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Dot-and-Cross Diagrams in Chemistry

chemistry a levels questions

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18 views13 pages

Dot-and-Cross Diagrams in Chemistry

chemistry a levels questions

Uploaded by

sreeyantb
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1

ASSIGNMENT

1. Which molecule has an equal number of bonding electrons and lone-pair electrons?

A BH3 B CO2 C F2O D SO2

2. Which dot-and-cross diagram is correct for Al 2Cl 6?


A B

3+ –
Cl key
2 Al 6 Cl = eectrons from Al
= eectrons from Cl
Cl Al Cl

Cl Al Cl

Cl

C D

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Al Cl Cl Al Al Cl

Cl Al Cl Cl Cl

Cl
2

3. Which molecule contains six bonding electrons?

A NCl 3 B H2S C C2H4 D SF6

4. Which of these atoms has the highest electronegativity?

A. Na B Mg C Cl D Ar

5. Which one of the following ions has three lone pairs of electrons around the central atom?

A BF

B NH

C ClF

D PF
[Total: 5]

6. This question is about different models of bonding and molecular shapes.

Magnesium sulfide shows ionic bonding.

(i) What is meant by the term ionic bonding?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in magnesium sulfide. Show
outer electron shells only.

[2]

[Total: 3]
3

7. (a) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a PI3 molecule.

[2]

(b) POCl3 contains a double covalent bond between P and O.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram, in Fig. 1.1, to show the bonding in


POCl3.

Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl P Cl

Cl

Fig. 1.1
[2]

[Total: 4
4

8 (a)
 Calcium
 ethanedioate
 is formed when calcium
 reacts
 with
 ethanedioic  (CO2H)2.
 acid,
     
The compound contains one cation and one anion.

            
(i) D raw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the cation present in calcium ethanedioate. Show all
electrons.

 [1]

(ii) Drawthedisplayedformulaoftheanionpresentincalciumethanedioate.

[2]

[Total: 3]
9 Water, ammonia and sulfur dioxide are simple molecular compounds.

Pairs of electrons in molecules may be present as bonding pairs or as lone pairs.

(i) Complete the table below for water, ammonia and sulfur dioxide.

molecule H 2O NH3 SO2

number of bonding pairs of 4


electrons (two double bonds)

number of lone pairs of


1
electrons around central atom

[2]
5

(ii Complete the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of SCl 2.
Show outer electrons only.

[1]

(iii) The peroxide ion, O22–, has a single covalent bond between the two oxygen atoms.

Each oxygen atom carries a negative charge.

Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for the peroxide ion. Show outer electrons only.

[2]

[Total: 5
6

10. (a) A student carries out a titration to find the concentration of some sulfuric acid.

The student finds that 25.00 cm3 of 0.0880 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide,
NaOH, is neutralised by 17.60 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH used.

answer = ................................... mol


[1]

(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 used.

answer = ................................... mol


[1]

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the sulfuric acid.

answer = ................................... mol dm–3


[1]

(b) After carrying out the titration in (a), the student left the resulting solution to
crystallise. White crystals were formed, with a formula of Na2SO4•x H2O and a
molar mass of 322.1 g mol–1.

(i) What term is given to the ‘•x H2O’ part of the formula?

................................................................................................................
[1]
7

(ii) Using the molar mass of the crystals, calculate the value of x.

answer = ...................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]

11. The element strontium forms a nitrate, Sr(NO3)2, which decomposes on heating as
shown below.

2Sr(NO3)2(s) → 2SrO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

(i) Using oxidation numbers, explain why the reaction involves both oxidation and
reduction.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) A student heats 5.29 g of Sr(NO3)2 and collects the gas at room temperature and
pressure, RTP.

2Sr(NO3)2(s) → 2SrO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Calculate the volume of gas, in dm3, obtained by the student at RTP.

Molar mass of Sr(NO3)2 = 211.6 g mol –1.

answer = ............................... dm3


[3]
[Total 6 marks]
8

12. In the sixteenth century, a large deposit of graphite was discovered in the Lake District.

People at the time thought that the graphite was a form of lead.

Nowadays, graphite is used in pencils but it is still referred to as ‘pencil lead’.

A student decided to investigate the number of carbon atoms in a ‘pencil lead’. He


found that the mass of the ‘pencil lead’ was 0.321 g.

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of carbon atoms in the student’s pencil lead.

Assume that the ‘pencil lead’ is pure graphite.

answer = .................................................. mol


[1]

(ii) Using the Avogadro constant, NA, calculate the number of carbon atoms in the
student’s ‘pencil lead’.

number of carbon atoms = ........................................................


[1]
[Total 2 marks]

13. The Group 2 element barium, Ba, is silvery white when pure but blackens when
exposed to air.

The blackening is due to the formation of both barium oxide and barium nitride. The
nitride ion is N3–.

(a) Predict the formula of:

barium oxide ............................... barium nitride ...............................


[2]

(b) A 0.11 g sample of pure barium was added to 100 cm3 of water.

Ba(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) Show that 8.0 × 10−4 mol of Ba were added to the water.

[1]
9

(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen, in cm3, produced at room temperature


and pressure.

volume = ................................................. cm3


[1]

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm−3, of the Ba(OH)2(aq) solution


formed.

concentration = ......................................... mol dm−3


[1]

(iv) State the approximate pH of the Ba(OH)2(aq) solution.

................................................................................................................
[1]

(c) A student repeated the experiment in (b) using a 0.11 g sample of barium that
had blackened following exposure to the air.

Suggest why the volume of hydrogen produced would be slightly less than the
volume collected using pure barium.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]
10

14 Fig. 1.2 shows the relative first ionisation energies of six successive elements in the Periodic
Table.

The letters are not the symbols of the elements.

first
ionisation
energy

A B C D E F
element

Fig. 1.2

Define first ionisation energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

Suggest why the first ionisation energy of B is much less than that of A in Fig 1.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]
11

15 The elements phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine are in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

Table 1.1 shows some properties of the elements P to Cl .

The first ionisation energy of S is not shown.

Table 1.1

property P S Cl
number of electrons in 3p subshell
total number of unpaired electrons
first ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 1060 1260
formula of most common anion P3– S2– Cl –

(a) (i) Complete Table 1.1 to show the number of electrons in the 3p subshell and the total
number of unpaired electrons in an atom of P, S and Cl . [2]

(ii) Construct an equation to represent the first ionisation energy of P.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Three possible values for the first ionisation energy of S are given.

1000 kJ mol–1 1160 kJ mol–1 1320 kJ mol–1

Circle the correct value.

Explain your choice by comparing your chosen value to those of P and Cl .

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
12

(b) P3–, S2– and Cl – have the same number of electrons.

(i) Give the full electronic configuration of P3–.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the trend in ionic radius shown by P3–, S2– and Cl –.

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

The Group 7 element bromine was discovered by Balard in 1826. Bromine gets its
name from the Greek bromos meaning stench.
79
Br and 81Br.

(i) What is meant by the term isotopes?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the bromine isotopes.

protons neutrons electrons

79
Br

81
Br

[2]

(iii) Write the full electronic configuration of a bromine atom.

1s2 .................................................................
[1]
[Total 4 marks]
13

16. Electrons are arranged in energy levels.

(a) An orbital is a region in which an electron may be found.

Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s orbital and of a p orbital.

s orbital p orbital

[2]
(b) Complete the table below to show how many electrons completely fill each of
the following.

number of electrons

a d orbital

a p sub-shell

the third shell (n = 3)

[3]

(c) The energy diagram below is for the eight electrons in an oxygen atom. The
diagram is incomplete as it only shows the two electrons in the 1s level.

energy

1s

Complete the diagram for the oxygen atom by:

(i) adding labels for the other sub-shell levels,


[1]

(ii) adding arrows to show how the other electrons are arranged.
[1]

Common questions

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Crystallization occurs as the solution cools and evaporates, allowing ions to come together and form a solid structure, incorporating water molecules as part of its crystal lattice, known as 'water of crystallization'. To find x in Na2SO4•xH2O, subtract the molar mass of Na2SO4 (142.04 g/mol) from the given molar mass (322.1 g/mol), getting approximately 180 g/mol for water. This mass corresponds to roughly 10 moles of water (10*18.02 g/mol). Thus, x equals 10 in the hydrated salt formula .

In the titration, 25.00 cm3 of 0.0880 mol/dm3 NaOH neutralizes 17.60 cm3 of H2SO4. Using stoichiometry, the balanced reaction shows 1 mol H2SO4 reacts with 2 mol NaOH. The moles of NaOH used are 25.00/1000 × 0.0880 = 0.0022 mol. Thus, H2SO4 moles are half, equals 0.0011 mol. The concentration of H2SO4 is calculated as 0.0011 mol / (17.60 cm3 ) = 0.0625 mol/dm3 .

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses. Bromine isotopes 79Br and 81Br differ in that 79Br has 44 neutrons, whereas 81Br has 46. Despite these differences, they exhibit nearly identical chemical properties because chemical behavior is determined by the electron configuration, which remains consistent across isotopes .

The shape and reactivity of molecules like water (H2O) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be influenced by the number of bonding and lone electron pairs. Water has two bonding pairs and two lone pairs, resulting in a bent shape due to lone pair repulsions, which affects its polarity and reactivity. Sulfur dioxide has two bonding pairs and one lone pair, also resulting in a bent shape. The electron pair configurations influence molecular geometry through VSEPR theory, affecting the molecule's overall shape, polarity, and interaction with other substances .

The decomposition of Sr(NO3)2 involves redox reactions because during the reaction, one of the elements undergoes an increase, and another undergoes a decrease in oxidation number. In this case, nitrogen in Sr(NO3)2 is reduced as it is converted to NO2, where its oxidation state shifts from +5 to +4. Concurrently, oxygen is oxidized in the production of O2, where its oxidation state changes from -2 in Sr(NO3)2 to 0 in O2 .

The first ionization energy is inversely related to reactivity in Group 2 elements like barium. A lower ionization energy means that barium can lose its outer electron more easily, thus reacting more readily with water to form Ba(OH)2 and releasing hydrogen gas. This process highlight's barium's high reactivity stemming from its relatively low ionization energy compared to other Group 2 elements .

Differences in electronegativity lead to different types of chemical bonds. In magnesium sulfide, the high difference in electronegativity between magnesium and sulfur results in ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred. In POCl3, P and O have a lower difference in electronegativity, leading to covalent bonds with shared electrons. The presence of a double bond between P and O in POCl3 indicates partial electron sharing, contrasting the full transfer in ionic bonds like in MgS .

First ionisation energy generally increases across Period 3 due to an increasing nuclear charge with a constant inner electron shielding, resulting in stronger attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons. For sulfur, the correct ionisation energy is typically between that of phosphorus and chlorine, suggesting 1000 kJ/mol is likely the correct value since it's marginally lower than phosphorus due to electron repulsion between paired electrons in the 3p subshell .

The Avogadro constant, 6.022×10^23 atoms/mol, relates the mole of a substance to its mass and number of constituent particles. To determine the number of carbon atoms in a 0.321 g graphite sample, one calculates the moles of carbon by dividing the mass by carbon's molar mass (12.01 g/mol), yielding approximately 0.0267 mol. Multiplying this amount by the Avogadro constant gives approximately 1.61×10^22 carbon atoms .

Ionic bonding is characterized by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, leading to the formation of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic forces. In the dot-and-cross diagram for magnesium sulfide, this is represented by magnesium losing two electrons to attain a positive charge, while sulfur gains those two electrons, resulting in a negative sulfide ion .

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