CELL
Dr. Laraib Mirza; PT
Lecturer at QIMS
EX physiotherapist at MTH
EX physiotherapist at Bahria Hospital
CELL
It is a Basic structural and functional unit of the body. It consists
of two major parts.
1. Cytoplasm
2. Nucleus
TYPES OF CELLS
1. Nerve cell
2. Muscle cell
3. Connective cell
4. Immune cell
5. Blood cell
NERVE CELLS MUSCLE CELLS
CONNECTIVE
CELLS BLOOD CELLS
COMPOSITION OF CELL
Different substances that make up cells collectively called
protoplasm and it consist of 5 components .
1. Water 65-80%
2. Proteins
3. Electrolytes
4. Lipids
5. Carbohydrates
ORGANELLE OF CELL (SPECIALIZED AND ORGANIZED
STRUCTURES SEEN IN CELL )
• Cell membrane /plasma • Nucleus
membrane
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes • Lysosomes
• Golgi Apparatus • Microfilaments &
• Mitochondria Microtubules
[Link] MEMBRANE /PLASMA MEMBRANE
• It is outer covering of cell
• It is very thin & elastic in nature about 8-10 nanometer.
Structure:
• It is lipid bilayer (two layers of phospholipids) in which
carbohydrates are sandwich and proteins are also
emended in it.
Functions:
i. It provides the passage of the water-soluble substances.
ii. These act as transported by attaching to the cell membrane proteins
iii. Permit the passage of ions and molecules out side the cell.
iv. It protects the cell organelles. Some carbohydrates in plasma
membrane are helpful for binding of hormones. (Insulin)
[Link]
• It is jelly like substance that surrounds /covers the cell nucleus.
• It lies near to the cell membrane
ZONES OF CYTOPLASM
• Ectoplasm(gel) → near to the cell membrane
• Endoplasm(fluid/watery) → near to the nucleus
COMPOSITION:
• A cell consist of a plasma membrane inside which there are number
of organelles float in watery fluid called cytosol.
• Watery fluid of cytoplasm called cytosol.
• It is a clear fluid where all organelles are present
• Liquid present inside cells
[Link] RETICULUM(ER)
The endoplasmic reticulum is a series of tubular portion in the
cytoplasm.
Types of endoplasmic reticulum
A. Rough surface endoplasmic reticulum (Granular)RER
B. Smooth surface endoplasmic reticulum (A granular)SER
ROUGH SURFACE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Function:
• Ribosomes are attached to outer surface of endoplasmic
reticulum.
• Proteins are synthesized by ribosome and then transferred to
the endoplasmic lumen.
SMOOTH SURFACE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Function:
It synthesize lipids and steroids hormones, and is associated with
detoxification of some drugs
i. Lipid biosynthesis and the intracellular transportation
ii. In liver there is a large quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is
present.
iii. It plays a major role in glycogen metabolism.
iv. It also helps in detoxification of various toxins and alcohol.
4. RIBOSOME
• Cell contain many tiny granular structure known as Ribosomes.
• It is non-membranous organelle in which protein and RNA are present.
TYPES OF RIBOSOMES
Types of ribosomes are depending upon its functions.
i. Endoplasm reticulum ribosomes
• Protein synthesis
ii. Free floating ribosomes
• Produce cytoplasmic proteins.
FUNCTIONS
i. Transcription: It is a formation of Messenger RNA from DNA.
ii. Translation: Formation of proteins. It is occurred due to
Messenger RNA and translation RNA.
IMPORTANT POINT
When ribosomes attach to the surface of an
ER, it gives a characteristic rough
appearance; hence it is called Rough ER.
[Link] APPARATUS
• It is also called as Golgi body
or Golgi complex. It is
membranous organelle, which
is responsible for packaging
and lysosomes formation.
FUNCTION:
i. To form lysosomes.
ii. To form secreting cells.
iii. This is the additional distribution center of proteins and lipids from
endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, lysosomes and
secreting vesicles.
iv. It modifies N-oligosaccharides.
v. This is the site for carbohydrate and protein.
[Link]
• It is self-replicating organelle, thread like membrane that synthesized
high-energy phosphate. Therefore it is called power house of cell.
• Without them cells are unable to extract
• enough energy to perform its function .
Structure:
• It is composed of two lipid bilayer protein membrane consist of
two parts.
• a) Outer membrane
• b) Inner membrane
Size:
• It has different size and shape. It is Motile, localize at intercellular site for
maximum energy. It is wide 0.5 – 1um and Length up to 10 um.
Shape:
• These are elongate in shape, like as cigar shape. These are single and branched.
Composition:
• Proteins and lipids in lower quantity and small quantity of DNA and RNA are
present in it.
Functions:
i. A large amount of ATP is formed in mitochondria
ii. Pyruvic acid, amino acids and fatty acid are converted into
acetyl coA. The acetyl coA is broken into hydrogen and CO2.
[Link]
• Nucleus is a control center of cell. It is responsible for all
physiological, biochemical and reproductive functions of cells. It is
mostly present in eukaryotic cells.
• Every cell in the body has a nucleus
exceptional of mature erythrocytes
(red blood cells )
Size & shape:
• Nucleus of each cell is usually in spherical size and shape is 4-10
mm in diameter.
Structure:
• It is made by Nucleus membrane, Nucleus plasma,
Chromosomes andNucleolus.
Composition:
It consist of Water = 80% and Dry weight = 20% in which DNA 18% and
RNA 2% are present.
Functions:
i. It is a control center of cell.
ii. It controls the protein synthesis by messenger RNA.
iii. It helps in hereditary material transformation.
iv. It controls the cell division.
v. It controls the activity of cytoplasm.
8. LYSOSOMES
• the lysosomes provide an intracellular digestive system .
• They involve a variety of enzymes involving in breaking down of
organelles, large molecules (e.g RNA, DNA, Carbohydrates
,protein) and unwanted matter such as bacteria inside the cell into
smallest particle that are either recycled or extruded(pushing out )
from the cell as waste material.
9. MICROFILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES
• Microfilaments: are tiny strands of protein that provide
structural support and maintain the characteristic shape of cells
• Microtubules: these are contractile protein structures in the
cytoplasm involved in the movement of the cells .