Source Rock
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INTRODUCTION
Source rock is the most important element in
the petroleum system as it refers to rocks from
which hydrocarbons have been generated.
Source rock is a sedimentary rock contains
amount of Organic matter enough to produce
H.C when subjected to high P&T over an
extend period of time, typical example source
rock(Shale, Clay and Marl).
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Source Rock Outcrop
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Classification of Source Rock
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Classification of Source Rock
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Source Rock Depositional Environment
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Source Rock Depositional Environment
Marine Environment
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Lacustrine Environment
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Evaluation of the source rock:
Evaluation of source rock based on:
Organic matter richness.
Type of organic matter.
Degree of H.C maturation.
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Organic matter richness
Shale contains 99% rock + 1% organic
matter (90% kerogen + 10% bitumen).
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Source Rock Evaluation based on TOC
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Types of organic matter
• Kerogen : Fraction of Organic Matter
Insoluble in Organic Solvents.
• Bitumen : Fraction of Organic Matter
Soluble in Organic Solvents.
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Kerogen Type I (Alginite)
Formed from algal remains
deposited under anoxic conditions
in deep lakes, they tend to
generate waxy crude oil when
exposed to high temperature and
pressure during deep burial. High
H:C(~1.65) & Low O:C.
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Kerogen Type II (Exinite)
Formed from Pollens and spores
remains preserved under anoxic
conditions, they produce both oil
and gas when thermally cracked
during deep burial. Intermediate
H:C(~1.25)& Intermediate O:C.
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Kerogen Type III (Vitrinite)
Formed from terrestrial plants
material that has been decomposed
by bacteria and fungi under oxic
or sub-oxic conditions, they tend
to generate mostly gas with light
oils when thermally cracked
during deep burial. Low
H:C(~0.84)& High O:C.
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Kerogen Type IV (Inertinite)
Inertinite is considered to be the
equivalent of charcoal and
degraded plant material, indication
of oxidation due to atmospheric
exposure or fungal decomposition
during deposition.
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Visual Kerogen Analysis
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Degree of H.C maturation
oOptical Methods:
Color change during maturation.
Vitrinite reflectance.
oGeochemical Methods
Rock Eval Pyrolysis.
GC
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Color change during maturation
SCI, TAI Conodont A.I:
• Yellow (Immature)
• Yellowish brown
(Mature)
• Brown
• Black ( Over mature )
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Coal Rank
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Vitrinite reflectance
• Determine degree of H.C maturation.
• High %VRo indicates high maturation.
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
S1 S2
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Geochemical Log
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Rock Eval Pyrolysis
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Gas Chromatograph
Separation and analysis of organic
compounds
Testing purity of compounds
Determine relative amounts of
components in mixture
Compound identification
Isolation of pure compounds
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Gas Chromatograph
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Stratigraphic Column & Petroleum System of Muglad Basin
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Geochemical Log/Muglad Basin, Sudan
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Thanks For Your Attention
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