Amrita School of Engineering

B. Tech Mechanical Engineering

V Semester
19MEE303 – Heat Transfer
Tutorial - 1_ Steady Heat Conduction

CO1: Solve steady and unsteady heat conduction problems with different boundary conditions
and assess the performance of fins.

Section 1: Energy Balance

1) (a) A glass window of width W = 1m and height H = 2m is 5 mm thick and has a thermal conductivity kg =
1.4 W/m-
K. If the inner and outer surface temperatures of the glass are 15 oC and –20 oC respectively, on a cold
winter
day, what is the rate of heat loss through the glass?
(b) An aluminum ball of 5 cm diameter is to be heated from 80 oC to 200 oC. The amount of heat that needs to
be transferred to the aluminum ball is to be determined.
(c) A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned using window air-conditioning units
of 5 kW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to dissipate heat at a rate of 360 kJ/h. There are
10 lightbulbs in the room each with a rating of 100 W. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom through
the walls and the windows is estimated to be 15000 kJ/h. if the room air is to be maintained at a constant
temperature of 21 oC, determines the number of windows air conditioning units required.

2) A hair dryer may be idealized as a circular duct through which a small fan draws ambient air and within
which the air is heated as it flows over a coiled electric resistance wire.

(a) If a dryer is designed to operate with an electric power consumption of 500 W and to heat air from an
ambient temperature of 20 oC to a discharge temperature of 45 oC, at what volumetric flow rate
should the fan operate? Heat loss from the casing to the ambient air and the surroundings may be neglected.
If the duct has a diameter of 70 mm, what is the discharge velocity of the air? The density and specific
heat of the air may be approximated as ρ = 1.10 kg/m3 and Cp = 1007 J/kg-K respectively.

(b) Consider a dryer duct length of L = 150 mm and a surface emissivity of є = 0.8. If the coefficient associated
with heat transfer by natural convection from the casing to the ambient air is h = 4 W/m2 K and the
temperature of the air and the surroundings is 20 oC, confirm that the heat loss from the casing is, in fact,
negligible. The casing may be assumed to have an average surface temperature of 40 oC.
3) A spherical, stainless steel (AISI 302) canister is used to store reacting chemicals that provide for a uniform heat
flux to its inner surface. The canister is suddenly submerged in a liquid bath of temperature T ∞ < Ti, where Ti is
the initial temperature of the canister wall.

(a) Assuming negligible temperature gradients in the canister wall and a constant heat flux, develop an equation
that governs the variation of the wall temperature with time during the transient process. What is the initial
rate of change of the wall temperature if 𝑞𝑖′′ =105 W/m2?

(b) What is the steady-state temperature of the wall?

Section 2: General Conduction

4. Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.2 m, thermal conductivity k = 1.2 W/m°C, and surface
area A = 15 m2. The two sides of the wall are maintained at constant temperatures of T 1 = 120 °C
and T2 = 50 °C, respectively, as shown in the figure. Determine (a) the variation of temperature
within the wall and the value of temperature at x = 0.1 m and (b) the rate of heat conduction through
the wall under steady conditions.

5. Consider steady one-dimensional heat conduction in a large plane wall of thickness L and constant thermal
conductivity k with no heat generation. Obtain expressions for the variation of temperature within the wall for the
following pairs of boundary conditions.
 6. Consider the base plate of a 1200-W household iron that has a thickness of L = 0.5 cm,
base area of A = 300 cm2, and thermal conductivity of k = 15 W/m · °C. The inner surface
of the base plate is subjected to uniform heat flux generated by the resistance heaters
inside, and the outer surface loses heat to the surroundings at T = 20 °C by convection,
as shown in figure. Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be h = 80 W/m2 ·
°C and disregarding heat loss by radiation, obtain an expression for the variation of
temperature in the base plate, and evaluate the temperatures at the inner and the outer
surfaces.

7. Consider a steam pipe of length L = 20 m, inner radius r 1 = 6 cm, outer radius r2 = 8 cm,
and thermal conductivity k - 20 W/m · °C, as shown in figure. The inner and outer surfaces
of the pipe are maintained at average temperatures of T 1 =150 °C and T2 = 60 °C,
respectively. Obtain a general relation for the temperature distribution inside the pipe
under steady conditions and determine the rate of heat loss from the steam through the
pipe.

8. Consider a spherical container of inner radius r 1 = 8 cm, outer radius r2 = 10 cm, and
thermal conductivity k = 45 W/m · °C, as shown in figure. The inner and outer surfaces
of the container are maintained at constant temperatures of T 1 = 200°C and T2 = 80°C,
respectively, as a result of some chemical reactions occurring inside. Obtain a general
relation for the temperature distribution inside the shell under steady conditions and
determine the rate of heat loss from the container.

9. Radioactive waste is packed in a long, thin-walled cylindrical container. The wastes

generate thermal energy non-uniformly according to the relation
2
q = qo [1-(r/ro) ]

where q is the local rate of energy generation per unit volume, qo is a constant
and ro is the radius of the container. Steady-state conditions are maintained by
submerging the container in a liquid that is at T∞ and provides a uniform
convection coefficient h. Obtain an expression for the total rate at which energy
is generated in a unit length of the container. Use this result to obtain an
expression for the temperature Ts of the container wall.

10. At a given instant of time, the temperature distribution within an infinite homogeneous body is given by the
function,

T (x, y, z) = x2 - 2y2 + z2 – xy + 2yz

Assuming constant properties and no internal heat generation, determine the regions where the temperature
changes with time.

11. Uniform internal heat generation at 𝑞 ′′′ = 5×107 W/m3 is occurring in a cylindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50-
mm diameter, and under steady-state conditions the temperature distribution is of the form T(r) = a+ b r 2, where T
is in degrees Celsius and r is in meters, while a=800 oC and b=-4.167×105 oC/m2. The fuel rod properties are k =
30 W/m K,  =1100 kg/m3, and cp = 800 J/kgK.
 (a) What is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of the rod at r = 0 (the centerline) and at r = 25 mm (the
surface)?

(b) If the reactor power level is suddenly increased to 𝑞 ′′′ = 108 W/m3. What is the initial rate of temperature
change at r = 0 and r = 25 mm?

12. The steady-state temperature distribution in a one- dimensional wall of thermal conductivity 50 W/m K and
thickness 50 mm is observed to be T(oC) = a + b x2, where a = 200 oC, b = 2000 oC/m2, and x is in meters.

(a) What is the heat generation rate 𝑞 ′′′ in the wall?

(b) Determine the heat fluxes at the two wall faces. In what manner are these heat fluxes related to the heat
generation rate?

13. One-dimensional, steady-state conduction with uniform internal energy generation occurs in a plane wall with a
thickness of 50 mm and a constant thermal conductivity of 5W/mK. For these conditions, the temperature
distribution has the form T(x) = a + bx + cx2. The surface at x = 0 has a temperature of T(0) = T o= 120 oC and
experiences convection with a fluid for which T∞ = 20 oC and h = 500 W/m2K. The surface at x = L is well
insulated.

(a) Applying an overall energy balance to the wall, calculate the volumetric energy generation rate.

(b) Determine the coefficients a, b, and c by applying the boundary conditions to the prescribed temperature
distribution. Use the results to calculate and plot the temperature distribution.

(c) Consider conditions for which the convection coefficient is halved, but the volumetric energy generation rate
remains unchanged. Determine the new values of a, b, and c, and use the results to plot the temperature
distribution. Hint: recognize that T (0) is no longer 120 oC.

14. (a) A cylindrical resistor on a circuit board dissipates 0.6 W of power. The amount of heat dissipated in 24 h, the
heat flux, and the fraction of heat dissipated from the top and bottom surfaces are to be determined.

(b) A 1200 W iron is left on the ironing board with its base exposed to the air. The amount of heat the iron dissipates
in 2 h, the heat flux on the surface of the iron base, and the cost of the electricity are to be determined (take
cost of electricity at Rs 5/kWh).
Section 3: 1-D Conduction or Resistance Analogy
15. (a) Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k =
0.78 W/m °C) separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/m°C). Determine the steady rate
of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during
which the room is maintained at 24°C while the temperature of the outdoors is -5°C. Take the convection heat
transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h 1 = 10 W/m2 °C and h2 = 25 W/m2
°C, and disregard any heat transfer by radiation.

(b) Consider a person standing in a room at 20°C with an exposed surface area of 1.7 m 2. The deep body
temperature of the human body is 37°C, and the thermal conductivity of the human tissue near the skin is
about 0.3 W/m°C. The body is losing heat at a rate of 150 W by natural convection and radiation to the
surroundings. Taking the body temperature 0.5 cm beneath the skin to be 37°C, determine the skin temperature
of the person.

16. The performance of gas turbine engines may be

improved by increasing the tolerance of the
turbine blades to hot gases emerging from the
combustor. One approach to achieve high
operating temperatures involves the application
of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) to the
exterior surface of a blade, while passing
cooling air through the blade. Typically, the
blade is made from a high- temperature super
alloy, such as Inconel (k = 25 W/m-K), while a
ceramic such as Zirconia (k = 1.3W/m-K) is used as a TBC. Consider conditions for which hot gases at
T∞,o = 1700 K and cooling air at T∞,I = 400 K provide outer and inner convection coefficients of ho = 1000
W/m2K and hi = 500 W/m2K respectively. If a 0.5mm thick Zirconia TBC is attached to a 5mm thick Inconel
blade wall by means of a metallic bonding agent, which provides an interfacial thermal resistance of Rt,c
= 10 -4 m2K/W, can the Inconel be maintained at a temperature that is below its maximum allowable value
of 1250 K? Radiation effects may be neglected, and the turbine blade may be approximated as a plane wall.

17. The composite wall of an oven consists of three

materials, two of which are of known thermal
conductivity, kA = 20 W/m-K and kC = 50 W/m-K, and
known thickness LA = 0.30 m and LC = 0.15 m. The
third material, B, which is sandwiched between
materials A and C, is of known thickness, LB = 0.15
m, but unknown thermal conductivity kB. Under steady-
state operating conditions, measurements show an outer
surface temperature Ts,o = 20 oC , an inner surface
temperature of Ts,i = 600 oC, and an oven air temperature of T∞= 800 oC . The inside convection coefficient
h is known to be 25 W/m2 K. What is the value of kB.
18. The energy transferred from the anterior chamber of the eye through the cornea varies considerably depending
on whether a contact lens is worn. Treat the eye as a spherical system and assume the system to be at steady
state. The convection coefficient ho is unchanged with and without the contact lens in place. The cornea
and the lens cover one-third of the spherical surface area. Values of the parameters representing this situation
are as follows:
 (a) Construct the thermal circuits, labeling all potentials and flows for the systems excluding the
contact lens and including the contact lens. Write resistance elements in terms of appropriate parameters.

(b) Determine the heat loss from the anterior chamber with and without the contact lens in place.
(c) Discuss the implication of your results.

19. A house has a composite wall of wood, fibre glass insulation, and plaster board, as indicated in the sketch. On
a cold winter day, the convection heat transfer coefficients are ho = 60 W/m2-K and hi =30 W/m2-K. The total
wall surface area is 350 m2.

(a) Determine a symbolic expression for the total thermal resistance of the wall, including inside and
outside convection effects for the prescribed conditions.

(b) Determine the total heat loss through the wall.

2
(c) If the wind were blowing violently, rising ho to 300 W/m -K, determine the percentage increase in the
heat loss.

(d) What is the controlling resistance that determines the amount of heat flow through the wall?

Section: 4 Thermal Contact Resistance

20. The thermal contact conductance at the interface of two 1-cm-thick aluminum
plates is measured to be 11,000 W/ m2K. Determine the thickness of the
aluminum plate whose thermal resistance is equal to the thermal resistance of
the interface between the plates.
 21. A 1-mm-thick copper plate (k = 401 W/m⋅K) is sandwiched between two 7-mm-
thick epoxy boards (k = 0.26 W/m⋅K) that are 15 cm × 20 cm in size. If the
thermal contact conductance on both sides of the copper plate is estimated to be
6000 W/m⋅K, determine the error involved in the total thermal resistance of the
plate if the thermal contact conductances are ignored.

22. Consider a composite block of dimensions 8 m × 0.12 m × 0.22 m

whose representative cross section is shown in the figure. The
thermal conductivities of various materials are kA = kF = 2 W/mK,
kB = 8 W/mk, kC = 20 W/mK, kD = 15 W/mK and kE = 35 W/mk.
The left and right surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform
temperatures of 300 oC and 100 oC respectively.
Assuming heat transfer through the wall to be one dimensional
and perfect contact, determine

(a) The rate of heat transfer through the wall

(b) The temperature at the point where the sections B, D and E

meet; and
(c) Temperature drops across section F.

23. Heat is to be conducted along a circuit board that has a copper layer on one side. The circuit board is 15 cm long
and 15 cm wide, and the thicknesses of the copper and epoxy layers are 0.1 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively.
Disregarding heat transfer from side surfaces, determine the percentages of heat conduction along the copper (k
= 386 W/m°C) and epoxy (k = 0.26 W/m °C) layers. Also determine the effective thermal conductivity of the
board.

24. Superheated steam at an average temperature 200°C is transported through a steel pipe (k = 50W/mK, Do =
8.0cm, Di = 6.0 cm, and L = 20.0 m). The pipe is insulated with a 4-cm thick layer of gypsum plaster (k = 0.5
W/m K). The insulated pipe is placed horizontally inside a warehouse where the average air temperature is 10°C.
The steam and the air heat transfer coefficients are estimated to be 800 and 200 W/m2K, respectively. Calculate
(a) the daily rate of heat transfer from the superheated steam, and (b) the temperature on the outside surface of
the gypsum plaster insulation.

25. An 8 m internal-diameter spherical tank made of 1.5-cm-thick stainless steel (k = 15 W/m°C) is used to store
iced water at 0°C. The tank is located in a room whose temperature is 25°C. The walls of the room are also at
25°C. The outer surface of the tank is black (emissivity  = 1), and heat transfer between the outer surface of the
tank and the surroundings is by natural convection and radiation. The convection heat transfer coefficients at the
inner and the outer surfaces of the tank are 80 W/m2 °C and 10 W/m2°C, respectively. Determine (a) the rate of
heat transfer to the iced water in the tank and (b) the amount of ice at 0°C that melts during a 24-h period. The
heat of fusion of water at atmospheric pressure is = 333.7 kJ/kg.

26. A 10-cm-thick wall is to be constructed with 2.5-mlong wood studs (k = 0.11 W/m °C) that have a cross section
of 10 cm × 10 cm. At some point the builder ran out of those studs and started using pairs of 2.5-m-long wood
studs that have a cross section of 5 cm × 10 cm nailed to each other instead. The manganese steel nails (k = 50
W/m°C) are 10 cm long and have a diameter of 0.4 cm. A total of 50 nails used to connect the two studs, which
are mounted to the wall such that the nails cross the wall. The temperature difference between the inner and outer
surfaces of the wall is 8°C. Assuming the thermal contact resistance between the two layers to be negligible,
determine the rate of heat transfer (a) through a solid stud and (b) through a stud pair of equal length and width
nailed to each other, (c) Also determine the effective conductivity of the nailed stud pair.
Section 5: Variable Thermal Conductivity

27. The diagram shows a conical section fabricated from pure aluminum. It is of
circular cross section having diameter D = ax0.5, where a = 0.5 m1/2. The small
end is located at x1 = 25 mm and the large end at x2 = 125 mm. The end
temperatures are T1 = 600 K and T2 = 400 K, while the lateral surface is well
insulated.

(a) Derive an expression for the temperature distribution T(x) in symbolic

form, assuming one-dimensional conditions. Sketch the temperature
distribution.

(b) Calculate the heat rate qx.

28. Consider a tube wall of inner and outer radii ri and ro, whose temperatures are maintained at Ti and To,
respectively. The thermal conductivity of the cylinder is temperature dependent and may be represented by an
expression of the form k = ko(1 + aT), where ko and a are constants. Obtain an expression for the heat transfer
per unit length of the tube. What is the thermal resistance of the tube wall?

29. It is a well-known fact that over a wide temperature range, the temperature dependence of the thermal
conductivity of many solids may be approximated by a linear expression of the form k = k o + aT, where ko is a
positive constant and a is a coefficient that may be positive or negative. Obtain an expression for the heat flux
across a plane wall whose inner and outer surfaces are maintained at T 1 and T2, respectively. Sketch the forms
of the temperature distribution corresponding to a > 0, a = 0, and a < 0.

Section 6: Conduction with heat generation

30. The exposed surface (x = 0) of a plane wall of thermal conductivity k is subjected to microwave radiation that
causes volumetric heating to vary as q(x) = qo (1- (x / L) ), where qo (W/m3) is a constant. The boundary at x =
L is perfectly insulated, while the exposed surface is maintained at a constant temperature To. Determine the
temperature distribution T(x) in terms of x, L, k, qo, and To.

31. The cross section of a long cylindrical fuel element in a nuclear

reactor is shown. Energy generation occurs uniformly in the
thorium fuel rod, which is of diameter D = 25 mm and is wrapped
in a thin aluminum cladding. It is proposed that, under steady-state
conditions, the system operates with a generation rate of q = 7 x
108 W/m3 and cooling system characteristics of T∞ = 95 oC and h
= 7000 W/m2K. Is this proposal satisfactory? For safe operation,
the clad outside temperature should not exceed. You may neglect
the thickness of the cladding.

32. Consider cylindrical and spherical shells with inner and outer surfaces at r 1 and r2 maintained at uniform
temperatures Ts,1 and Ts,2, respectively.
(a) If there is uniform heat generation within the shells, obtain expressions for the steady-state, one-
dimensional radial distributions of the temperature, heat flux, and heat rate.
(b) Consider a condition where Ts,1 = Ts,2, derive one-dimensional radial distributions of the temperature, heat
flux, and heat rate using solution from (a)

33. A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m and thermal conductivity 25 W/mK having uniform volumetric heat generation
of 0.3 MW/m3 is insulated on one side, while the other side is exposed to a fluid at 92°C. The convection heat
transfer coefficient between the wall and the fluid is 500 W/m2K. Determine the maximum temperature in the
wall.
34. Large, cylindrical bales of hay used to feed livestock in the winter months are D = 2 m in diameter and are
stored end-to-end in long rows. Microbial energy generation occurs in the hay and can be excessive if the farmer
bales the hay in a too-wet condition. Assuming the thermal conductivity of baled hay to be k = 0.04
W/m · K, determine the maximum steady-state hay temperature for dry hay ( 𝑞 ′′′= 1 W/m3), moist hay (𝑞 ′′′=
10 W/m3), and wet hay (𝑞 ′′′= 100 W/m3). Ambient conditions are T∞ = 0°C and h = 25 W/m2K.

35. Consider one-dimensional conduction in a plane composite wall.

The outer surfaces are exposed to a fluid at 25°C and a
convection heat transfer coefficient of 1000 W/m2K. The middle
wall B experiences uniform heat generation 𝑞𝐵̇ , while there is no
generation in walls A and C. The temperatures at the interfaces
are T1 =261 °C and T2 = 211 °C.

(a) Assuming negligible contact resistance at the interfaces,

determine the volumetric heat generation 𝑞𝐵̇ and the thermal
conductivity kB.
(b) Plot the temperature distribution, showing its important
features.
(c) Consider conditions corresponding to a loss of coolant at the exposed surface of material A (h = 0).
Determine T1 and T2 and plot the temperature distribution throughout the system.

36. A high-temperature, helium gas cooled nuclear reactor consists of a composite cylindrical wall for which a
thorium fuel element (k = 57 W/m-K) is encased in graphite (k = 3 W/m-K) and gaseous helium flows through
an annular coolant channel. Consider conditions for which the helium temperature is T = 600 K and the
convection coefficient at the outer surface of the graphite is h = 2000 W/m2-K. If thermal energy is uniformly
generated in the fuel element at a rate q = 108 W/m3, what are the temperatures T1 and T2 at the inner and outer
surfaces, respectively, of the fuel element? You may neglect heat transfer from the inner radius of the fuel
element.

37. Consider a carton of apples, each of 80 mm diameter, which is ventilated

with air at 5oC and a velocity of 0.5 m/s. The corresponding value of the
heat transfer coefficient is 7.5 W/m2-K. Within each apple thermal
energy is uniformly generated at a total rate of 4000 J/kg per day. The
density and thermal conductivity of the apple are 840 kg/m3 and 0.5
W/m-K, respectively. Determine the apple center and surface
temperatures. You may do the analysis for one apple modeling it as a
sphere.
Section 7: Critical Radius of Insulation

38. A 3-mm-diameter and 5-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2-mm-thick plastic cover whose thermal
conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m⋅K. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of 10 A passes through the
wire, and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is exposed to a medium at T ∞ =
30° C with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 12 W/ m2K, determine the temperature at the interface of the wire
and the plastic cover in steady operation. Also determine whether doubling the thickness of the plastic cover
will increase or decrease this interface temperature.

39. A 4-mm-diameter spherical ball at 50° C is covered by a 1-mm-thick plastic insulation (k = 0.13 W/m⋅K). The
ball is exposed to a medium at 15° C, with a combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of
20 W/m2K. Determine if the plastic insulation on the ball will help or hurt heat transfer from the ball.

Section 8: Extended surface heat transfer (Fins)

40. The temperature of a flowing gas is to be measured with a thermocouple junction and wire stretched between
two legs of a sting, a wind tunnel test fixture. The junction is formed by butt-welding two wires of different
material, as shown in the schematic. For wires of diameter D = 125 µm and a convection coefficient of h =
700 W/m2K, determine the minimum separation distance between the two legs of the sting, L = L 1 + L2, to
ensure that the sting temperature does not influence the junction temperature and, in turn, invalidate the gas
temperature measurement. Consider two different types of thermocouple junctions consisting of (i) copper and
constantan wires and (ii) chromel and alumel wires. Evaluate the thermal conductivity of copper and constantan
at T = 300 K. Use kCh = 19 W/mK and kAl = 29 W/mK for the thermal conductivities of the chromel and alumel
wires, respectively.

41. (a) A brass rod 100 mm long and 5 mm in diameter extends horizontally from a casting at 200 oC. The rod is
in an air environment with T ∞ = 20 oC and h= 30 W/m2 K. What is the temperature of the rod 25, 50, and
100 mm from the casting?
(b) A pin fin of uniform, cross-sectional area is fabricated of an aluminum alloy (k = 160 W/mK). The fin
 diameter is D = 4 mm, and the fin is exposed to convective conditions characterized by h = 220 W/m2K. It
is reported that the fin efficiency is ηf = 0.65. Determine the fin length L and the fin effectiveness εf. Account
for tip convection.
(c) Circular copper rods of diameter D = 1 mm and length L = 25 mm are used to enhance heat transfer from a
surface that is maintained at Ts,1 = 100 °C. One end of the rod is attached to this surface (at x = 0), while the
other end (x = 25 mm) is joined to a second surface, which is maintained at T s,2 = 0 °C. Air flowing between
the surfaces (and over the rods) is also at a temperature of T ∞ = 0 °C, and a convection coefficient of h =
100 W/m2K is maintained.
What is the rate of heat transfer by convection from a single copper rod to the air? What is the total rate of
heat transfer from a 1 m × 1 m section of the surface at 100 °C, if a bundle of the rods is installed on 4-mm
centers?

42. Annular aluminum fins of rectangular profile are attached to a circular tube having an outside diameter of
50 mm and an outer surface temperature of 200 °C. The fins are 4 mm thick and 15 mm long. The system
is in ambient air at a temperature of 20 °C, and the surface convection coefficient is 40 W/m2K.
(a)What are the fin efficiency and effectiveness?
(b) If there are 125 such fins per meter of tube length, what is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of
tube?

43. Because of the large number of devices in today’s PC chips, finned heat sinks are often used to maintain the
chip at an acceptable operating temperature. Two fin designs are to be evaluated, both of which have base
(unfinned) area dimensions of 53 mm x 57 mm. The fins are of square cross section and fabricated from an
extruded aluminum alloy with a thermal conductivity of 175 W/m-K. Cooling air may be supplied at 25oC,
and the maximum allowable chip temperature is 75oC. Other features of the design and operating conditions
are tabulated. Determine which fin arrangement is superior. In your analysis, calculate the heat rate, efficiency,
and effectiveness of a single fin, as well as the total heat rate and overall effectiveness of the array.
44. Turbine blades mounted to a rotating disc in a gas turbine engine are
exposed to a gas stream that is at T∞ = 1200 oC and maintains a
convection coefficient of h = 250 W/m2-K over the blade. The blades,
which are fabricated from Inconel, k = 20 W/m-K, have a length of L
= 50 mm. The blade profile has a uniform cross-sectional area of Ac =
6x10-4 m2 and a perimeter of P = 110 mm. A proposed blade cooling
scheme, which involves routing air through the supporting disc, is able
to maintain the base of each blade at a temperature of Tb = 300 oC. (a)
If the maximum allowable blade temperature is 1050 oC and the blade
tip may be assumed to be adiabatic, is the proposed cooling scheme
satisfactory? (b) For the proposed cooling scheme, what is the rate at which heat is transferred from each blade
to the coolant?

45. Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is 3 cm and
whose walls are maintained at a temperature of 20° C. Circular aluminum alloy
fins (k = 180 W/m⋅K) of outer diameter 6 cm and constant thickness t = 2 mm are
attached to the tube, as shown in the Figure. The space between the fins is 3 mm,
and thus there are 200 fins per meter length of the tube. Heat is transferred to the
surrounding air at 25 °C, with a combined heat transfer coefficient of 60 W/m2K.
Determine the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a
result of adding fins.

Derivations
1. Derive the heat diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinates beginning with the differential control volume.

2. Derive the heat diffusion equation in cylindrical coordinates beginning with the differential control volume
shown below.

3. Steady one-dimensional heat transfer through a fin of constant cross sectional area is governed by fin
equation given by
𝑑2𝜃
− 𝑚2 𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
Where θ is the excess temperature and m is the fin parameter.
Obtain (a) temperature distribution, (b) heat transfer rate through the fin and (c) fin efficiency for convective
boundary at fin tip.