Issue of Debentures A/c Dr. 5,00,000
To 14% Debentures A/c 25,00,000
(Being the issue of debentures of Rs. 25,00,000 to
vendor to satisfy his claim)
8

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 (c) Bank A/c Dr. 20,00,000
To Bank Loan A/c (See Note) 20,00,000
(Being a loan of Rs. 20,00,000 taken from bank by
issuing debentures of Rs.25,00,000 as collateral
security)
Note: No entry is made in the books of account of the company at the time of making issue of such
debentures. In the “Notes to Accounts” of Balance Sheet, the fact that the debentures being issued
as collateral security and outstanding are shown by a note under the liability secured.
(c) Pathak Ltd.
Bank Reconciliation Statement as on 31.3.2017
Particulars Rs.
Balance as per cash book 1,20,000
Add : Cheque issued but not presented 68,000
Interest credited 1,500
1,89,500
Less : Bank charges (300)
Balance as per pass book 1,89,200

Or
(c) Going Concern concept: The financial statements are normally prepared on the assumption that
an enterprise is a going concern and will continue in operation for the foreseeable future. Hence,
it is assumed that the enterprise has neither the intention nor the need to liquidate or curtail
materially the scale of its operations; if such an intention or need exists, the financial statements
may have to be prepared on a different basis and, if so, the basis used is disclosed.
The valuation of assets of a business entity is dependent on this assumption. Traditionally,
accountants follow historical cost in majority of the cases.
Cost Concept: By this concept, the value of an asset is to be determined on the basis of historical
cost, in other words, acquisition cost. Although there are various measurement bases, accountants
traditionally prefer this concept in the interests of objectivity. When a machine is acquired by paying
Rs. 5,00,000, following cost concept the value of the machine is taken as Rs. 5,00,000. It is highly
objective and free from all bias. Other measurement bases are not so objective. Current cost of an
asset is not easily determinable. If the asset is purchased on 1.1.1995 and such model is not
available in the market, it becomes difficult to determine which model is the appropriate equivalent
to the existing one. Similarly, unless the machine is actually sold, realisable value will give only a
hypothetical figure. Lastly, present value base is highly subjective because to know the value of
the asset one has to chase the uncertain future.

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