Govt.

College Of Nursing
Kota
Sub.:- Anatomy and physiology

Topic:- circulatory system

Presented by:-nikhil bairwa

[Link]. nursing (previous)
mo.n.8290627426
 INTRODUCTION
[Link] circulatory system, sometimes
called the cardiovascular system,
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and
blood.

[Link] transports oxygen, hormones and

nutrients to all the cells in the body

[Link] picks up waste products generated

by metabolic processes and delivers
them to other organs for disposal.

[Link] heart provides the "muscle" needed

to pump blood throughout the body.

5. Clotting and Inflammation immune

system”maintain fluid and electrolyte
balances in tissues and cells
[Link] system circulates blood in two
circuits:
 The Heart
[Link] heart is one of first organ systems to
appear in developing embryo
[Link] machine works as long or as hard as
your heart
[Link] is beating by 4th week
[Link] heart is a muscular organ that is situated in the
front of the chest.
[Link] pumps blood all through the body in a process
called circulation.
the heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5
cm, and 6 cm,
the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and
230-280 g in females
 Heart Wall
wall of heart:
epicardium = visceral pericardium thin & transparent
serous tissue
myocardium = cardiac muscle cell most of heart
branching, interlacing contractile tissue acts as single
unit (gap junctions)
endocardium delicate layer of endothelial cells
continuous with inner lining of blood vessels
heart is enclosed in its own sac,pericardium
(pericardial sac) (parietal pericardium) composed of
tough fibrous outer layer and inner serous membrane
outer surface of heart is also covered with serous
membrane (visceral pericardium) (epicardium)
continuous with the pericardium
between the 2 membranes is pericardial fluid
lubrication
 Heart valves
Heart Valves
There are also 4 one-way valves that direct flow of blood
through the heart in one direction:
2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves
bicuspid (Mitral) valve
- separates left atrium and ventricle - consists of two flaps of
tissues
tricuspid valve
- separates right atrium and ventricle - consists of three flaps of
tissues prevent backflow (eversion)
keeps valves pointed in direction of flow
2 Semilunar valves
at beginning of arteries leaving the ventricles
aortic SL valve
at beginning of aorta
pulmonary SL valve
at beginning of pulmonary trunk
 Heart chamber
we have four chambers, namely:
• Left atrium
• Right atrium
• Left ventricle
• Right ventricle
Atria are thin and have less muscular
walls and are smaller than ventricles.
These are the blood-receiving chambers
that are fed by the large veins.
Ventricles are larger and more muscular
chambers responsible for pumping and
pushing blood out into circulation. These
are connected to larger arteries that
deliver blood for circulation.
The right ventricle and right atrium are comparatively smaller than the left chambers. The walls consist of fewer
muscles compared to the left portion, and the size difference is based on their functions. The blood originating
from the right side ows through the pulmonary circulation, while blood arising from the left chambers is
pumped throughout the body.
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 cardiac conduction system

The cardiac conduction system is a collection of

nodes and specialised conduction cells that initiate and
co-ordinate contraction of the heart muscle. It consists
of:
1. Sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
4. Purkinje bres
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the
cardiac conduction system – its structure, function
and clinical correlations.

The following sequence of electrical events occurs during one full contraction of the heart muscle:
1. An excitation signal (an action potential) is created by the sinoatrial (SA) node.
2. The wave of excitation spreads across the atria, causing them to contract.
3. Upon reaching the atrioventricular (AV) node, the signal is delayed.
4. It is then conducted into the bundle of His, down the interventricular septum.
5. The bundle of His and the Purkinje bres spread the wave impulses along the ventricles, causing
them to contract.
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 Double Circulation
The main difference is that the blood follows two routes - one for oxygenated blood and the other for
deoxygenated blood. Hence, the name "double circulation'. Such type of blood circulation is called a
closed vascular system.
Two types of circulation : Double Circulation in Human
1. Pulmonary Circulation :-
Lungs are involved in this type of circulation.
In this pathway, when deoxygenated blood is transferred to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and that
deoxygenated blood comes from the right atrium to the right ventricle and then pulmonary artery.
Now, carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen enters as a result of which blood carries oxygenated
blood.
This, oxygenated blood is carried by Pulmonary Vein to the Left Atrium. Further, this blood goes to the
Left Ventricle.
2. Systemic Circulation :-
All systemic organs and tissues are involved in this type of circulation.
Oxygenated blood will go to the tissues and organs via Aorta when then becomes deoxygenated as a
result of by products() of metabolic and respiration processes.
This deoxygenated blood is carried by Vena Cava to the right atrium and then further into the right
ventricle.
From these two circulation we can say that blood enters twice to the heart and escapes twice out of the
heart in the whole process. Thus, called as double circulation.
 Heart Vessels

Heart Vessels
There are 4 major vessels attached to heart:
2 arteries (take blood away from heart):
aorta - from left ventricle
pulmonary trunk - from right ventricle

2 veins (bring blood back to heart):

vena cava (superior & inferior) - to right
atrium

pulmonary veins (4 in humans) - to left

atrium

The coronary arteries run along the coronary sulcus of the myocardium of
the heart. Their main function is to supply blood to the heart. This is a
crucial function for myocardial function and subsequently homeostasis of
the body
 blood vessels
blood flows in closed system of vessels over 60,000 miles of vessels (mainly capillaries)
heart arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins heart

arteries & arterioles

– take blood away from heart to capillaries

capillaries
-actual site of exchange

venules & veins

– bring blood from capillaries back to heart

Histology of Vessels
walls of arteries and veins consist of three layers:
a. Tunica Externa

b. Tunica Media

c. Tunica Interna
T. adventitia
outer loose connective tissue
anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves,
lymphatic vessels and smaller blood vesselsb.
Tunica Media
middle, made mainly of smooth muscle with some
elastic tissue and collagen fibers strengthens vessel walls
prevent high pressure from rupturing them allows
vasodilation and vasoconstriction usually the thickest
layer, especially in arterie

Tunica Interna (=T. Intima)

inner endothelium
exposed to blood
when damaged or inflamed induce platelets or WBC’s to
adhere
difference b/w artries&viens
 The Blood
• Blood is a uid connective tissue. It circulate continually around the body,
allowing constant communication between tissues distant from each other.
• Blood makes up about 7% of body weight (about 5.6 liters in a 72 Kg
man).

Functions of the Blood

1. The main function of the blood is to maintain intracellular homeostasis by:
a). Carries O2 and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids, and
vitamins) to the cells.
b). Carries CO2 and other wastes (nitrates, creatine, nucleic acid)
away from the cell.
2. Providing intercellular communication in the body: carries hormones
(secreted
by endocrine glands) to the target organs.
3. Protection and defense: it allows cells and immunological proteins to
transport from place to place where need them.
4. Self repair mechanism: clotting cascade.
Blood Components
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 Blood Components

• Blood is composed from 2 fractions:

1. Plasma
Non living extracellular matrix
composes about 55% of total blood volume.
2. Formed elements (living cells)
composes about 45% of total blood volume,
• the constituents of plasma are:
1. Water (90-92%)
2. Plasma proteins: make up about 7% of plasma.
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 Cellular Content of Blood
• There are three types of blood cell:
1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)RBC.
2. Platelets (thrombocytes)
[Link] (white blood cells = WBC)

Red Blood Cells

• Red blood cells are biconcave discs, they have no nucleus and cytoplasmic
organelles. They contain a red coloured protein called hemoglobin. Their
main function is in gas transport, mainly of O2 but they also carry some
CO2
Their life span in circulation is about 120 days.
The process of RBC development from stem cells takes about 7 days and is
called erythropoiesis

Hemoglobin
Hb is the most important constituent of red blood cells. It is responsible for
transport of O2 from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to [Link] of hemoglobin is large and
complex. They are made up of heme
and globin
 White blood cells
• Leucocytes are the largest blood cells.
• They account for only about 1% of the blood volume
Most leucocytes have a relatively short life span
There are two main types:
1. Granulocytes which contain granules in their cytoplasm and they
(A)Neutrophils,(B) easinophils and (C)basophils.
2. Agranulocyte IT was two type (i) Monocyte (ii) lymphocyte
(A)B-Lymphocyte (B) natural killer cells (C) T-Lymphocyte is two type
(a) CD-4 cells (b) CD-8 cells

they contain lysosomes and acid phosphatase, α-

monosidase, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, cationic antibacterial proteins,
collagenase, elastase, nucleotidase and others
Platelets
Blood platelets are non-nucleated disc like cell fragments 2-4 μm in
diameter.
Platelets are not true cells.
Platelets promote blood clotting and help repair gaps in the walls of
blood vessels, preventing loss of blood
Thrombopoietin released by kidneys has ability to stimulate
platelets synthesis.
Platelets have a life span of about 10 days.
 Blood group
The plasma membrane of erythrocytes are composed of
lipids and proteins.
• Several types of proteins are present including A, B
proteins (antigens) and Rh
factor responsible for person’s blood group.
• Individuals make antibodies to these antigens but not
to own type of antigen
• Persons of blood group A have antigen of type A on
their red blood cells. Their
serum contains antibodies of type B.
• Persons of blood group B have antigen of B on their
red blood cells. Their
serum contains antibodies of type A.
• Persons of blood group AB have antigens of both types
A and B. they do not
have type A or type B antibodies.
• Persons of blood group O have neither A nor B.
antibodies of both types A and
B are present.
• Rh factor or antigen (Rhesus factor), about 85% of
people have this antigen
own cell membrane of R
thank you